Utilidad del MAPA y bioimpedancia para el tratamiento y control de la HTA en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica / Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) en los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) es muy frecuente y se asocia a un aumento de la morbimortalidad. Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo han sido: 1. Conocer la tensión arterial (TA) en la sesión de HD. 2. Estudiar la TA, en el periodo interdialítico, mediante monitorización ambulatoria de presión arterial (MAPA) de 44 horas. 3. Conocer la concordancia entre la TA en la sesión de HD y MAPA. 4. Valorar los cambios de tratamiento después de la realización del MAPA. 5. Realizar una bioimpedancia espectroscópica (BIS) a todos los pacientes y en los hiperhidratados e hipertensos, según MAPA, valorar cambios en la TA después de ajustar el peso seco (PS). 6. Conocer factores asociados a la TA sistólica (TAS) y TA diastólica (TAD) promedio del MAPA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional, que incluyó a 100 pacientes de nuestra unidad de diálisis. Se han recogido las tensiones pre y post-HD, durante dos semanas y, posteriormente, colocamos a los pacientes un aparato de MAPA a mitad de semana, durante 44 horas. Previo a comenzar la siguiente sesión de diálisis, realizamos una BIS. A aquellos pacientes hiperhidratados e hipertensos, según MAPA, se les realizó un segundo MAPA para valorar cambios en los valores de TA. RESULTADOS: Según MAPA, el 65% de pacientes presentaron una TA diurna > 135/85 mmHg, 90% TA nocturna > 120/70 mmHg y 76% TA promedio > 130/80 mmHg. El 11% presentó un patrón dipper, 51% no dipper y 38% riser. Las TAS y TAD promedio fueron 4,7 mmHg (3,8%) y 1,1 mmHg (1,64%) más altas el segundo día. En el 6% de pacientes fue necesario bajar la dosis de antihipertensivos, 9% suspenderlos, 28% aumentar dosis y 17% añadir un nuevo fármaco. La TAD pre-HD es la que mejor concordancia presenta con el MAPA. Después de realizar BIS y ajustar PS hubo un descenso significativo en todas las cifras de TA. El análisis univariante mostró que la TAS promedio fue más alta en pacientes con baño alto en calcio, mayor cantidad de fármacos antihipertensivos y mayores dosis de eritropoyetina (EPO). El análisis multivariante mostró asociación significativa para EPO y número de fármacos (p < 0,01). La TAD promedio fue más alta en pacientes más jóvenes, con Charlson más bajos, menor índice de masa corporal (IMC), menos diuresis, no diabéticos y con mayores dosis de EPO. El estudio de regresión lineal mostró como variables significativas la edad (p < 0,005), IMC (p < 0,03) y EPO (p < 0,03). CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio muestra: 1. La variabilidad de criterio de HTA, según utilicemos cifras de TA durante la sesión de HD o MAPA. 2. La variabilidad de TA en el periodo interdiálisis. 3. La TAD prediálisis es la que mejor concordancia presenta con el MAPA. 4. La utilización conjunta de la BIS y el MAPA mejora el control de la TA. 5. La dosis de EPO es el factor más importante asociado a la HTA en nuestros pacientes

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Identify differences between the BP recorded during HD and with the ABPM; 4. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 5. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 6. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 hours. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients

Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 4. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 5. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 h. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients.

Usefulness of ABPM and bioimpedance for the treatment and control of hypertension in patients on chronic haemodialysis. / Utilidad del MAPA y bioimpedancia para el tratamiento y control de la HTA en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is very common in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The goals of our research were to: 1. Measure blood pressure (BP) during HD sessions; 2. Study BP in between HD sessions with 44-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM); 3. Identify differences between the BP recorded during HD and with the ABPM; 4. Evaluate changes in treatment after the ABPM; 5. Perform bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on all patients and, in those hyper-hydrated or hypertensive according to ABPM, assess for changes in BP after adjusting the dry weight; 6. Identify factors associated with average systolic and diastolic BP measured by ABPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective observational study, which included 100 patients from our dialysis unit. We measured BP before and after the HD sessions for two weeks and then, mid-week, we attached the ABPM device to the patients for 44 hours. Before starting the following dialysis session, we performed BIS. A second ABPM was performed on hyper-hydrated patients and patients hypertensive according to ABPM to evaluate changes in BP values. RESULTS: According to the ABPM, 65% of patients had daytime BP > 135/85 mmHg, 90% night-time BP > 120/70 mmHg and 76% average BP > 130/80 mmHg; 11% had a dipper pattern, 51% non-dipper and 38% riser. The average systolic and diastolic BP readings were 4.7 mmHg (3.8%) and 1.1 mmHg (1.64%) higher on the second day. The dose of antihypertensive medication had to be lowered in 6% of patients, 9% had to stop taking it, 28% needed increased doses and 17% had to add a new drug. The pre-HD diastolic BP best matched the ABPM. After performing the bioimpedance and adjusting dry weight, there was a statistically significant decrease in all BP values. The univariate analysis showed that the average systolic BP was higher in patients with a high-calcium dialysis bath, more antihypertensive drugs and higher doses of EPO. The multivariate analysis showed significant association for EPO and number of drugs (p < 0.01). The average diastolic BP was higher in younger patients and patients with lower Charlson index, lower body mass index and less diuresis, those on higher doses of EPO and non-diabetics. The linear regression study showed age (p < 0.005), body mass index (p < 0.03) and EPO (p < 0.03) as significant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows: 1. The variability of hypertension criteria according to use of BP values from during the HD session or ABPM; 2. The variability of BP in the interdialysis period; 3. That the pre-dialysis diastolic BP best corresponds with the ABPM. 4. That the use of both BIS and ABPM improves the control of BP; 5. That the dose of EPO is the most important factor associated with hypertension in our patients.

Valoración de la implantación del seguimiento ecográfico del acceso vascular autólogo / Assessment to the implementation of an ultrasound monitoring of autologous vascular access

Un acceso vascular adecuado es imprescindible para el tratamiento renal sustitutivo mediante hemodiálisis. Las enfermeras participan de forma fundamental en el seguimiento del mismo. El acceso vascular autólogo es considerado el acceso vascular de elección, pero también es el que más complicaciones iniciales presenta. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la eficacia del ecógrafo para el seguimiento y punción de estos accesos vasculares. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de octubre 2014 a febrero 2015. Se incluyeron 53 pacientes con fístula autóloga. 31 con acceso vascular en uso y 22 con acceso de nueva creación. Se inició el uso del ecógrafo previa formación específica en ecografía doppler de tres enfermeras y un nefrólogo. Se realizaron 73 ecografías en las que se determinaron flujo arterial, diámetro y profundidad venosa, anomalías anatómicas y disfunciones. Resultados: Se identificaron 9 accesos autólogos de nueva creación con flujos arteriales por debajo de parámetros de normalidad. Se asociaron a accesos vasculares menores de 3 meses, flujos menores de 500 ml/min. De 15 estenosis identificadas hubo un mayor porcentaje en accesos radiocefálicos, también se confirmaron 2 trombosis completas y 1 parcial. Se realizaron 9 punciones ecoasistidas en fístulas autólogas de nueva creación y se modificaron zonas de punción habituales en 8 pacientes. Conclusiones: El ecógrafo ha demostrado ser un instrumento útil para facilitar las punciones y seguimiento del acceso vascular. Permite identificar nuevas zonas de punción. Permite una valoración objetiva de los AV autólogos mediante parámetros ecográficos favoreciendo su seguimiento y alertando de forma temprana sobre posibles disfunciones, posibilitando el tratamiento precoz de éstas. Permite establecer protocolos de seguimiento de acceso vascular más estrecho en sus tres primeros meses de vida y de forma estandarizada a lo largo de la vida del AV (AU)

An adequate vascular access is essential for renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis. Nurses participate in the monitoring of this fundamentally. Autologous vascular access is considered the preferred vascular access, but also the one with more initial complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound for monitoring and puncture of this vascular access. Methods: A retrospective observational study from October 2014 to February 2015 was carried out. Fifty-three patients with autologous fistula were included: 31 already in use and 22 newly implanted vascular access. The use of ultrasound scanner was initiated prior specific training to three nurses and a nephrologist at Doppler echography. Seventy-three ultrasound scans which determined blood flow, venous diameter and depth, anatomical abnormalities and dysfunctions were carried out. Results: Nine newly-implanted autologous vascular accesses with arterial flows below normal parameters were identified. Puncture sites were modified in 8 cases. 9 ultrasound assisted punctures were performed in newly-implanted autologous fistulas. Fifteen stenosis were identified. Two full and one partial thrombosis were confirmed. An association between vascular accesses (VA) younger than 3 months and flows below 500 ml / min was found. Increased percentage of stenosis in radiocephalic VA was identified. Conclusions: The ultrasound scanner has proven to be a useful tool to facilitate punctures and monitoring of vascular access. It identifies new areas of puncture and allows an objective evaluation of autologous AV by ultrasound parameters favoring its monitoring and alerting on possible malfunctions early, allowing early treatment of these. This allows establishing protocols for monitoring in narrow VA during its first three months and in a standardized manner throughout the life of the VA (AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las estenosis yuxtaanastomóticas en las fístulas arteriovenosas radiocefálicas de hemodiálisis. Nueva anastomosis proximal / Surgical treatment of juxta-anastomotic stenosis in radiocephalic fistula. A new proximal radiocephalic anastomosis

Introducción: Las estenosis yuxtaanastomóticas son la causa más frecuente de disfunción en las fístulas radiocefálicas (FAV RC) para hemodiálisis. Estas estenosis provocan bajo flujo de la fístula con mala calidad de la diálisis y pueden evolucionar a la trombosis del acceso. El tratamiento de estas lesiones puede ser radiológico o quirúrgico; la elección de uno u otro es tema de discusión. En nuestro centro se utilizó por consenso el tratamiento quirúrgico de forma sistemática. Método: Hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo desde 1998 hasta 2009. Se incluyeron todas las FAV RC con disfunción o trombosis secundaria a una estenosis yuxtaanastomótica. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante fistulografía, salvo en los casos de trombosis, en los que fue clínico. El tratamiento en todos los casos fue quirúrgico, realizándose una nueva anastomosis radiocefálica proximal a la estenosis (RC PROX). Se analizó la permeabilidad (primaria y secundaria) tanto para las FAV RC iniciales como para las RC PROX (..) (AU)

Introduction: The juxta-anastomotic stenosis is the most frequent cause of dysfunction in radiocephalic fistulas for haemodialysis. This adversity can cause low flow or thrombosis. The appropriate treatment of these lesions is under debate. Method: A prospective study was performed from 1998 to 2009. All dysfunctional radiocephalic fistulas due to juxta-anastomotic stenosis were included (n=96). The diagnosis was made by fistulografy in low flow cases and clinical evidence in cases of thrombosis. The repair was performed using a new proximal radiocephalic anastomosis in all cases. Patency following surgical intervention was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 96 proximal radiocephalic anastomoses were performed during the study period. Mean surveillance time was 57.27 months (95% CI: 47.53-67.02). Sixty-six patients were male, and the mean age was 67 years. Scheduled surgery was performed in 70.5% of cases and 29.5% were emergency procedures, 92% of which were ambulatory. Technical success was achieved in 100% without any complications. Mean primary patency at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 89.4%, 75%, 70.4%, 65%, and 56%, respectively. Additional procedures (n=16) were required in 14 cases (twelve new proximal anastomoses and four cases of arteriovenous graft placement), resulting in mean secondary patency at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of 93.7%, 92.1%, 89.6%, 87%, and 82.6%, respectively. Mean secondary patency of initial dysfunctional radiocephalic fistulas at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 95%, 95%, 93.2%, 89.1%, and 86.6%, respectively. Conclusions: In our experience the proximal radiocephalic anastomosis can significantly extend fistula functionality in patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis (AU)

Surgical treatment of juxta-anastomotic stenosis in radiocephalic fistula. A new proximal radiocephalic anastomosis.

INTRODUCTION: The juxta-anastomotic stenosis is the most frequent cause of dysfunction in radiocephalic fistulas for haemodialysis. This adversity can cause low flow or thrombosis. The appropriate treatment of these lesions is under debate. METHOD: A prospective study was performed from 1998 to 2009. All dysfunctional radiocephalic fistulas due to juxta-anastomotic stenosis were included (n=96). The diagnosis was made by fistulografy in low flow cases and clinical evidence in cases of thrombosis. The repair was performed using a new proximal radiocephalic anastomosis in all cases. Patency following surgical intervention was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 96 proximal radiocephalic anastomoses were performed during the study period. Mean surveillance time was 57.27 months (95% CI: 47.53-67.02). Sixty-six patients were male, and the mean age was 67 years. Scheduled surgery was performed in 70.5% of cases and 29.5% were emergency procedures, 92% of which were ambulatory. Technical success was achieved in 100% without any complications. Mean primary patency at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 89.4%, 75%, 70.4%, 65%, and 56%, respectively. Additional procedures (n=16) were required in 14 cases (twelve new proximal anastomoses and four cases of arteriovenous graft placement), resulting in mean secondary patency at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of 93.7%, 92.1%, 89.6%, 87%, and 82.6%, respectively. Mean secondary patency of initial dysfunctional radiocephalic fistulas at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 95%, 95%, 93.2%, 89.1%, and 86.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience the proximal radiocephalic anastomosis can significantly extend fistula functionality in patients with juxta-anastomotic stenosis.

Comparación de dos métodos de seguimiento de las fístulas arteriovenosas protésicas incidentes en un área de salud / Comparison of two methods for monitoring incident prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas in a health area

El acceso vascular (AV) es un reto importante, del que depende la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivo: conocer si un programa de seguimiento informatizado del AV, disminuye la tasa de trombosis de FAV-protésicos incidentes (FAV-PI). Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo observacional de seguimiento de las FAV-PI, entre 2007 y 2009, en el Area 8 de la CAM. Enfermería registró en una base de datos Access: presión venosa dinámica, presión arterial negativa y flujo de bomba de primera hora de diálisis. Comparamos los resultados con un grupo control histórico (GCH) de FAV-PI de 2004-2006, cuando sólo se registraba en la gráfica de enfermería. Las trombosis de FAV-PI posteriores a 2006 no se valoraron. Resultados: Diabetes, sexo y edad no se relacionaron con trombosis en ningún grupo. Las FAVPI en riesgo entre 2007-2009 fueron: 49 vs 45 del GCH. Comparamos los resultados del periodo 2007- 2009 respecto al GCH: Tasa de trombosis anual: 0,37(18/49) vs 0,67(30/45),(p<0,003). Mediana primer episodio de trombosis 217 vs167 días. Tasa fistulografías anual por disfunción 0,98(48/49) vs 0,51(23/45),(p<0,000). Valor predictivo positivo: 94% vs 87%. Sensibilidad: 82% vs 44%. Estenosis diagnosticadas 45 vs 20.Tasa reparación anual por disfunción: 0,80(39/49) vs 0,31(14/45),(p<0,000). Tasa reparación anual antes de la primera trombosis: 0,41(7/17) vs 0,19(4/21),(p<0,001). Tasa reparación anual por trombosis: 0,43(21/49) vs 0,69(31/45),(0,01). Las enfermeras, mediante el registro informatizado de los parámetros del AV contribuyen al diagnóstico de eventos previos a una trombosis en las FAV-PI, aumentando el número de reparaciones preventivas por disfunción y disminuyendo la tasa de trombosis (AU)

Vascular access (VA) is an important challenge, on which the patient’s quality of life depends. Object: to find out whether a computerize VA monitoring programme reduces the rate of thrombosis of incident prosthetic AVF (IP-AVF). Material and methods: observational prospective study of IP-AVF monitoring, between 2007 and 2009, in Area 8 of the CAM. Nursing recorded on an Access database: dynamic venous pressure, negative arterial pressure and pump flow in the first hour of dialysis. We compared the results with a historical control group (HCG) of IP-AVF from 2004-2006, when data were only recorded on the nursing chart. IP-AVF thrombosis after 2006 was not valued. Results: Diabetes, sex and age were not related to thrombosis in any group. IP-AVFs at risk in 2007-2009 were: 49 v. 45 of the HCG. We compared the results for the period 2007-2009 compared to the HCG: Annual thrombosis rate: 0.37(18/49) v. 0.67(30/45),(p<0.003). Median first episode of thrombosis 217 v.167 days. Annual rate of fistulographies due to dysfunction 0.98(48/49) v. 0.51(23/45), (p<0.000). Positive predictive value: 94% v. 87%. Sensitivity: 82% v. 44%. Diagnosed stenoses 45 v. 20. Annual repair rate for dysfunction: 0.80(39/49) v. 0.31(14/45), (p<0.000). Annual repair rate before first thrombosis: 0.41(7/17) v. 0.19(4/21), (p<0.001). Annual repair rate for thrombosis: 0.43(21/49) v. 0.69(31/45), (0.01). Through the computerized recording of VA parameters, nurses contribute to diagnosing prethrombosis events in IP-AVFs, increasing the number of preventive repairs for dysfunction and reducing the rate of thrombosis (AU)

Análisis de las complicaciones de los catéteres permanentes para hemodiálisis en un área de salud: repercusión económica / Analysis of complication of permanent catheters for haemodialysis in a health area: economic repercussions

En los últimos años han aumentado los pacientes portadores de catéter permanente para hemodiálisis. Objetivos: Recoger complicaciones asociadas a los catéteres estimando su coste global. Comparar el coste de la conexión y desconexión de catéter versus fístula. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo de 24 meses, en 116 CT para HD en 97 pacientes: 68,05% hombres, edad media 66,56 años y 23,3% diabéticos. Resultados: Siguen funcionando 41 catéteres, se retiraron 75 por: mal función (11), uso fístula (37), paso a diálisis peritoneal (9), infección (6) y otros (12). En 59 ocasiones se utilizó urokinasa por bajo flujo, se solucionaron 45 y se revisaron 14 en radiología vascular, debiendo sustituirse (6). Registramos 8 infecciones sistémicas, 7 del orificio de salida y 3 del túnel. La supervivencia media acumulada de los catéteres fue de 611,70±36,76 días. La supervivencia fue menor en insuficiencia renal de origen vascular 293,17±46,9. El gasto total de los catéteres fue de 203.354,07€. El coste mes/catéter fue de 563,26€. El coste por sesión sin complicaciones de fue de15,66€ en catéter y de 6,376€ en fístulas. Conclusiones 1. Nuestros resultados en supervivencia y complicaciones mejoran los recogidos en las guías clínicas. 2. El uso y mantenimiento de los catéteres genera un gasto importante y su uso supone el doble de gasto que la fístula (AU)

In recent years the number of patients with a permanent catheter for haemodialysis has increased. Aims: To compile data on the complications associated to catheters, estimating the overall cost. To compare catheter connection and disconnection costs with the cost of a fistula. Material and methods: A 24-month prospective descriptive study in 116 CT for HD in 97 patients: 68.05% men, average age 66.56 years and 23.3% diabetic. Results: A total of 41 catheters continue to work, 75 were removed because of: malfunction (11), use of fistula (37), transfer to peritoneal dialysis (9), infection (6) and others (12). On 59 occasions urokinase was used for low flow, 45 cases were solved and 14 were reviewed in vascular radiology, with 6 having to be replaced. We recorded 8 systemic infections, 7 of the catheter wound and 3 of the tunnel. The average aggregate survival of the catheters was 611.70±36.76 days. Survival was lower in renal insufficiency of vascular origin 293.17±46.9. The total expense of the catheters was 203,354.07€. The cost month/catheter was 563.26€. The cost per session without complications was 15.66€ in catheters and 6.376€ in fistulas. Conclusions: 1. Our results in survival and complications improve on those indicated in clinical guidelines. 2. The use and maintenance of catheters generates a significant expense and their use involves double the expense of a fistula (AU)

Cumplimiento de las actividades preventivas y de promoción de la salud en un centro de hemodiálisis / Fulfilment of the activities of prevention and health promotion in a haemodialysis unit

Las actividades de prevención y promoción de la salud son abordadas en la población general por el Programa de Actividades Preventivas y de Promoción de la Salud (PAPPS). Los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD), por su elevada comorbilidad y alteración inmunológica deberían tener un elevado cumplimento de las mismas. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue conocer mediante un estudio observacional transversal en 72 pacientes en HD extrahospitalaria el cumplimiento de algunas actividades del subprograma del adulto de los PAPPS. Resultados. Recomendaciones sobre el estilo de vida: tabaquismo, el 19.4% fumaban una media de 14.78 cigarrillos/día. Alcohol, el 41.7% eran consumidores con una media de 106.08+/-87.1gr/semana en varones y 79.6+/-91 gr/semana en mujeres. Programa de prevención del cáncer: cáncer de mama, la media de cumplimiento global fue del 54.4%; el 42.8% de forma completa, el35.7% de forma incompleta y el 21.4% no tenía ninguna mamografía. Cáncer de cerviz, la media de cumplimiento global fue 59%; el 56.2% con cumplimiento del 100%, el 43.7% de forma incompleta y el 18.75% de pacientes no se había realizado ninguna citología cervico-vaginal. Programa de prevención de enfermedades infecciosas: un19.4% estaban vacunados frente al neumococo;22.2% frente al tétanos-difteria; 73.6% frente a la gripe y el 97.7% frente a la Hepatitis B. Actividades preventivas de alteraciones de la visión en los mayores: la media de cumplimiento fue del30.34%; el 13.6% de forma completa; el 52.3% deforma incompleta y el 34.1 % no tenía ninguna revisión oftalmológica. El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de lo sPAPPS en HD es bajo. Enfermería debería tomar un papel activo en el incremento de estas actividades

Prevention and health promotion activities are dealt with in the general population by the Programme of Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS).Given their high joint morbility and immunological alteration, patients in haemodialysis (HD) should be highly compliant. The aim of our work was to use a transversal observational study on 72 patients in out patientHD to see the fulfilment of some activities of the adult sub-programme of the PAPPS. Results. Recommendations on lifestyle: smoking, 19.4% smoked an average 14.78 cigarettes/day. Alcohol, 41.7% were consumers of an average106.08+/-87.1 g/week in men and 79.6+/-91 g/week in women. Cancer prevention programme: breast cancer, average overall fulfilment was 54.4%; 42.8% completely, 35.7% incompletely and 21.4%had no mammography. Cervical cancer, average overall fulfilment was 59%; 56.2% fulfilling 100%, 43.7%incompletely and 18.75% of patients had had no kind of cervico-vaginal cytology. Infectious disease prevention programme: 19.4% were vaccinated against pneumococo; 22.2% against tetanus-diphtheria; 73.6% against influenza and 97.7% against Hepatitis B. Activities to prevent alternations in the vision of the elderly: average fulfilment was30.34%; 13.6% completely; 52.3% incompletely and34.1 % had no ophthalmologic revision. Compliance with the recommendations of the PAPPS in HD is low. Nursing should take an active role in increasing these activities