Binding characteristics of pheromone-binding protein 1 in Glyphodes pyloalis to organophosphorus insecticides: Insights from computational and experimental approaches.

Glyphodes pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the major pests in mulberry production in China, which has developed resistance to various insecticides. Chemoreception is one of the most crucial physiological tactics in insects, playing a pivotal role in recognizing chemical stimuli in the environment, including noxious stimuli such as insecticides. Herein, we obtained recombinant pheromone-binding protein 1 (GpylPBP1) that exhibited antennae-biased expression in G. pyloalis. Ligand-binding assays indicated that GpylPBP1 had the binding affinities to two organophosphorus insecticides, with a higher binding affinity to chlorpyrifos than to phoxim. Computational simulations showed that a mass of nonpolar amino acid residues formed the binding pocket of GpylPBP1 and contributed to the hydrophobic interactions in the bindings of GpylPBP1 to both insecticides. Furthermore, the binding affinities of three GpylPBP1 mutants (F12A, I52A, and F118A) to both insecticides were all significantly reduced compared to those of the GpylPBP1-wild type, suggesting that Phe12, Ile52, and Phe118 residues were crucial binding sites and played crucial roles in the bindings of GpylPBP1 to both insecticides. Our findings can be instrumental in elucidating the effects of insecticides on olfactory recognition in moths and facilitating the development of novel pest management strategies using PBPs as targets based on insect olfaction.

Odorant-Binding Protein 6 Contributes High Binding Affinity to Insecticides in a Parasitic Wasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Meteorus pulchricornis is a preponderant parasitic wasp of various lepidopteran pests. The extensive application of broad-spectrum insecticides usually causes serious threats to the olfactory recognition of nontarget insects such as parasitoid wasps. However, the binding mechanism of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) to insecticides in parasitoid wasps remains unknown. Herein, we find that the MpulOBP6 protein had a strong binding affinity to three insecticides (phoxim, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenapyr). Results of computational simulations revealed that the hydrophobic interaction contributed by a mass of nonpolar amino acid residues was the primary driving force in the formation and stabilization of MpulOBP6-insecticide complexes. Among them, four residues (Met75, Val84, Phe121, and Pro122) and two residues (Val84 and Phe111) play an essential role in the binding of MpulOBP6 to phoxim and chlorfenapyr, respectively. Our findings could be instrumental to elucidate the effects of insecticide application toward the olfactory recognition of nontarget insects in the processes of agricultural production.

Titanium ossicular chain reconstruction in single stage canal wall down tympanoplasty for chronic otitis media with mucosa defect.

PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes for chronic otitis media with mucosa defect underwent titanium ossicular chain reconstruction (OCR) in single stage canal wall down tympanoplasty (CWD). METHODS: A clinical retrospective study was performed on 83 cases of the chronic otitis media with mucosa defect and 123 ears with mucosa integrity according to intraoperative findings that underwent synchronous titanium OCR in single stage CWD form January 2012 to January 2018. Pre- and postoperative air conduction threshold (AC), air-bone gap (ABG) and ABG closure at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were investigated. RESULTS: The overall mean AC threshold of 53.4 ±â€¯16.5 dB was lowered to 41.2 ±â€¯15.9 dB postoperatively (p < 0.01). The mean pre- and postoperative ABG of all patients were 27.9 ±â€¯9.9 dB and 17.2 ±â€¯9.3 dB (p < 0.01), respectively, with a mean ABG closure of 10.7 ±â€¯8.4 dB. The total rate of success, postoperative ABG ≤ 20 dB was achieved in 71.4%. In the mucosa defect group underwent TORP, the mean pre- and postoperative ABG were 28.1 ±â€¯9.8 dB and 20.1 ±â€¯9.0 dB (p < 0.01), respectively, with the ABG closure was 8.0 ±â€¯7.9 dB. In the mucosa defect group underwent PORP, the mean pre- and postoperative ABG were 27.9 ±â€¯10.1 dB and 16.5 ±â€¯9.1 dB (p < 0.01), respectively, with the ABG closure was 11.4 ±â€¯8.6 dB. Furthermore, in the mucosa defect group, there was significant difference in success rate of achieved postoperative ABG ≤ 20 dB between the TORP (48.9%) and PORP (77.5%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is revealed PORP in single stage CWD tympanoplasty for the patients suffered from chronic otitis media with mucosa defect is favored.

Surgical results of modified canal wall down tympanoplasty.

CONCLUSION: Patients with mastoiditis and chronic suppurative otitis media which has small mastoids that make them ideal candidates for modified canal wall down mastoidectomy (MCWD) which contributes to a dry and spacious ear and the maintaining and improving hearing. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate surgical outcomes for chronic otitis media underwent MCWD. METHODS: A clinical retrospective study was performed on 47 ears with chronic otitis media which has relatively limited attic lesions have the small, sclerotic and hypocellular mastoids according to the preoperative high-resolution CT scan of the temporal bone that underwent MCWD and 32 ears with typical canal wall down operation form January 2010 to January 2016. RESULTS: In the MCWD group, the mean preoperative air conduction (AC) threshold of 38.2 ± 1.1 dB was lowered to 31.0 ± 0.8 dB postoperatively (p < .01). The mean pre- and postoperative air-bone gaps (ABG) of all patients were 16.0 ± 1.0 dB and 9.6 ± 0.8 dB, respectively. In the canal wall down group, the mean preoperative AC threshold of 37.2 ± 1.0 dB was lowered to 32.8 ± 0.9 dB postoperatively (p < .01). The mean pre- and postoperative air-bone gap was reduced with 4.4 ± 0.4 dB (p < .01). There was statistical difference in hearing improvement between the modified canal wall down and the canal wall down group (p < .05).

Clinical outcomes of endoscopic and open resection of recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of endoscopic surgery for recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma and evaluate the recurrence rates of endoscopic and open resection at a single institution. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed on 21 patients with histopathologically confirmed recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma who underwent an operation in our department from January 1990 to January 2005. The 21 recurrent cases were categorized according to the Krouse staging system into 1 case of stage 1 (5%), 18 cases of stage 2 (85%), 2 cases of stage 3 (10%), and 0 cases of stage 4 (0%). There were 7 patients (33%) who underwent endoscopic resection and 14 patients (67%) who underwent open resection. RESULTS: Of the 21 recurrent patients who underwent resection, 4 patients (19%) were found to have recurrence. The mean time to recurrence was 28 months. The recurrence rates of the patients with stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 were 0%, 17%, and 50%, respectively (P < 0.05). Recurrence was observed in 1 patient (14%) in the endoscopic group and 3 patients (21%) in the open group (P > 0.05). There was statistical difference in recurrence rates between stage 1 and stage 2 in the endoscopic group (P < 0.05) and between stage 2 and stage 3 in the open group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in recurrence rates between the endoscopic and the open group in stage 2 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and open approaches are both available to achieve radical excision of the recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma, with similar rates of recurrence. The risk for recurrence is likely related to the Krouse stage of the tumor, with more aggressive tumors having a higher propensity for recurrence. Endoscopic surgery is an effective treatment of recurrent sinonasal inverted papilloma.

Surgical outcomes of 43 cases with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the external auditory canal.

PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the external auditory canal (EAC). METHODS: Forty-three patients with ACC of the EAC in Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University were analyzed retrospectively for survival. The patients were staged according to the modified Pittsburgh staging system. Thirteen patients with T1 stage underwent local resection (LR), 6 patients with T1 stage underwent lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR), and 8 patients with T1 stage underwent LTBR including superficial parotidectomy (SP). Two patients with T2 stage underwent LTBR, and 1 patient with T2 stage underwent LTBR+SP. Three patients with T3 stage underwent LTBR. One patient with T4 stage underwent LTBR, two patients with T4 stage underwent subtotal temporal bone resection (STBR), and 7 patients with T4 stage underwent LTBR+SP. RESULTS: Of all patients that underwent surgery, 13 died of their primary cancers during the follow-up time. The 5-year survival rates of patients with T stages 1 through 4 were 85%, 67%, 67%, and 30%, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rate between T1 and other stages (T2, T3, T4) using the log-rank test (p<0.05). There was significant difference in 5-year survival rate between T4 and other stages using the log-rank test (p<0.05). The 5-year survival rates after LR, LTBR or LTBR plus SP for T1 were 77%, 87% and 100%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates after LTBR, STBR or LTBR plus SP for T4 were 0%, 50% and 29%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates for 19 patients with clear surgical margins and 24 patients with positive margins were 89% and 54%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates of patients with radiotherapy and without radiotherapy were 62% and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An en bloc resection including superficial parotidectomy is favored in an effort to produce negative surgical margins for ACC of the EAC. Adjunctive radiotherapy is used for patients with positive margins and in advanced lesions.

Survival outcomes in surgical treatment of 72 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate surgical outcomes for squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Eye and ENT Hospital. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone were analyzed for survival. The patients were staged according to the modified Pittsburgh staging system. Five patients with T1 cancers underwent local resection (LR), and 10 patients with T1 cancers underwent lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR). Two patients with T2 cancers underwent LR, and 1 patient with T2 cancer underwent LTBR. One patient with T3 cancer underwent LR, 8 patients with T3 cancers underwent LTBR, and 10 patients with T3 cancers underwent subtotal temporal bone resection (STBR). Ten patients with T4 cancers underwent LTBR, and 25 patients with T4 cancers underwent STBR. RESULTS: Of all patients that underwent surgery, 18 died of their disease during the follow-up time. The 5-year survival rates of patients with T stages 1 through 4 were 100%, 67%, 21%, and 14%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rate between T3 and T4 using the log-rank test (p > 0.05). The 5-year survival rates after LTBR and STBR for T3 were 26% and 16% (p > 0.05), respectively, and those for T4 were 17% and 11% (p > 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: An en bloc resection is favored in an effort to produce negative surgical margins for squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. Adjunctive radiotherapy is used for advanced lesions.

[Effect of vasopressin on aquaporin 7 expression in rat inner ear].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of vasopressin on aquaporin 7 (AQP7) expression in rat inner ear and reveal the possible role of aquaporins in the formation of endolymphatic hydrops induced by vasopressin. METHODS: Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with 50 microg/kg arginine vasopressin once a day for one week. Differentially expressed genes of aquaporins induced by vasopressin injection in rat inner ear were filtered by cDNA microarray. The changes of mRNA expression level of AQP7 in inner ear of rats treated with vasopressin injection were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Differentially expressed gene AQP7 of aquaporins induced by vasopressin injection was screened out in rat inner ear. The expression level of AQP7 mRNA in inner ear of rats treated with vasopressin injection was significantly lower. CONCLUSION: Vasopressin may down-regulate the expression of AQP7 mRNA in the endolymphatic sac and induce a decreased absorption of endolymph, which decreases the water permeability in the potassium ions recycle pathway in the organ of Corti and disturbs the circulation of endolymph, resulting in endolymphatic hydrops.

Effects of vasopressin on gene expression in rat inner ear.

Vasopressin regulates water excretion from the kidney by increasing water permeability of the collecting duct as a hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary. A clinical study reported that plasma levels of arginine vasopressin were significantly higher in patients suffering from Meniere's disease. It was histologically confirmed that chronic administration of vasopressin induced endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs. However, the mechanism of endolymphatic hydrops induced by vasopressin is still unclear. We use cDNA microarray to study the effects of vasopressin on gene expression profiles in rat inner ear to elucidate the possible mechanism of the induced hydrolabyrinth. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with 50 microg/kg arginine vasopressin once a day for one week. Hydrolabyrinth in rat inner ear induced by administration of vasopressin was detected by HE stain. The bullae were dissected out for total RNA extraction. cDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription and labeled with Cyanine3 (Cy3) or Cyanine5 (Cy5). The BiostarR-40s cDNA microarray was hybridized with the above cDNAs and the changes of mRNA expression intensity were showed by data analysis. Furthermore, the changes of aquaporins expression level were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain (RT-PCR). Endolymphatic hydrops were present in rats intraperitoneally injected with vasopressin. 226 known differentially expressed genes were screened out in rat inner ear induced by vasopressin injection. Of the 226 genes, 18 transcripts were increased by 5-fold or more, and 7 transcripts were decreased to 0.2-fold or less. Ten differentially expressed genes were identified that associate with cell signal transduction, 14 differentially expressed genes were identified that relate to ion transport, 7 differentially expressed genes were involved in vesicle-mediated transport, and 2 differentially expressed genes were aquaporin 2 (AQP2) and aquaporin 7 (AQP7). The expression level of AQP2 was significantly higher and AQP7 was significantly lower. These results suggest that there are obvious differences in gene expression profiles in inner ear between vasopressin injected rats and normal control rats. Vasopressin may disturb fluid homeostasis in inner ear by way of signal transduction, ion transport, vesicle-mediated transport and aquaporins. It is likely that up-regulated expression of AQP2 mRNA and down-regulated expression of AQP7 mRNA in the rat inner ear caused by vasopressin induce an increased production and a decreased absorption of endolymph, resulting in endolymphatic hydrops.