Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.

Predicting attitudinal and behavioral responses to COVID-19 pandemic using machine learning.

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multinational data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution-individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar results were found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, and collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-neglible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic.

Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries.

People differ in their general tendency to endorse conspiracy theories (that is, conspiracy mentality). Previous research yielded inconsistent findings on the relationship between conspiracy mentality and political orientation, showing a greater conspiracy mentality either among the political right (a linear relation) or amongst both the left and right extremes (a curvilinear relation). We revisited this relationship across two studies spanning 26 countries (combined N = 104,253) and found overall evidence for both linear and quadratic relations, albeit small and heterogeneous across countries. We also observed stronger support for conspiracy mentality among voters of opposition parties (that is, those deprived of political control). Nonetheless, the quadratic effect of political orientation remained significant when adjusting for political control deprivation. We conclude that conspiracy mentality is associated with extreme left- and especially extreme right-wing beliefs, and that this non-linear relation may be strengthened by, but is not reducible to, deprivation of political control.

National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic.

Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = -0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.

Altruism, Solidarity and Responsibility from a Committed Sociology: Contributions to Society.

A careful look at the international development of Sociology highlights the centrality that the study of social problems and the approach to possible solutions to them have had in the history of this discipline, not infrequently for the sake of better social integration, stability, development, social change or even modernity. Recent approaches suggest shifting this focus of attention, arguing about the deficit in sociological research and practice concerning theor etical frameworks that pay attention to the positive aspects. This text reflects on the contributions that altruism, solidarity, and collective responsibility can have to improve the quality of life in contemporary societies and face humanitarian emergencies with a certain degree of success. For instance, the so-called refugee crisis or the current COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for societies. This article also explores briefly new roles of data science in connection with responsibility and altruism. The text invites us to revisit sociology, thinking about the lights more than the shadows.

Social Distancing and COVID-19: Factors Associated With Compliance With Social Distancing Norms in Spain.

This article describes patterns of compliance with social distancing measures among the Spanish population during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It identifies several factors associated with higher or lower compliance with recommended measures of social distancing. This research is part of a 67-country study, titled the International COVID-19 study on Social & Moral Psychology, in which we use a Spanish dataset. Participants were residents in Spain aged 18 or above. The sample comprises 1,090 respondents, weighted to be representative of the Spanish population. Frequencies, correlations, bivariate analysis, and six models based on hierarchical multiple regressions were applied. The main finding is that most Spaniards are compliant with established guidelines of social distance during the pandemic (State of Alarm, before May 2020). Variables associated more with lower levels of compliance with these standards were explored. Six hierarchical multiple regression models found that compliance with social distance measures has a multifactorial explanation (R 2 between 20.4 and 49.1%). Sociodemographic factors, personal hygiene patterns, and the interaction between personal hygiene patterns and the support for political measures related to the coronavirus brought significant effects on the regression models. Less compliance was also associated with beliefs in some specific conspiracy theories with regard to COVID-19 or general conspiracy mentality (Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire, CMQ), consumption patterns of traditional mass media (television, paper newspapers, magazines, and radio) and modern means to get informed (online digital newspapers, blogs, and social networks), political ideology, vote, trust in institutions, and political identification. Among the future lines of action in preventing the possible outbreak of the virus, we suggest measures to reinforce trust in official information, mainly linked to reducing the influence of disinformation and conspiracy theories parallel to the pandemic.

Cuidado transcultural y estrategias familiares ante la dependencia: el fenómeno de los cuidadores extranjeros / Transcultural Care and Family Strategies to Deal with Dependency: The Phenomenon of Foreign Caregivers / Cuidado transcultural e estratégias familiares ante a dependência: o fenômeno dos cuidadores estrangeiros

Introducción: cuando un cuidador procede de un país diferente al de la persona cuidada se presenta una contraposición de culturas y prácticas sociales. El concepto de cuidado transcultural de Leininger hace eco de la diversidad cultural que supone esta contraposición y recomienda incorporarla en la práctica profesional, desarrollando cuidados que ella define como culturalmente competentes. Objetivo: conocer qué tipo de estrategias desarrollan los cuidadores extranjeros a la hora de cuidar personas de diferente origen y cómo estas se integran en el contexto social, cultural e institucional de la sociedad receptora. Materiales y métodos: método cualitativo, a través de entrevistas en profundidad a cuidadoras inmigrantes en la provincia de Huelva, así como a personal especializado en los cuidados de pacientes en situación de dependencia. Resultados: descripción de prácticas socioculturales que los cuidadores elaboran según su cultura y cómo intervienen en el ejercicio de los cuidados en la sociedad receptora. Conclusiones: los cuidadores extranjeros desarrollan en ocasiones estrategias afines a sus propias creencias priorizándolas sobre las de la persona cuidada o las de la sociedad receptora, lo que genera choques culturales. Se sugiere que los profesionales de enfermería deben identificarlas para poder intervenir, utilizando la formación y competencia cultural como herramientas para el cambio.

Introduction: When a caregiver comes from a country other than that of the person being cared for there is a clash of cultures and social practices. Leininger's concept of transcultural care echoes the cultural diversity this contrast or opposition involves and recommends incorporating it into professional practice by developing what she defines as culturally competent care. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to know what type of strategies foreign caregivers develop when caring for people of different origin and how these strategies are integrated into the social, cultural and institutional context of the recipient society. Study Materials and Methods: A qualitative approach was used, based on in-depth interviews with immigrant caregivers in the province of Huelva and with personnel specialized in dependent patient care. Results: The study provides a description of the socio-cultural practices caregivers develop, according to their culture, and how those practices intervene in the exercise of care in the recipient society. Conclusions: Foreign caregivers sometimes develop strategies akin to their own beliefs, giving them priority over those of the care recipient or the recipient society. This can cause cultural clashes. Nursing professionals must identify these clashes so as to be able to intervene, using training and cultural competency as tools for change.

Introdução: quando um cuidador vem de um país diferente ao da pessoa cuidada, apresenta-se uma contraposição de culturas e práticas sociais. O conceito de cuidado transcultural de Leininger reitera a diversidade cultural que essa contraposição supõe e recomenda incorporá-la na prática profissional desenvolvendo cuidados que ela define como culturalmente competentes. Objetivo: conhecer que tipo de estratégias desenvolvem os cuidadores estrangeiros na hora de cuidar de pessoas de diferente origem e como estas se integram no contexto social, cultural e institucional da sociedade receptora. Materiais e métodos: método qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade a cuidadores imigrantes em Huelva (Espanha), assim como a pessoal especializado nos cuidados de pacientes em situação de dependência. Resultados: descrição de práticas socioculturais que os cuidadores elaboram segundo sua cultura e como intervêm no exercício dos cuidados na sociedade receptora. Conclusões: os cuidadores estrangeiros desenvolvem em ocasiões estratégias afins a suas próprias crenças e priorizam-nas sobre as da pessoa cuidada ou as da sociedade receptora, o que gera choques culturais. Sugere-se que os profissionais de enfermagem as identifiquem para poder intervir utilizando a formação e competência cultural como ferramentas para a mudança.

Desarrollo humano en Europa: Género / Human development in Europe gender

En este artículo se analiza el desarrollo relativo al género de Andalucía y sus provincias en el contexto de la Unión Europea (UE), haciendo especial hincapié en las últimas adhesiones (2004-2007). Se utilizan los criterios del PNUD (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Humano). Las Naciones Unidas miden el Índice de Desarrollo relativo al Género (IDG) no sólo a través de la estimación del ingreso por trabajo remunerado (PPA, dólares EEUU), sino también incorporándole indicadores que representan logros sociales como una vida larga y saludable (esperanza de vida al nacer) y conocimientos (tasa de alfabetización de adultos y tasa combinada bruta de matriculación). Se tienen en cuenta también las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Algunos de los principales resultados de la investigación ponen de manifiesto las importantes desigualdades que siguen existiendo entre el salario de las mujeres y el de los varones, si bien algunos procesos como los de una democratización educativa y una modernización sanitaria han propiciado una mayor homogeneidad y avance en Andalucía en los terrenos educativos y relativos a la esperanza de vida en cuanto al género

La mujer en la gestión de las empresas de transporte por carretera en Andalucía / Woman in the measure of the businesses of transportation by highway in Andalusia

En este trabajo, a partir de la participación en el proyecto comunitario Adapt-Bis TransActiv (1998-99), código 98-A-1926-AND, se describen el grado, el tipo de participación, las funciones, las necesidades de formación y las posibilidades de inserción de la mujer en las empresas de transporte por carretera. Nuestro universo de trabajo era las empresas asociadas a Fenadismer Andalucía, organización que aglutinaba en 1998 a un total de 3.528 socios. Se analizaron los resultados de una encuesta llevada a cabo sobre 362 personas representativas del universo, así como los datos recogidos en diversos grupos de discusión y entrevistas en profundidad en la región. Entre los principales resultados que se encontraron existe una marcada diferenciación de funciones en el sector de acuerdo al género al más puro estilo tradicional, si bien, aunque minoritaria, se observó cierta tendencia en los colectivos más jóvenes a la inserción laboral de la mujer en el sector transporte por carretera desde planteamientos más modernos