Use of vitamin D and infection in patients with chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation as protection factor against infection of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study carried out between 2013 and 2016 in the Conservative Treatment Outpatient Clinics (Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador) of the Hypertension and Kidney Hospital (Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão) of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Data on sociodemographic factors, comorbidity, infection episodes and use or nonuse of vitamin D supplementation for at least 6 months were collected from medical records. The primary outcomes considered in both groups were: presence or absence of infection anywhere on the body (bloodstream, urinary, respiratory and surgical sites). RESULTS: A total of 263 patients were included and those who received (n=43) vitamin D had 59% less chance of developing infections (OR=0.41; 95%CI; 0.15-0.99), when compared to those who did not receive. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation was a protective factor against infections of all causes.

Use of vitamin D and infection in patients with chronic kidney disease / Uso de la vitamina D e infección en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica / Uso da vitamina D e infecção em pacientes com doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation as protection factor against infection of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment. Method: Retrospective cohort study carried out between 2013 and 2016 in the Conservative Treatment Outpatient Clinics (Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador) of the Hypertension and Kidney Hospital (Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão) of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Data on sociodemographic factors, comorbidity, infection episodes and use or nonuse of vitamin D supplementation for at least 6 months were collected from medical records. The primary outcomes considered in both groups were: presence or absence of infection anywhere on the body (bloodstream, urinary, respiratory and surgical sites). Results: A total of 263 patients were included and those who received (n=43) vitamin D had 59% less chance of developing infections (OR=0.41; 95%CI; 0.15-0.99), when compared to those who did not receive. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation was a protective factor against infections of all causes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la suplementación de vitamina D en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento conservador como factor de protección contra infecciones. Método: Estudio de Cohorte retrospectiva realizado entre 2013 y 2016 en el Ambulatorio de Tratamiento Conservador del Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão da Universidade Federal São Paulo. Se recogieron de los prontuarios los datos sociodemográficos, de comorbilidad, episodios de infección, en uso o no de suplementación de vitamina D por lo menos 6 meses. Los resultados primarios considerados en los dos grupos fueron: la presencia o no de infección en cualquier sitio: urinario, respiratorio, corriente sanguínea y sitio quirúrgico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 263 pacientes y los que recibieron (n = 43) vitamina D tenían un 59% menos de posibilidades de desarrollar infección (OR = 0,41, IC95% 0,15-0,99), en comparación con los que no recibieron. Conclusión: La suplementación de vitamina D fue factor de protección contra infecciones de todas las causas.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da suplementação de vitamina D em pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador como fator de proteção contra infecções. Método: Estudo de Coorte retrospectiva realizado entre 2013 e 2016 no Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador do Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foram coletados dos prontuários os dados sociodemográficos, de comorbidade, episódios de infecção, em uso ou não de suplementação de vitamina D por no mínimo 6 meses. Os desfechos primários considerados nos dois grupos foram: a presença ou não de infecção em qualquer sítio: urinário, respiratório, corrente sanguínea e sítio cirúrgico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 263 pacientes e os que receberam (n=43) vitamina D tiveram 59% menos chance de desenvolver infecção (OR=0,41; IC95% 0,15-0,99), quando comparados aos que não receberam. Conclusão: A suplementação de vitamina D foi fator de proteção contra infecções de todas as causas.

Prophylactic treatment of chronic renal disease in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and colonized by Staphylococcus aureus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis and colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. The literature search involved the following databases: the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, SciELO, and PubMed/Medline. The descriptors were "Staphylococcus aureus," "MRSA," "MSSA," "treatment," "decolonization," "nasal carrier," "colonization," "chronic kidney disease," "dialysis," and "peritoneal dialysis." Randomized controlled trials that exhibited agreement among reviewers as shown by a kappa value of >0.80 were included in the study; methodological quality was evaluated using the STROBE statement. Patients who received various antibiotic treatments (antibiotic group) or topical mupirocin (mupirocin group) were compared with those who received either no treatment or placebo (control group). Patients in the antibiotic group were also compared with those in the mupirocin group. RESULTS: In total, nine studies involving 839 patients were included in the analysis, 187 (22.3 %) of whom were nasal carriers of S. aureus. The probability of S. aureus infection at the catheter site for peritoneal dialysis was 74 % lower in the mupirocin than control group (odds ratio [OR], 0.26; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.14-0.46; p < 0.001), 56 % lower in the antibiotic than control group (OR, 0.44; 95 % CI, 0.19-0.99; p = 0.048), and 52 % lower in the mupirocin than antibiotic group (OR, 0.48; 95 % CI, 0.21-1.10; p = 0.084). The difference in the probability of S. aureus peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis was not statistically significant among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Mupirocin and topical antibiotics were effective for reduction of S. aureus catheter site infection in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis when compared with no treatment or placebo. However, evidence was insufficient to identify the optimal agent, route, or duration of antibiotics to treat peritonitis.

[Prevalence of infection in kidney transplantation from living versus deceased donor: systematic review and meta-analysis]. / Prevalência de infecção em transplante renal de doador vivoversus falecido: revisão sistemática e metanálise.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if the type of donor is a risk factor for infection in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: Systematic Review of Literature with Meta-analysis with searches conducted in the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO and CINAHL. RESULTS: We selected 198 studies and included four observational studies describing infections among patients distinguishing the type of donor. Through meta-analysis, it was shown that in patients undergoing deceased donor transplant, the outcome infection was 2.65 higher, than those who received an organ from a living donor. CONCLUSION: The study showed that deceased kidney donor recipients are at an increased risk for developing infections and so the need for establishing and enforcing protocols from proper management of ischemic time to the prevention and control of infection in this population emerges.

Prevalence of infection in kidney transplantation from living versus deceased donor: systematic review and meta-analysis / Prevalencia de infección en trasplante renal de donante vivo versus fallecido: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Prevalência de infecção em transplante renal de doador vivo versus falecido: revisão sistemática e metanálise

OBJECTIVE To verify if the type of donor is a risk factor for infection in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS Systematic Review of Literature with Meta-analysis with searches conducted in the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO and CINAHL. RESULTS We selected 198 studies and included four observational studies describing infections among patients distinguishing the type of donor. Through meta-analysis, it was shown that in patients undergoing deceased donor transplant, the outcome infection was 2.65 higher, than those who received an organ from a living donor. CONCLUSION The study showed that deceased kidney donor recipients are at an increased risk for developing infections and so the need for establishing and enforcing protocols from proper management of ischemic time to the prevention and control of infection in this population emerges. .

OBJETIVO Verificar si el tipo de donante es factor de riesgo para infección en los pacientes trasplantados renales. MÉTODO Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura con Metanálisis llevado a cabo en las bases de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO y CINAHL. RESULTADOS Se seleccionaron 198 artículos y se incluyeron cuatro estudios observacionales que describieron las infecciones presentadas entre los pacientes, distinguiéndose el tipo de donante. Mediante el metanálisis, se evidenció que en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de donante fallecido, el resultado infección fue 2,65 mayor, con relación a quienes reciben el órgano de donante vivo. CONCLUSIÓN El estudio permitió verificar que receptores de riñón de donante fallecido presentan mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones y que emerge la necesidad de establecimiento y cumplimiento de protocolos desde el manejo adecuado del tiempo de isquemia hasta la prevención y el control de infección en esa población. .

OBJETIVO Verificar se o tipo de doador é fator de risco para infecção nos pacientes transplantados renais. MÉTODO Revisão Sistemática da Literatura com Metanálise realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO e CINAHL. RESULTADOS Foram selecionados 198 artigos e incluídos quatro estudos observacionais que descreveram as infecções apresentadas entre os pacientes distinguindo o tipo de doador. Através da metanálise, foi evidenciado que em pacientes submetidos a transplante de doador falecido, o desfecho infecção foi 2,65 maior, em relação aos que recebem o órgão de doador vivo. CONCLUSÃO O estudo permitiu verificar que receptores de rim de doador falecido apresentam maior risco para o desenvolvimento de infecções e que emerge a necessidade de estabelecimento e cumprimento de protocolos desde o manejo adequado do tempo de isquemia à prevenção e controle de infecção nesta população. .

Risk factors for bloodstream infection in patients at a Brazilian hemodialysis center: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Infection is the leading cause of morbidity and the second leading cause of mortality in patients on renal replacement therapy. The rates of bloodstream infection in hemodialysis patients vary according to the type of venous access used. Gram-positive bacteria are most frequently isolated in blood cultures of hemodialysis patients. This study evaluated risk factors for the development of bloodstream infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: Risk factors associated with bloodstream infections in patients on hemodialysis were investigated using a case-control study conducted between January 2010 and June 2013. Chronic renal disease patients on hemodialysis who presented with positive blood cultures during the study were considered as cases. Controls were hemodialysis patients from the same institution who did not present with positive blood cultures during the study period. Data were collected from medical records. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were 162 patients included in the study (81 cases and 81 controls). Gram-positive bacteria were isolated with the highest frequency (72%). In initial logistic regression analysis, variables were hypertension, peritoneal dialysis with previous treatment, type and time of current venous access, type of previous venous access, previous use of antimicrobials, and previous hospitalization related to bloodstream infections. Multiple regression analysis showed that the patients who had a central venous catheter had an 11.2-fold (CI 95%: 5.17-24.29) increased chance of developing bloodstream infections compared with patients who had an arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. Previous hospitalization increased the chance of developing bloodstream infections 6.6-fold (CI 95%: 1.9-23.09). CONCLUSIONS: Infection prevention measures for bloodstream infections related to central venous catheter use should be intensified, as well as judicious use of this route for vascular access for hemodialysis. Reducing exposure to the hospital environment through admission could contribute to a reduction in bloodstream infections in this population.

Screening and treatment for Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance for screening and treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. The literature search involved the following databases: the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, SciELO, and PubMed/Medline. The descriptors were "Staphylococcus aureus", "MRSA", "MSSA", "treatment", "decolonization", "nasal carrier", "colonization", "chronic kidney disease", "dialysis", and "haemodialysis" or "hemodialysis". Five randomized controlled trials that exhibited agreement among reviewers as shown by a kappa value of >0.80 were included in the study; methodological quality was evaluated using the STROBE statement. Patients who received various treatments (various treatments group) or topical mupirocin (mupirocin group) were compared with those who received either no treatment or placebo (control group). The outcomes were skin infection at the central venous catheter insertion site and bacteremia. RESULTS: In total, 2374 patients were included in the analysis, 626 (26.4%) of whom were nasal carriers of S. aureus. The probability of S. aureus infection at the catheter site for hemodialysis was 87% lower in the mupirocin group than in the control group (odds ratio [OR], 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.34; p<0.001). The risk of bacteremia was 82% lower in the mupirocin group than in the control group (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.08-0.42; p<0.001). No statistically significant difference in bacteremia was observed between the various treatments group (excluding mupirocin) and the control group (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.51-1.15; p=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-six percent of patients undergoing hemodialysis were nasal carriers of S. aureus. Of all treatments evaluated, topical mupirocin was the most effective therapy for the reduction of S. aureus catheter site infection and bacteremia in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

Risk factors for morbidity and mortality of bloodstream infection in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Infection is the leading cause of morbidity and the second most frequent cause of mortality among patients on renal replacement therapy. A major morbid event in this population is hospitalization because of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients on hemodialysis. RESULTS: Risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to BSI in patients on hemodialysis were investigated retrospectively by nested case-control, from January 2010 to June 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: those who progressed to hospitalization or death due to BSI (Group 1) and those who developed BSI, but did not progress to the same outcome (Group 2). Data were collected through consultation of patient records. For statistical analysis, logistic regression was used. There were 32 patients in Group 1 and 61 in Group 2. Logistic regression verified that, for each year of age, the chance of death or hospitalization for BSI increased 1.05 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.09]. Patients with BSI caused by Staphylococcus aureus had an 8.67 times higher chance of progressing to death or hospitalization (95% CI: 2.5-30.06). The isolation of multiresistant microorganisms in blood cultures of hemodialysis patients increased morbidity and mortality by 2.75 times (95% CI: 1.01-7.48). CONCLUSION: Independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality among patients after developing BSI during hemodialysis were: age, blood culture positive for S. aureus, and antibiotic resistance. Control measures to prevent microbial dissemination, primarily the multiresistant ones, should be intensified in this population. More studies are needed to standardize specific measures not yet classically standardized, such as collection of surveillance culture samples, contact precautions, and decolonization.

Uso profilático de Mupirocina em cateter venoso central de hemodiálise: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Prophylactic use of Mupirocin in hemodialysis central venous catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de Mupirocina tópica em inserção de cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Revisão Sistemática com Metanálise. RESULTADOS: Após uma criteriosa e extensa busca, foram incluídos três ensaios clínicos que compararam o uso de Mupirocina versus outra intervenção em cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apontou que o uso de Mupirocina tópica é eficaz para redução dos episódios de infecções entre os pacientes em hemodiálise, aumentando o tempo de utilização do cateter, além de reduzir significativamente as infecções por S aureus as mais prevalentes nessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the use of topical Mupirocin on the insertion of central venous catheter for hemodialysis. METHODS: This was a systematic review with meta-analysis. RESULTS: After a careful and extensive search, we included three clinical trials that compared the use of Mupirocin versus other intervention in central venous catheter for hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The study found that the use of topical Mupirocin is effective in reducing episodes of infection among hemodialysis patients, increasing duration time for catheter, and significantly reducing S aureus infections, which are the most prevalent in this population.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto del uso de Mupirocina tópica en inserción de cateter venoso central para hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Revisión Sistemática con Metaanálisis. RESULTADOS: Después de una criteriosa y extensa búsqueda, se incluyeron tres ensayos clínicos que compararon el uso de Mupirocina versus otra intervención en cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio demostró que el uso de Mupirocina tópica es eficaz para la reducción de los episodios de infecciones entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis, aumentando el tiempo de utilización del cateter, además de reducir significativamente las infecciones por S aureus, las más prevalentes en esa población.

Incidence of bloodstream infection among patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter.

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients with a double-lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) and identified the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. A follow-up included all patients (n=156) who underwent hemodialysis by double-lumen CVC at the Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, Brazil, over a one-year period. From the group of patients, 94 presented BSI, of whom 39 had positive cultures at the central venous catheter insertion location. Of the 128 microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream, 53 were S. aureus, 30 were methicillin-sensitive and 23 were methicillin-resistant. Complications related to BSI included 35 cases of septicemia and 27 cases of endocarditis, of which 15 cases progressed to death. The incidence of BSI among these patients was shown to be very high, and this BSI progressed rapidly to the condition of severe infection with a high mortality rate.

Incidence of bloodstream infection among patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter / Incidência de infecção da corrente sanguínea nos pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise por cateter venoso central / Incidencia de infección de la corriente sanguínea em los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis por catéter venoso central

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients with a double-lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) and identified the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. A follow-up included all patients (n=156) who underwent hemodialysis by double-lumen CVC at the Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil, over a one-year period. From the group of patients, 94 presented BSI, of whom 39 had positive cultures at the central venous catheter insertion location. Of the 128 microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream, 53 were S. aureus, 30 were methicillin-sensitive and 23 were methicillin-resistant. Complications related to BSI included 35 cases of septicemia and 27 cases of endocarditis, of which 15 cases progressed to death. The incidence of BSI among these patients was shown to be very high, and this BSI progressed rapidly to the condition of severe infection with a high mortality rate.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência e os fatores de risco de infecção da corrente sanguínea (ICS) em pacientes com cateter venoso central (CVC) duplo lúmen, para hemodiálise (HD) e identificar os micro-organismos isolados na corrente sanguínea. Como método, usou-se o follow up, realizado no período de um ano, incluindo todos os 156 pacientes que estavam em tratamento de HD por CVC duplo lúmen, na Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP. Os resultados mostraram que dos 156 pacientes estudados, 94 apresentaram ICS, desses, 39 tiveram culturas positivas no local de inserção do cateter. Dos 128 micro-organismos isolados da corrente sanguínea, 53 eram S.aureus, dos quais 30 eram sensíveis à metilcilina e 23 resistentes. Entre as complicações relacionadas à ICS, houve 35 casos de septicemia e 27 casos de endocardite, dos quais 15 progrediram a óbito. A incidência de ICS neste grupo de pacientes mostrou-se bastante elevada bem como sua progressão para quadros infecciosos de grande magnitude e óbito.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de infección de la corriente sanguínea (ICS) en pacientes con catéter venoso central (CVC) doble lumen, para hemodiálisis (HD) e identificar los microorganismos aislados en la corriente sanguínea. Como método, se uso el acompañamiento, realizado en el período de un año, incluyendo todos los 156 pacientes que estaban en tratamiento de HD por CVC doble lumen, en la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. Los resultados mostraron que de los 156 pacientes estudiados, 94 presentaron ICS, de estos, 39 tuvieron culturas positivas en el local de inserción del catéter. De los 128 microorganismos aislados de la corriente sanguínea, 53 eran S.aureus, de los cuales 30 eran sensibles a la metilcilina y 23 resistentes. Entre las complicaciones relacionadas a la ICS, hubo 35 casos de septicemia y 27 casos de endocarditis, de los cuales 15 resultaron en muerte. La incidencia de ICS en este grupo de pacientes se mostró bastante elevada así como su progresión para cuadros infecciosos de gran magnitud y de muerte.

Lethality of endocarditis due to S. aureus among patients on hemodialysis.

This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for endocarditis in patients undergoing hemodialysis with central venous catheter (CVC) and to identify the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. This cohort study followed 94 patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who developed bacteremia after the insertion of a CVC for dialysis in the hospital São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil. They were divided into two groups: patients with endocarditis (E+) and patients without (E-). The prevalence of endocarditis was 29%. Among risk factors, the time of hospitalization and residence of the catheter were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in group E+. The mortality rate was 15%, and lethality of endocarditis was 55%. Of the 38 microorganisms isolated in group E+, 20 were S. aureus and 45% of those were MRSA. Group E+ with MRSA presented 100% mortality. High mortality and lethality in the E+ group was observed, and of the microorganisms isolated, MRSA was the most lethal. This article provides an overview of the findings of this study.