Deep-learning-based natural-language-processing models to identify cardiovascular disease hospitalisations of patients with diabetes from routine visits' text.

Writing notes is the most widespread method to report clinical events. Therefore, most of the information about the disease history of a patient remains locked behind free-form text. Natural language processing (NLP) provides a solution to automatically transform free-form text into structured data. In the present work, electronic healthcare records data of patients with diabetes were used to develop deep-learning based NLP models to automatically identify, within free-form text describing routine visits, the occurrence of hospitalisations related to cardiovascular disease (CVDs), an outcome of diabetes. Four possible time windows of increasing level of expected difficulty were considered: infinite, 24 months, 12 months, and 6 months. Model performance was evaluated by means of the area under the precision recall curve, as well as precision, recall, and F1-score after thresholding. Results showed that the proposed NLP approach was successful for both the infinite and 24-month windows, while, as expected, performance deteriorated with shorter time windows. Possible clinical applications of tools based on the proposed NLP approach include the retrospective filling of medical records with respect to a patient's CVD history for epidemiological and research purposes as well as for clinical decision making.

Artificial intelligence and statistical methods for stratification and prediction of progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the progressive loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The fact that ALS's disease course is highly heterogeneous, and its determinants not fully known, combined with ALS's relatively low prevalence, renders the successful application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques particularly arduous. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims at identifying areas of agreement and unanswered questions regarding two notable applications of AI in ALS, namely the automatic, data-driven stratification of patients according to their phenotype, and the prediction of ALS progression. Differently from previous works, this review is focused on the methodological landscape of AI in ALS. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of the Scopus and PubMed databases, looking for studies on data-driven stratification methods based on unsupervised techniques resulting in (A) automatic group discovery or (B) a transformation of the feature space allowing patient subgroups to be identified; and for studies on internally or externally validated methods for the prediction of ALS progression. We described the selected studies according to the following characteristics, when applicable: variables used, methodology, splitting criteria and number of groups, prediction outcomes, validation schemes, and metrics. RESULTS: Of the starting 1604 unique reports (2837 combined hits between Scopus and PubMed), 239 were selected for thorough screening, leading to the inclusion of 15 studies on patient stratification, 28 on prediction of ALS progression, and 6 on both stratification and prediction. In terms of variables used, most stratification and prediction studies included demographics and features derived from the ALSFRS or ALSFRS-R scores, which were also the main prediction targets. The most represented stratification methods were K-means, and hierarchical and expectation-maximisation clustering; while random forests, logistic regression, the Cox proportional hazard model, and various flavours of deep learning were the most widely used prediction methods. Predictive model validation was, albeit unexpectedly, quite rarely performed in absolute terms (leading to the exclusion of 78 eligible studies), with the overwhelming majority of included studies resorting to internal validation only. CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlighted a general agreement in terms of input variable selection for both stratification and prediction of ALS progression, and in terms of prediction targets. A striking lack of validated models emerged, as well as a general difficulty in reproducing many published studies, mainly due to the absence of the corresponding parameter lists. While deep learning seems promising for prediction applications, its superiority with respect to traditional methods has not been established; there is, instead, ample room for its application in the subfield of patient stratification. Finally, an open question remains on the role of new environmental and behavioural variables collected via novel, real-time sensors.

An Adaptive Model Predictive Controller to Address the Biovariability in Blood Clotting Response During Therapy With Warfarin.

OBJECTIVE: Effective dosing of anticoagulants aims to prevent blood clot formation while avoiding hemorrhages. This complex task is challenged by several disturbing factors and drug-effect uncertainties, requesting frequent monitoring and adjustment. Biovariability in drug absorption and action further complicates titration and calls for individualized strategies. In this paper, we propose an adaptive closed-loop control algorithm to assist in warfarin therapy management. METHODS: The controller was designed and tested in silico using an established pharmacometrics model of warfarin, which accounts for inter-subject variability. The control algorithm is an adaptive Model Predictive Control (a-MPC) that leverages a simplified patient model, whose parameters are updated with a Bayesian strategy. Performance was quantitatively evaluated in simulations performed on a population of virtual subjects against an algorithm reproducing medical guidelines (MG) and an MPC controller available in the literature (l-MPC). RESULTS: The proposed a-MPC significantly (p 0.05) lowers rising time (2.8 vs. 4.4 and 11.2 days) and time out of range (3.3 vs. 7.2 and 12.9 days) with respect to both MG and l-MPC, respectively. Adaptivity grants a significantly (p 0.05) lower number of subjects reaching unsafe INR values compared to when this feature is not present (8.9% vs.15% of subjects presenting an overshoot outside the target range and 0.08% vs. 0.28% of subjects reaching dangerous INR values). CONCLUSION: The a-MPC algorithm improve warfarin therapy compared to the benchmark therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: This in-silico validation proves effectiveness of the a-MPC algorithm for anticoagulant administration, paving the way for clinical testing.

Performance assessment across different care settings of a heart failure hospitalisation risk-score for type 2 diabetes using administrative claims.

Predicting the risk of cardiovascular complications, in particular heart failure hospitalisation (HHF), can improve the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Most predictive models proposed so far rely on clinical data not available at the higher Institutional level. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the risk of HHF in people with T2D using administrative claims data only, which are more easily obtainable and could allow public health systems to identify high-risk individuals. In this paper, the administrative claims of > 175,000 patients with T2D were used to develop a new risk score for HHF based on Cox regression. Internal validation on the administrative data cohort yielded satisfactory results in terms of discrimination (max AUROC = 0.792, C-index = 0.786) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test p value < 0.05). The risk score was then tested on data gathered from two independent centers (one diabetes outpatient clinic and one primary care network) to demonstrate its applicability to different care settings in the medium-long term. Thanks to the large size and broad demographics of the administrative dataset used for training, the proposed model was able to predict HHF without significant performance loss concerning bespoke models developed within each setting using more informative, but harder-to-acquire clinical variables.

Learned Primal Dual Reconstruction for PET.

We have adapted, implemented and trained the Learned Primal Dual algorithm suggested by Adler and Öktem and evaluated its performance in reconstructing projection data from our PET scanner. Learned Primal Dual reconstructions are compared to Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximisation (MLEM) reconstructions. Different strategies for training are also compared. Whenever the noise level of the data to reconstruct is sufficiently represented in the training set, the Learned Primal Dual algorithm performs well on the recovery of the activity concentrations and on noise reduction as compared to MLEM. The algorithm is also shown to be robust against the appearance of artefacts, even when the images that are to be reconstructed present features were not present in the training set. Once trained, the algorithm reconstructs images in few seconds or less.