Overview of the SARS-CoV-2 genotypes circulating in Latin America during 2021.

Latin America is one of the regions in which the COVID-19 pandemic has a stronger impact, with more than 72 million reported infections and 1.6 million deaths until June 2022. Since this region is ecologically diverse and is affected by enormous social inequalities, efforts to identify genomic patterns of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 genotypes are necessary for the suitable management of the pandemic. To contribute to the genomic surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America, we extended the number of SARS-CoV-2 genomes available from the region by sequencing and analyzing the viral genome from COVID-19 patients from seven countries (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru). Subsequently, we analyzed the genomes circulating mainly during 2021 including records from GISAID database from Latin America. A total of 1,534 genome sequences were generated from seven countries, demonstrating the laboratory and bioinformatics capabilities for genomic surveillance of pathogens that have been developed locally. For Latin America, patterns regarding several variants associated with multiple re-introductions, a relatively low percentage of sequenced samples, as well as an increment in the mutation frequency since the beginning of the pandemic, are in line with worldwide data. Besides, some variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI) such as Gamma, Mu and Lambda, and at least 83 other lineages have predominated locally with a country-specific enrichments. This work has contributed to the understanding of the dynamics of the pandemic in Latin America as part of the local and international efforts to achieve timely genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.

Ciclosporina, un tratamiento para pacientes de lepra con neuritis crónica que se asocia con un control del dolor y la reducción de anticuerpos frente al factor de crecimeitno neural / No disponible

Objetivos: La neuritis crónica (NC) es un grave problema en la lepra y resulta difícil de controlar en pacientes que no responden a la prednisona. En este estudio se evalúa (i) la eficacia de la ciclosporina A (CyA) en el control de pacientes NC y (ii) se analiza la presencia de anticuerpos anti-NGF en el suero de pacientes de lepra y su comportamiento durante el tratamiento con CyA. Método: El esquema del estudio es abierto, prospectivo y no-comparativo. Se estudiaron sesenta y siete pacientes de lepra en tres instituciones diferentes de Pará, Brasil, entre enero 2001 a enero 2004. De entre ellos, 47 no presentaron NC y 20 eran pacientes con NC y en tratamiento con al menos 40 mg/día de prednisona para controlar el dolor y afectación neural. A los pacientes se les administró 12 meses de tratamiento en disminución progresiva, empezando con 5 mg/día. La medición fue la afectación sensorial, mediante examen con el sistema del monofilamento Semmes-Weinstein (SWME), fuerza muscular y dolor espontáneo o relacionado con la palpación. Resultados: Se detectaron anticuerpos frente al NGF en el suero de pacientes de lepra, que posiblemente pueda explicar la depleción de NGF en lepra que contribuye a la neuritis, inflamación y pérdida de nociceptión cutánea. Los niveles humorales de estos anticuerpos en pacientes CN eran algo menores que en los pacientes sin CN. Sin embargo, los niveles anti-NGF en pacientes NC tratados con CyA disminuyeron hasta niveles similares a los de los individuos normales. También experimentaban mejoría la afectación sensitiva, fuerza muscular y dolor. Conclusiones: Estos datos parecen indicar que los anticuerpos anti-NGF están presentes en el suero de pacientes de lepra y pueden influenciar el resultado final de la neuritis y que CyA puede ser útil para controlar la afectación neural y el dolor en los pacientes de lepra

Objetives: Chronic neuritis (CN) is still a major problem in leprosy and is difficult to manage in patients who do not respond well to prednisone. In this study we (i) evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CyA) in controlling CN patients, and (ii) analyse the presence of anti-NGF antibodies in the sera of leprosy patients, and their behavior during CyA treatment. Design: This was an open, prospective, non-comparative study. Sixty –seven leprosy patients in three different institutions in Pará, Brazil were studied form January, 2001 to January, 2004. Of these, 47 had no CN and 20 were leprosy patients suffering from CN and taking at least 40mg/dya prednisone to control nerve impairment and pain. Patients received 12 months reducing course CyA starting at 5 mg/kg per day. The outcome measure was sensory impairment, assessed using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination (SWME), muscular force and spontaneous or palpation-related pain. Results: Antibodies against NGF were detected in the sera of leprosy patients, which may explain the depletion of NGF in leprosy contributing to neuritis, inflammation and loss of cutaneous nociception. The levels of these antibodies in CN patients were slightly lower than in patients with no CN. However, anti-NGF titres in CN patients treated with CyA were lowered to levels similar to those in the normal subjects. There was also improvement in sensory impairment, muscular force and pain. Conclusions: These data suggest that anti-NGF antibodies are present in the sera of leprosy patients and may influence the outcome of neuritis, and that CyA might be a useful drug in controlling nerve impairment and pain in leprosy patients

Ciclosporina, un tratamiento para pacientes de lepra con neuritis crónica que se asocia con un control del dolor y la reducción de anticuerpos frente al factor de crecimeitno neural / No disponible

Objetivos: La neuritis crónica (NC) es un grave problema en la lepra y resulta difícil de controlar en pacientes que no responden a la prednisona. En este estudio se evalúa (i) la eficacia de la ciclosporina A (CyA) en el control de pacientes NC y (ii) se analiza la presencia de anticuerpos anti-NGF en el suero de pacientes de lepra y su comportamiento durante el tratamiento con CyA. Método: El esquema del estudio es abierto, prospectivo y no-comparativo. Se estudiaron sesenta y siete pacientes de lepra en tres instituciones diferentes de Pará, Brasil, entre enero 2001 a enero 2004. De entre ellos, 47 no presentaron NC y 20 eran pacientes con NC y en tratamiento con al menos 40 mg/día de prednisona para controlar el dolor y afectación neural. A los pacientes se les administró 12 meses de tratamiento en disminución progresiva, empezando con 5 mg/día. La medición fue la afectación sensorial, mediante examen con el sistema del monofilamento Semmes-Weinstein (SWME), fuerza muscular y dolor espontáneo o relacionado con la palpación. Resultados: Se detectaron anticuerpos frente al NGF en el suero de pacientes de lepra, que posiblemente pueda explicar la depleción de NGF en lepra que contribuye a la neuritis, inflamación y pérdida de nociceptión cutánea. Los niveles humorales de estos anticuerpos en pacientes CN eran algo menores que en los pacientes sin CN. Sin embargo, los niveles anti-NGF en pacientes NC tratados con CyA disminuyeron hasta niveles similares a los de los individuos normales. También experimentaban mejoría la afectación sensitiva, fuerza muscular y dolor. Conclusiones: Estos datos parecen indicar que los anticuerpos anti-NGF están presentes en el suero de pacientes de lepra y pueden influenciar el resultado final de la neuritis y que CyA puede ser útil para controlar la afectación neural y el dolor en los pacientes de lepra (AU)

Objetives: Chronic neuritis (CN) is still a major problem in leprosy and is difficult to manage in patients who do not respond well to prednisone. In this study we (i) evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine A (CyA) in controlling CN patients, and (ii) analyse the presence of anti-NGF antibodies in the sera of leprosy patients, and their behavior during CyA treatment. Design: This was an open, prospective, non-comparative study. Sixty –seven leprosy patients in three different institutions in Pará, Brazil were studied form January, 2001 to January, 2004. Of these, 47 had no CN and 20 were leprosy patients suffering from CN and taking at least 40mg/dya prednisone to control nerve impairment and pain. Patients received 12 months reducing course CyA starting at 5 mg/kg per day. The outcome measure was sensory impairment, assessed using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination (SWME), muscular force and spontaneous or palpation-related pain. Results: Antibodies against NGF were detected in the sera of leprosy patients, which may explain the depletion of NGF in leprosy contributing to neuritis, inflammation and loss of cutaneous nociception. The levels of these antibodies in CN patients were slightly lower than in patients with no CN. However, anti-NGF titres in CN patients treated with CyA were lowered to levels similar to those in the normal subjects. There was also improvement in sensory impairment, muscular force and pain. Conclusions: These data suggest that anti-NGF antibodies are present in the sera of leprosy patients and may influence the outcome of neuritis, and that CyA might be a useful drug in controlling nerve impairment and pain in leprosy patients (AU)