[Effects of additional breathing resistance on oxygen consumption in healthy subjects].

Decrease of oxygen delivery is common in hypoxia. This is the reason of decrease of consumption (VO2) at Mammalia including human. Previously, we have described a hypoxic hypometabolism at 1/3 health persons breathing 17% O2 oxygen air. This light hypoxic (latent hypoxic) condition didn't issue hypoxia because of SpO2 had dropped from 97-98% to 95-96%. We hypothesized the existence of another reason for VO2 decrease. This is the ability of tissue to decrease oxygen consumption in human organism. Thus the hypometabolism maintains delivery/consumption O2 balance when respiratory center is informed by afferent receptors about potential threat of tissue hypoxia. The aim of this study was to investigate parameters of gas exchange in light mixed resistive load 0.4 cmH2O s L(-1). For compare it was used date obtained at ordinary mouthpiece with resistance less 0.1 cmH2O s L(-1). During the study 14 health subjects (6 men and 8 women) with the age ranging from 23 to 48 years were observed. Date showed a significant decrease in mean (SD) of VO2 at 9% and CO2 release (VCO2) at 10%. Value of SpO2 didn't change and remain 97.5%. The results suggest that hypometabolism may be a reaction prevented by disturbance O2 delivery/consumption for tissue of human organism.

[The efficacy of antihypertension drugs and their combinations in the non-treated hypertension].

In case of non-treated hypertension several medications and their combinations were studied (captopril, and moxonidine as such, captopril + nifedipine, captopril + moxonidine). Moxonidine to be more effective in patients with the prevalence of the sympathetic tone, captopril in patients without increased sympathetic activity. At a combination of captopril + nifedipine efficiency of therapy was reduced, and at a combination moxonidine + nifedipine - increased. Beyond that administration of captopril + nifedipine possessed more side effects, as to compare with the moxonidine + nifedipine.

[The capnography parameters in healthy adults and patients with psychogenic dyspnea].

A comparison is made the end-tidal fractional concentration of carbon dioxide (FetCO2) and breathing frequency (f) obtained by capnography between 106 healthy persons (H-group) and 30 persons with a psychogenic dyspnea (P-group). The structure of a respiratory cycle was estimated by parameter R(CO2). It was calculated by relation of time of an exhalation to time of all respiratory cycle. Degree of "breath arrhythmia" was estimated by means of parameter CVR(CO2). It was the coefficient of variation (CV) for R(CO2) recorded during the 5-min capnography. The groups was differed for all parameters (p < 0.01), except for R(CO)2 (structures of a respiratory cycle). FetCO2 at H-group was 5.24 +/- 0.36%, at P-group 4.07 +/- 0.47. The breathing frequency at H-group was 14.3 +/- 3.7 br/min, at P-group 17.9 +/- 4.5 and CVR(CO2) at H-group was 8.9 +/- 2.7%, at P-group 12.7 +/- 3.1. We conclude that the most informative indicator of a psychogenic dyspnea is the complex of parameters taking into account all three characteristics of a pattern of breath: decrease FetCO2, increase f, and rhythm of breath.

[The variability of respiratory pattern and gas exchange].

It is known, that spectral analysis of heart rate and respiratory variability allows to find out the very low frequency (VLF) rhythm. However it is not known, it is necessary to carry this rhythm to what type of wave processes. The purpose of the present researches was to study the respiratory variability and the variability of gas exchange parameters. 10 healthy subjects have been surveyed. The pneumogramms within 30 minutes spent record, and then a method "breath-by-breath" within 30 minutes registered gas exchange parameters (Ve--lung ventilation, V(O2) -O2 consumption and other parameters). Fast Fourier transform method has found out two groups of the basic peaks. The first--in a range 0.2-0.3 Hz (a time cycle--3-5 s), that corresponds respiratory frequency which size at subjects varied from 12 to 20 per minute. The second--in a range 0.002-0.0075 Hz, that corresponds VLF diapason (a time cycle--1-3.5 minutes). At the analysis pneumogramms rhythms in the same ranges have been established. The carried out researches allow to draw a conclusion on steady character of wave process in a VLF-range. It can be carried to quasi-periodic oscillations type. First oscillator or respiratory frequency it is formed by means of mechanisms of chemoreception. Considering, that V(O2) and V(CO2) are function energy exchange, it is possible to believe, what exactly energy demand define the second oscillator.

[The increase of carbon dyoxidi production at hypoxia in health subjects].

Pulmonary gas exchange, SpO2 and heart rate at 15-min hypoxia (respiration by air with 0.17; 0.15 and 0.13 oxygen fractions) have been investigated in 24 health subjects. It has been established, results of the group analysis and the results of the individual analysis had been differed. Reaction on hypoxia at the group analysis had been found only at 0.13 02 fraction. It was only hyperventilation. The individual analysis had revealed 4 types of reaction on hypoxia already at 0.17 and 0.15 02 fractions: (1) hyperventilation, (2) decrease of oxygen consumption, (3) increase of ventilation effectiveness, (4) increase of CO2 production. The mechanisms of last reaction are unknown, but we supposed it was connected with anaerobic metabolism. The reactions were detected at light hypoxia (0.17 and 0.15 oxygen fractions) in 90% health subjects when SpO2 decreased to 87-93%. The increase ventilation has been detected at hypoxia within respiration 0.13 oxygen in 60% subjects when SpO2 decreased to 83-87%, while other reactions were nearly absent.

[Adaptive hypometabolism in man].

Two hypotheses of functional organization of hypoxic hypometabolism in man is discussed. One is a bioenergetic hypothesis stating that progressive oxygen deficiency in the cells leads to suppression of macrophage production. The other regards hypometabolism as a result of decreased energy consumption in response to hypoxia or the lack of energy of any etiology; it results in impaired intensity of energy metabolism. The letter strategy is underlain by central regulatory mechanisms for which proteins of the HIF-factor system are the most probable markers.

[Acute management at the rising of arterial pressure which is not menacing to a life].

491 hypertensive (non life threatening) patients were examined for hemodynamic changers and variance of the sinus rhythm after administration of clonidine, nifedipine, captopril, and mocsonidine. BP was done by the caff method, hemodynamic by the integral rheography, variance of the sinus rhythm - according to the recommendations of the International ECG Society. It was showed nifedipine and captopril were most effective among the others in case of moderate hypertension without sympathetic hyperfunction. In patients with severe and moderate hypertension follow up with the hyperfunction of the sympathetic nervous system clonidine and mocsonidine showed the major efficacy. In comparison to clonidine, mocsidimin is the medication which is not on the list, and beyond that it provided less adverse effects.

The influence of cold on energy expenditure at rest and during exercise in person in the North.

In the majority of research on human adaptation in the North signs of hypoxia were found. In physiology studies of animals it is established that adaptive changes to cold and hypoxia have much in common, for example, the decrease of spent energy (hypometabolism). This phenomenon has been studied much less in humans than in animals. The first study was that of A. Hemingway and L. Birzis which showed that under the influence of air temperature of -3 degrees C on natives of Kalahari deserts the average body temperature and level of metabolism decrease. The reduction of lung ventilation and decrease of heat loss in humans was interpreted as the result of cold. However, it is obvious that ventilation decrease in humans in cold air leads to reduction of oxygen consumption, i.e. to hypoxia. It is possible to assume that adaptation of Northerners is closely connected with cold and hypoxia. At hypoxia and under cold conditions the decrease of energy expenditure is the natural phenomenon. Y. Gauiter and M. Bonora, S. Wood consider that the fall of body temperature observable at hypoxia is a consequence of the decrease in oxygen consumption and reduction of energy expenditure. Besides, the decrease in oxygen consumption (Vo2) always precedes the fall of body temperature. In the work of C. Pedraz, J. Mortola it is shown that the external warming at hypoxia in newborn cats and dogs during restoration of body temperature up to the reference values is not accompanied by authentic change of metabolism. It remains lowered as under the previous conditions of hypoxia (before warming). It specifies that the fall in body temperature at hypoxia is a consequence instead of the reason of Vo2 fall. This is an important question for the human's adaptation--the influence of cold and hypoxia on spent energy. The paper presents the results of research into the effects of cold on resting and exercise energy expenditure among Northerners of the Russian North.

[Oksiv-Del'ta preproduction system for functional diagnosis of the gas-exchange function of lungs].

The results of testing of a preproduction version of the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system for examination of the metabolic rate and the gas exchange rate in lungs are presented. Testing in volunteers was performed both in a normoxic environment and using air mixtures with various O2 concentrations. The results of testing were used in debugging the Oksiv-Del'ta spirometabolic system and its preparation to clinical trial.

[State of respiratory system under prolonged exposure to aerosols and vapors of heavy metals salts].

Study covering 480 male workers of chemical enterprise revealed that chronic exposure to allowable ambient air concentrations of metal salts doubles occurrence of respiratory tract diseases. 75% of the healthy workers constantly exposed to heavy metal salts demonstrate lower level of oxidative processes, and 15% of the examinees were diagnosed as having primary histotoxic hypometabolism.

Problems of combined chronic pathology in newcomers of the north.

The problem of a combination of diseases is of great in the clinical treatment of internal diseases. Syntropy is of great significance to the northern population. A total of 617 patients living in Yakutia were studied. Analysing the combination of chronic pathology by means of the international classification of diseases was revealed that 7.4% of patients have only one nosological form and 55.1% had been diagnosed with 5 and more nosologies. When analysing the combination of the classes of the international classification of diseases it was seen that patients with one class constituted 14.0%. At same time the number of classes of the diagnosed pathology comprised 3 and more in 44.3% of the patients. In our opinion the process of long human adaptation to severe climatic conditions leads to a decrease of the functional reserves in an organism and disadaptation in newcomers. It leads to the development of severe chronic polynosological pathology, pathogenesis of which is defined by the for need complex of disadaptive disorder.

Seasonal variations in respiratory system in healthy inhabitants of west Siberia.

The aim of this work was to investigate seasonal variations in oxygen consumption, ventilation, lung volumes and their relationships in healthy adult inhabitants of West Siberia. The investigations were performed in Novosibirsk. Thirty healthy male adult volunteers were studied 4 times during a year: in summer (mean monthly temperature +20 degrees C), autumn (+2 degrees C), winter (-18 degrees C), and spring (degrees C) under the same conditions in a room at rest. Oxyspirography, pneumotachography and the helium dilution method were used. Oxygen consumption (VO2), breathing frequency, vital capacity (VC) and inspiratory capacity were adjusted to be the same during the year. Minute ventilation (Ve), VO2-Ve ratio, residual volume (RV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) to RV ratio had dynamics concurrent with seasonal temperature dynamics. Tidal volume, ERV, functional residual capacity, forced 1-s expired volume (FEV1) and FEV1/VC also changed, but their dynamics were different from the previous parameters. The minimum value of these parameters was found in the spring and the maximum--in the autumn, or summer and autumn. Correlations between respiratory parameters also changed during the year. We conclude that oxygen consumption is provided by reorganisation of pulmonary tissue in winter.

Radiation technology in the preparation of polyethylene oxide hydrophilic gels and immobilization of proteases for use in medical practice.

This paper deals with the development of a technology for making a hydrophilic gel of polyethylene oxide reception in which radiating ability is employed to cause cross-linking of polymers in a water solution. The gel of polyethylene oxide was shown to be non-toxic, contain 5-50% of polymer and be useful in composite medicinal forms along with biologically active substances including Bac. subtilis proteases. Proteases immobilized in the gel possess high thermal stability and proteolytic activity and are readily applied in medicine. The effect of immobilized proteolytic and glucolytic enzymes of Bac. subtillis (Immozimase) on the warm ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) which can cause hepatic and jejunum injury was also studied. These enzymes were immobilized on water-soluble polymer polyethylene glycol by means of an electron beam. The number of degranulated mast cells as well as serum ALT after I/R in the group with Immozimase was decreased to almost half as compared with the control group. Pretreatment with Immozimase resulted in significant reduction of hepatic and gut neutrophil accumulation as compared with control animals. It was concluded that Immozimase has a protective effect for hepatic and gut ischemia/reperfusion, and this effect seems to be associated with prevention of leukocyte accumulation.

[Role of respiratory function tests in differential diagnosis of respiratory and cardiac insufficiency]. / Znachenie funktsional'nykh dykhatel'nykh prob v differentsial'noi diagnostike dykhatel'noi i serdechnoi nedostatochnosti.

AIM: To examine feasibility of using a complex of functional tests for detection of chronic respiratory insufficiency (CRI) and its differential diagnosis with chronic cardiac failure (CCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study covered 23 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and 17 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD) with stable effort angina class II-III. RESULTS: Different response to the tests of pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics was noted in COPD and IHD. In hypoxia, oxygen consumption rate ranged from 140 to 108% while in IHD this rate reached 106% only in one case. COPD patients had increased minute respiratory volume in hyperoxia contrary to patients with IHD. In hypoxia, the picture was quite opposite, the differences being less obvious. CONCLUSION: Functional respiratory tests provide significant differentiation between CRI and CCF.

[Features of spiro-tacho-analyzer "Elf-Laspec-01"]. / Osobennosti spirotakhoanalizatora "El'f-Laspek-01".

Spirometry plays an important role in functional investigations. The advantages and shortcomings of various devices recording external respiration parameters are analyzed. The spirotachoanalyzer "Elf-Laspec-01" designed in Novosibirsk is furnished with an original thermoanemometer gauge warranting high accuracy of measurements. The spirotachoanalyzer is available as an expansion card for IBM or compatible computers. Adequate software extends functional capacities. The built-in database enables comparative analysis, fast search for the patient's record, etc.