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Sepsis causes systemic inflammatory responses and acute lung injury (ALI). Despite modern treatments, sepsis-related ALI mortality remains high. Aqueous extract of Descuraniae Semen (AEDS) exerts anti-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. AEDS alleviates inflammation and oedema in ALI. Sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) is essential for regulating alveolar fluid and is important in ALI. The NKCC1 activity is regulated by upstream with-no-lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). This study aimed to investigate the effects of AEDS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI model in A549 cells, considering the regulation of ER stress, WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 cascades, inflammation and apoptosis. Cell viability was investigated by the CCK-8 assay. The expressions of the proteins were assessed by immunoblotting analysis assays. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. The expression of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in A549 cells was determined using Fluo-4 AM. AEDS attenuates LPS-induced inflammation, which is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and activation of the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 pathway. AEDS inhibits the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 pathway by regulating of Bcl-2, IP3R and intracellular Ca2+. WNK4 expression levels are significantly higher in the WNK4-overexpressed transfected A549 cells and significantly decrease after AEDS treatment. AEDS attenuates LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the WNK4-SPAK-NKCC1 cascade. Therefore, AEDS is regarded as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI.
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Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico , Inflamación , Lipopolisacáridos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Transducción de Señal , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12 , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Células A549 , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/metabolismo , Miembro 2 de la Familia de Transportadores de Soluto 12/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/inducido químicamente , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/patología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The yield of pearl millet, a resilient cereal crop crucial for African food security, is severely impacted by the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica, which requires host-released hormones, called strigolactones (SLs), for seed germination. Herein, we identify four SLs present in the Striga-susceptible line SOSAT-C88-P10 (P10) but absent in the resistant 29Aw (Aw). We generate chromosome-scale genome assemblies, including four gapless chromosomes for each line. The Striga-resistant Aw lacks a 0.7 Mb genome segment containing two putative CARLACTONOIC ACID METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (CLAMT1) genes, which may contribute to SL biosynthesis. Functional assays show that P10CLAMT1b produces the SL-biosynthesis intermediate methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA) and that MeCLA is the precursor of P10-specific SLs. Screening a diverse pearl millet panel confirms the pivotal role of the CLAMT1 section for SL diversity and Striga susceptibility. Our results reveal a reason for Striga susceptibility in pearl millet and pave the way for generating resistant lines through marker-assisted breeding or direct genetic modification.
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Genoma de Planta , Lactonas , Pennisetum , Striga , Striga/genética , Lactonas/metabolismo , Pennisetum/genética , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Metiltransferasas/genética , Malezas/genética , Malezas/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aims to examine the relationship between knowledge of the SDGs and public policy support for the SDGs. By categorizing knowledge into objective and subjective knowledge, we examine the impact of these two types of knowledge on public support. And we further explores the moderating role of public trust in international/environmental organizations and the mediating role of individuals' perceptions of SDGs' relevance. By conducting an online survey in China (n=3089), we analyze the dataset using (generalized) logistic regression model and mediation analysis. This study finds that 1) both individuals' objective and subjective knowledge of SDGs are significantly associated with policy support for SDGs, an inverted U-shaped relationship is identified for objective knowledge, while subjective knowledge and policy support are positively correlated; 2) for publics who trust international/environmental organizations, their support for the SDGs will be boosted by their increased level of knowledge; 3) individuals' perceptions of SDGs' relevance to their personal life mediates the relationship between individual's knowledge of SDGs and policy support for the SDGs. This study applies several sampling and modelling techniques for robustness check. This study extends our understanding of the relationship between knowledge and policy support in the context of the SDGs.
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The rice Zaxinone Synthase (ZAS) gene encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) that forms the apocarotenoid growth regulator zaxinone in vitro. Here, we generated and characterized constitutive ZAS-overexpressing rice lines, to better understand ZAS role in determining zaxinone content and regulating growth and architecture. ZAS overexpression enhanced endogenous zaxinone level, promoted root growth and increased the number of productive tillers, leading to about 30% higher grain yield per plant. Hormone analysis revealed a decrease in strigolactone (SL) content, which we confirmed by rescuing the high-tillering phenotype through application of a SL analogue. Metabolomics analysis revealed that ZAS overexpressing plants accumulate higher amounts of monosaccharide sugars, in line with transcriptome analysis. Moreover, transgenic plants showed higher carbon (C) assimilation rate and elevated root phosphate, nitrate and sulphate level, enhancing the tolerance towards low phosphate (Pi). Our study confirms ZAS as an important determinant of rice growth and architecture and shows that ZAS regulates hormone homoeostasis and a combination of physiological processes to promote growth and grain yield, which makes this gene an excellent candidate for sustainable crop improvement.
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Phonon-based frequency combs that can be generated in the optical and microwave frequency domains have attracted much attention due to the small repetition rates and the simple setup. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a new type of phonon-based frequency comb in a silicon optomechanical crystal cavity including both a breathing mechanical mode (â¼GHz) and flexural mechanical modes (tens of MHz). We observe strong mode competition between two approximate flexural mechanical modes, i.e., 77.19 and 90.17 MHz, resulting in only one preponderant lasing, while maintaining the lasing of the breathing mechanical mode. These simultaneous observations of two-mode phonon lasing state and significant mode competition are counterintuitive. We have formulated comprehensive theories to elucidate this phenomenon in response to this intriguing outcome. In particular, the self-pulse induced by the free carrier dispersion and thermo-optic effects interacts with two approximate flexural mechanical modes, resulting in the repetition rate of the comb frequency-locked to exact fractions of one of the flexural mechanical modes and the mode hopping between them. This phonon-based frequency comb has at least 260 comblines and a repetition rate as low as a simple fraction of the flexural mechanical frequency. Our demonstration offers an alternative optomechanical frequency comb for sensing, timing, and metrology applications.
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Secondary flow path is one of the crucial aspects during the design of centrifugal blood pumps. Small clearance size increases stress level and blood damage, while large clearance size can improve blood washout and reduce stress level. Nonetheless, large clearance also leads to strong secondary flows, causing further blood damage. Maglev blood pumps rely on magnetic force to achieve rotor suspension and allow more design freedom of clearance size. This study aims to characterize turbulent flow field and secondary flow as well as its effects on the primary flow and pump performance, in two representative commercial maglev blood pumps of CH-VAD and HeartMate III, which feature distinct designs of secondary flow path. The narrow and long secondary flow path of CH-VAD resulted in low secondary flow rates and low disturbance to the primary flow. The flow loss and blood damage potential of the CH-VAD mainly occurred at the secondary flow path, as well as the blade clearances. By contrast, the wide clearances in HeartMate III induced significant disturbance to the primary flow, resulting in large incidence angle, strong secondary flows and high flow loss. At higher flow rates, the incidence angle was even larger, causing larger separation, leading to a significant decrease of efficiency and steeper performance curve compared with CH-VAD. This study shows that maglev bearings do not guarantee good blood compatibility, and more attention should be paid to the influence of secondary flows on pump performance when designing centrifugal blood pumps.
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OBJECTIVES: Social workers are vital in delivering psychosocial services in palliative care, yet their specific roles in palliative oncology remain undefined. This study aimed to delineate the current practice role of oncology social workers involvement in palliative care in the United States. METHODS: This study utilized a cross-sectional design and involved secondary analysis of data from a nationwide survey focused on workforce conditions for oncology social workers. The participants were social workers who were directly involved in providing care to cancer patients and delivering palliative care services. They completed an online survey in which they indicated the relevance of 91 tasks related to their practice. The survey also collected individual demographic and work-related characteristics. Exploratory factor analysis was used to achieve the study objective. RESULTS: Responses from a secondary data set of 243 oncology social workers involved in palliative care results in a 6-factor solution comprising 34 tasks. These factors were identified as: Therapeutic Interventions for Individuals, Couples, and Families; Facilitate Patient Care Decision-making; Care Coordination; Assessment and Emotional Support; Organization and Community Service; and Equity and Justice. All 6 factors demonstrated good internal reliability, as indicated by Cronbach's alpha scores above 0.70. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The findings can be used to develop job descriptions and education for social workers employed in palliative cancer care. The clear role descriptions also make social work visible to other professionals in palliative oncology. By clarifying the roles of oncology social workers, this study contributes to the improvement of palliative care delivery and enhances interprofessional collaboration within cancer care teams.
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We report a case of overlooked Subacute Thyroiditis (SAT) potentially induced by the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine. This case prompted a thorough review of the existing literature to elucidate possible mechanisms by which immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccine might precipitate thyroid damage. The primary objective is to enhance the clinical understanding and awareness of SAT among healthcare professionals. Subacute thyroiditis is a prevalent form of self-limiting thyroid disorder characterized by fever, neck pain or tenderness, and palpitations subsequent to viral infection. The development of numerous SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic was intended to mitigate the spread of the virus. Nevertheless, there have been documented instances of adverse reactions arising from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, such as the infrequent occurrence of subacute thyroiditis. While the majority of medical practitioners can discern classic subacute thyroiditis, not all cases exhibit typical characteristics, and not all systematic treatments yield positive responses. In this study, we present a rare case of subacute thyroiditis linked to the administration of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A previously healthy middle-aged female developed fever and sore throat 72 h post-inoculation with the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Initially attributing these symptoms to a common cold, she self-administered ibuprofen, which normalized her body temperature but failed to alleviate persistent sore throat. Suspecting a laryngopharyngeal disorder, she sought treatment from an otolaryngologist. However, the pain persisted, accompanied by intermittent fever over several days. After an endocrinology consultation, despite the absence of typical neck pain, her examination revealed abnormal thyroid function, normal thyroid antibodies, heterogeneous echogenicity on thyroid ultrasonography, and elevated levels of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). These findings led to a consideration of the diagnosis of SAT. Initially, she was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for her fever, which proved effective, but her neck pain remained uncontrolled. This suggested a poor response to NSAIDs. Consequently, steroid therapy was initiated, after which her symptoms of fever and neck pain rapidly resolved.
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As a physiological defense mechanism, inflammation is a complex response to harmful stimuli [...].
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Strigolactones (SLs) act as regulators of plant architecture as well as signals in rhizospheric communications. Reduced availability of minerals, particularly phosphorus, leads to an increase in the formation and release of SLs that enable adaptation of root and shoot architecture to nutrient limitation and, simultaneously, attract arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for establishing beneficial symbiosis. Based on their chemical structure, SLs are designated as either canonical or non-canonical; however, the question of whether the two classes are also distinguished in their biological functions remained largely elusive until recently. In this review we summarize the latest advances in SL biosynthesis and highlight new findings pointing to rhizospheric signaling as the major function of canonical SLs.
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Lactonas , Rizosfera , Transducción de Señal , Lactonas/metabolismo , Micorrizas/fisiología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Simbiosis , Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Artificial neural networks usually consist of successive linear multiply-accumulate operations and nonlinear activation functions. However, most optical neural networks only achieve the linear operation in the optical domain, while the optical implementation of activation function remains challenging. Here we present an optical ReLU-like activation function (with 180° rotation) based on a semiconductor laser subject to the optical injection in an experiment. The ReLU-like function is achieved in a broad regime above the Hopf bifurcation of the injection-locking diagram and is operated in the continuous-wave mode. In particular, the slope of the activation function is reconfigurable by tuning the frequency difference between the master laser and the slave laser.
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Strigolactones (SLs) play a crucial role in regulating plant architecture and mediating rhizosphere interactions. They are synthesized from all-trans-ß-carotene converted into the intermediate carlactone (CL) via the intermediate 9-cis-ß-apo-10'-carotenal. Recent studies indicate that plants can also synthesize 3-OH-CL from all-trans-ß-zeaxanthin via the intermediate 9-cis-3-OH-ß-apo-10'-carotenal. However, the question of whether plants can form bioactive SLs from 9-cis-3-OH-ß-apo-10'-carotenal remains elusive. In this study, we supplied the 13 C-labeled 9-cis-3-OH-ß-apo-10'-carotenal to rice seedlings and monitored the synthesis of SLs using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and Striga bioassay. We further validated the biological activity of 9-cis-3-OH-ß-apo-10'-carotenal-derived SLs using the ccd7/d17 SL-deficient mutant, which demonstrated increased Striga seed-germinating activity and partial rescue of tiller numbers and plant height. Our results establish 9-cis-3-OH-ß-apo-10'-carotenal as a significant SL biosynthetic intermediate with implications for understanding plant hormonal functions and potential applications in agriculture.
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Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos , Oryza , Oryza/genética , Carotenoides/química , beta Caroteno , LactonasRESUMEN
Seeds of the root parasitic plant Striga hermonthica undergo a conditioning process under humid and warm environments before germinating in response to host-released stimulants, particularly strigolactones (SLs). The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates different growth and developmental processes, and stress response; however, its role during Striga seed germination and early interactions with host plants is under-investigated. Here, we show that ABA inhibited Striga seed germination and that hindering its biosynthesis induced conditioning and germination in unconditioned seeds, which was significantly enhanced by treatment with the SL analog rac-GR24. However, the inhibitory effect of ABA remarkably decreased during conditioning, confirming the loss of sensitivity towards ABA in later developmental stages. ABA measurement showed a substantial reduction of its content during the early conditioning stage and a significant increase upon rac-GR24-triggered germination. We observed this increase also in released seed exudates, which was further confirmed by using the Arabidopsis ABA-reporter GUS marker line. Seed exudates of germinated seeds, containing elevated levels of ABA, impaired the germination of surrounding Striga seeds in vitro and promoted root growth of a rice host towards germinated Striga seeds. Application of ABA as a positive control caused similar effects, indicating its function in Striga/Striga and Striga/host communications. In summary, we show that ABA is an essential player during seed dormancy and germination processes in Striga and acts as a rhizospheric signal likely to support host infestation.
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Arabidopsis , Striga , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Germinación , Striga/fisiología , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , SemillasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an effective evidence-based model to provide early intervention and treatment to people with substance use disorders across diverse health settings. Yet, how SBIRT has been implemented within oral health settings and its associated outcomes has not been explored. This scoping review assessed how SBIRT has been implemented in oral health settings in the U.S. and discusses the implications for SBIRT integration in dentistry and oral health research, education and practice. METHODS: Five scholarly databases were searched using a scoping review methodology for relevant literature, yielding seven articles that met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Findings from seven U.S. studies show that SBIRT has been implemented into oral health settings in three distinct ways: through education/training, as an intervention and in one national survey. Findings of this scoping review support the inclusion of SBIRT education for oral health professionals in both practice and clinical environments and offer examples of existing models for future implementation and study. CONCLUSIONS: The scant literature on SBIRT intervention effects in dental settings-both within and outside of the U.S.-underscores the need for more empirical work to better understand how SBIRT impacts dental providers' knowledge, practices, referrals and ultimately, patient outcomes.
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Intervención en la Crisis (Psiquiatría) , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Salud Bucal , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) stands as a progressive oral ailment, designated as a potentially malignant disorder. OSF has gained widespread recognition as a significant precursor to malignant transformation. In the pursuit of dependable, straightforward, and non-invasive diagnostic measures for the early detection of oral malignant progression, research has delved into potential diagnostic biomarkers of OSF. This comprehensive review delves into current investigations that explore the correlation between various biomarkers and OSF. The molecular biomarkers of OSF are categorized based on cytology and sampling methods. Moreover, this review encompasses pertinent studies detailing how these biomarkers are acquired and processed. Within this scope, we scrutinize four potential biomarkers that hold the promise of facilitating the development of diagnostic tools for detecting early-stage OSF.
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Strigolactones (SLs) regulate many developmental processes, including shoot-branching/tillering, and mediate rhizospheric interactions. SLs originate from carlactone (CL) and are structurally diverse, divided into a canonical and a noncanonical subfamily. Rice contains two canonical SLs, 4-deoxyorobanchol (4DO) and orobanchol (Oro), which are common in different plant species. The cytochrome P450 OsMAX1-900 forms 4DO from CL through repeated oxygenation and ring closure, while the homologous enzyme OsMAX1-1400 hydroxylates 4DO into Oro. To better understand the biological function of 4DO and Oro, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 mutants disrupted in OsMAX1-1400 or in both OsMAX1-900 and OsMAX1-1400. The loss of OsMAX1-1400 activity led to a complete lack of Oro and an accumulation of its precursor 4DO. Moreover, Os1400 mutants showed shorter plant height, panicle and panicle base length, but no tillering phenotype. Hormone quantification and transcriptome analysis of Os1400 mutants revealed elevated auxin levels and changes in the expression of auxin-related, as well as of SL biosynthetic genes. Interestingly, the Os900/1400 double mutant lacking both Oro and 4DO did not show the observed Os1400 architectural phenotypes, indicating their being a result of 4DO accumulation. Treatment of wild-type plants with 4DO confirmed this assumption. A comparison of the Striga seed germinating activity and the mycorrhization of Os900, Os900/1400, and Os1400 loss-of-function mutants demonstrated that the germination activity positively correlates with 4DO content while disrupting OsMAX1-1400 has a negative impact on mycorrhizal symbiosis. Taken together, our paper deciphers the biological function of canonical SLs in rice and reveals their particular contributions to establishing architecture and rhizospheric communications.
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Oryza , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Lactonas/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The relationship between illness uncertainty and quality of life (QOL) has been examined for either the patient or caregiver, but not among the patient-caregiver dyads. This study examined relationships between illness uncertainty and QOL among patients with advanced cancer and family caregivers. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial that examined the effects of a dyadic-based intervention on psychological outcomes for patients with advanced cancer and family caregivers (N = 484 dyads). Illness uncertainty and QOL were measured using the shorten version of the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale for Adult and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, respectively. The actor-partner interdependence model was used to examine whether an individual's uncertainty (either a patient's or caregiver's) was associated with their own QOL (i.e., an actor effect) and/or their partner's QOL (i.e., a partner effect). RESULTS: Significant actor effects included a negative association between patients' uncertainty and their own QOL (b = -0.422; p < 0.001) and a negative association between caregivers' uncertainty and their own QOL (b = -0.408; p < 0.001). In terms of partner effects, patients' uncertainty was negatively associated with caregivers' QOL (b = -0.095; p < 0.01). No partner effect was found for caregivers, suggesting that caregivers' uncertainty was not related to patients' QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings support targeted interventions offered to both patients and their family caregivers to manage their illness uncertainty and improve their QOL.
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Neoplasias , Calidad de Vida , Adulto , Humanos , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Cuidadores/psicología , Incertidumbre , Neoplasias/psicologíaRESUMEN
The apocarotenoid zaxinone is a recently discovered regulatory metabolite required for proper rice growth and development. In addition, zaxinone and its two mimics (MiZax3 and MiZax5) were shown to have a remarkable growth-promoting activity on crops and a capability to reduce infestation by the root parasitic plant Striga through decreasing strigolactone (SL) production, suggesting their potential for application in agriculture and horticulture. In the present study, we developed a new series of MiZax via structural modification of the two potent zaxinone mimics (MiZax3 and MiZax5) and evaluated their effect on plant growth and Striga infestation. In general, the structural modifications to MiZax3 and MiZax5 did not additionally improve their overall performance but caused an increase in certain activities. In conclusion, MiZax5 and especially MiZax3 remain the likely most efficient zaxinone mimics for controlling Striga infestation.
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Oryza , Investigación , Agricultura , Productos Agrícolas , HorticulturaRESUMEN
This work demonstrated the feasibility of an industrial-scale aerated static pile composting system for treating one of the common biowastes-soybean curd residue. The mixing ratios of the feedstock were optimized to achieve a carbon-nitrogen ratio and a moisture level in the ranges of 25-35 and 60-70%, respectively. This open-air composting system required 6-7 months to obtain a mature compost. Solvita and seed germination tests further confirmed the maturity of the compost, with 25% compost extract concentration yielding the best germination index in the absence of phytotoxicity. The bacterial and fungal compositions of the compost piles were further examined with metagenomic analysis. Thermoactinomyces spp., Oceanobacillus spp., and Kroppenstedtia spp. were among the unique bacteria found, and Diutina rugosa, Thermomyces dupontii, and Candida taylorii were among the unique fungi found in the compost piles, suggesting the presence of good microorganisms for degrading the organic biowastes.
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Strigolactones (SLs) inhibit shoot branching/tillering and are secreted by plant roots as a signal to attract symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere, particularly under phosphate starvation. However, SLs are also hijacked by root parasitic weeds as inducer for the germination of their seeds. There are around 35 natural SLs divided, based on their structures, into canonical and non-canonical SLs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes of the 711 clade, such as MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) in Arabidopsis, are a major driver of SL structural diversity. Monocots, such as rice, contain several MAX1 homologs that participate in SL biosynthesis. To investigate the function of OsMAX1-1900 in planta, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 mutants disrupted in the corresponding gene. Characterizing of the generated mutants at metabolite and phenotype level suggests that OsMAX1-1900 loss-of-function does neither affect the SL pattern nor rice architecture, indicating functional redundancy among rice MAX1 homologs.