Effect of three group interventions on psychosocial functioning in adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence in Chile: A pilot clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: In Chile demand for specialist care following exposure to interpersonal violence (IPV) in youth far exceeds capacity. Group interventions may improve access to care for youth. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of two low-intensity group interventions: Trama Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT); Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT); and treatment as usual, Art therapy-based support (ATBS). Outcomes measured were post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, interpersonal functioning and affect regulation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were 67 Chilean youth aged 13-17 years, victims of IPV on a waiting list to receive specialist individual intervention. METHODS: Using a randomised controlled trial design, participants were randomly assigned to one of the interventions. Self-report measures were completed at 5 timepoints between baseline and follow up eight weeks after intervention ended. Dropout rates and attendance were also analysed. RESULTS: TF-CBT showed significant decreases for PTSD (d = 0.91) and depression (d = 0.77) symptoms, sustained at follow-up with affect regulation problems also showing significant decrease from baseline (d = 0.43). IPT showed significant decreases in PTSD symptoms (d = 0.64) and affect regulation problems (d = 0.66), both sustained at follow-up. ATBS showed statistically significant decrease for PTSD (d = 0.79) and interpersonal problems (d = 0.65) but only change in PTSD was sustained at follow-up. There were no significant differences in dropout or attendance between the interventions. CONCLUSION: Group interventions provide a viable and effective first-phase option for reducing psychological distress in IPV-exposed youth in high-demand contexts. Effectiveness may be further improved through the more active involvement of parents and carers.

Desafíos éticos para la investigación en Latinoamérica: una aproximación desde el punto de vista de los investigadores / Ethical Challenges for Research in Latin America: An Approach from the Researchers' Perspective / Desafios éticos para a pesquisa na América Latina: uma abordagem do ponto de vista dos pesquisadores

Resumen: Propósito: El propósito del estudio fue identificar los desafíos éticos que enfrentan los investigadores en Latinoamérica. Metodología: se planteó un estudio cualitativo en el que participaron 31 investigadores latinoamericanos, representantes de 6 países. En la primera fase, se realizó una encuesta en línea con pregunta abierta diligenciada por los 31 investigadores; en la segunda fase, una entrevista semiestructurada en donde participaron 23 de estos investigadores. Desarrollo: se identificaron 6 desafíos para la ética de la investigación: i) desde y hacia una Latinoamérica global, ii) hacia una cultura de investigación ética, iii) la ética dentro y fuera de la investigación, iv) relaciones humanas en investigación, v) presencia/ausencia de los comités de ética, vi) COVID-19, un nuevo escenario. Entre los aspectos más relevantes planteados por los participantes, se encuentran la generación de investigaciones sensibles a la variabilidad cultural que impactan positivamente las problemáticas locales, la necesidad de gestar alianzas sur-sur que definan políticas públicas en el tema, la reorientación de políticas latinoamericanas centradas en la región, el impulso a la formación en ética de la investigación desde inicios de la formación, la apertura de discusiones sobre el tema en la región para el desarrollo de directrices y una mayor conciencia en este tópico, la reflexión sobre el papel de los comités de ética como asesores y educadores, la flexibilidad en el consentimiento informado adaptable a las diversas condiciones y contextos, además de retos específicos derivados de la situación de pandemia por COVID-19.

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the ethical challenges faced by researchers in Latin America. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted with the participation of 31 Latin American researchers representing 6 countries. In the first phase, an online survey with an open-ended question was administered to the 31 researchers. In the second phase, a semi-structured interview involved 23 of these researchers. Findings: Six challenges for research ethics were identified: i) from and towards a global Latin America, ii) towards a culture of ethical research, iii) ethics within and outside of research, iv) human relationships in research, v) presence/absence of ethics committees, vi) COVID-19, a new scenario. Among the most relevant aspects raised by the participants were the generation of research sensitive to cultural variability that positively impacts local issues, the need to forge South-South alliances that define public policies on the subject, the reorientation of Latin American policies focused on the region, the promotion of research ethics training from the early stages of education, the opening of discussions on the subject in the region for the development of guidelines and increased awareness on this topic, reflection on the role of ethics committees as advisors and educators, flexibility in informed consent adaptable to diverse conditions and contexts, as well as specific challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo: Propósito: o objetivo do estudo foi identificar os desafios éticos enfrentados pelos pesquisadores na América Latina. Metodologia: foi conduzido um estudo qualitativo com a participação de 31 pesquisadores latino-americanos, representantes de 6 países. Na primeira fase, foi realizada uma pesquisa online com uma pergunta aberta respondida pelos 31 pesquisadores; na segunda fase, foi conduzida uma entrevista semiestruturada com a participação de 23 desses pesquisadores. Desenvolvimento: foram identificados 6 desafios para a ética na pesquisa: i) de e para uma América Latina global, ii) em direção a uma cultura de pesquisa ética, iii) ética dentro e fora da pesquisa, iv) relações humanas na pesquisa, v) presença/ausência de comitês de ética, vi) COVID-19, um novo cenário. Entre os aspectos mais relevantes levantados pelos participantes, destacam-se a geração de pesquisas sensíveis à variabilidade cultural que impactam positivamente as questões locais, a necessidade de estabelecer alianças sul-sul que definam políticas públicas sobre o tema, a reorientação das políticas latino-americanas centradas na região, o estímulo à formação em ética de pesquisa desde o início da formação, a abertura de discussões sobre o tema na região para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes e uma maior conscientização sobre esse tópico, a reflexão sobre o papel dos comitês de ética como assessores e educadores, a flexibilidade no consentimento informado adaptável às diversas condições e contextos, além de desafios específicos derivados da situação de pandemia por COVID-19.

Psychotherapy to treat consequences of interpersonal violence suffered during childhood and adolescence in Latin America: A systematic review / Psicoterapia para tratar consecuencias de la violencia interpersonal sufrida en la infancia y adolescencia en Latinoamérica: una revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction/Objective: As in the rest of the world, in Latin America there is a high prevalence of interpersonal violence (IV) in childhood and adolescence, which is associated with psychological consequences in the short, medium and long term. At the international level, progress has been made in the recognition of evidence-based psychotherapies, but the situation in Latin America is unknown. The objective of this systematic literature review is to identify which psychotherapy models or modalities have been shown to be effective in Latin America. Methods: A systematic search of five databases was carried out with search terms relating to psychosocial interventions of people exposed to IV during childhood, based in Latin America. Studies regarding Latino populations based in United States were excluded. Results: 14 papers describing 13 studies and one follow-up were identified. Individual and group interventions (mainly cognitive-behavioural and with psychodynamic influence) were included. Although all showed clinically or statistically significant changes in symptoms of post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression, most were pilot studies with important methodological limitations and a high risk of bias. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop clinical practice in Latin America with more robust research (i.e., controlled and randomised clinical trials) that produce more reliable evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for IV involving children and adolescents in the Latin American context.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: tal como en el resto del mundo, en Latinoamérica existe una alta prevalencia de violencia interpersonal en la infancia y adolescencia que se asocia a consecuencias psicológicas a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Internacionalmente se ha avanzado en el reconocimiento de psicoterapias basadas en la evidencia, pero se desconoce la situación de Latinoamérica. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es identificar cuales modelos o modalidades de psicoterapia han mostrado efectividad en Latinoamérica. Método: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco bases de datos con términos de búsqueda relacionados con intervenciones psicosociales para personas expuestos a violencia interpersonal en la infancia en Latinoamérica. Se excluyeron los estudios sobre poblaciones latinas radicadas en Estados Unidos. Resultados: se reconocieron 13 intervenciones y un estudio de seguimiento en los que se evalúa la efectividad de distintos modelos (cognitivo conductuales y con influencia psicodinámica). Aunque en todos ellos se muestran cambios clínica o estadísticamente significativos en sintomatología de estrés postraumático, ansiedad y depresión, en su gran mayoría se trata de estudios piloto con importantes limitaciones metodológicas. Conclusiones: se considera necesario avanzar en la elaboración de estudios más robustos (ej. ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados) que otorguen evidencia más sólida de la efectividad de las intervenciones en el contexto cultural latinoamericano.

Victimization and risk factors in children and adolescents admitted into outpatient protection center in northern Chile

The present study aimed to identify the proportion of victimization, types of victimization, and risk factors associated to children and adolescents who were admitted into an outpatient protection center for children and adolescents in northern Chile during the years 2016 and 2017. Secondary data from the database pertaining to the protection center was used. The sample was non-probabilistic and included 6,499 cases. The research was descriptive-comparative with a non-experimental retrospective cross-sectional design. The results showed a higher percentage of victimization by neglect, followed by witnessing domestic violence and child sexual abuse. The sociodemographic variables showed a higher percentage of victimization at the age of 6 to 9 and 14 to 17 years old, in children and adolescents who were in the first and second cycle of elementary school and were Chilean. It was found that children victimized by child sexual abuse and bullying also had a drug diagnosis record. Logistic regression analyses showed that gender, age, schooling, nationality, and a drug diagnosis record increase the probability of occurrence of certain types of victimization. The results showed the magnitude of the problem concerning victimizations experienced by children and adolescents in northern Chile and the need to generate prevention strategies for this population.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la proporción de victimización, tipos de victimización y factores de riesgo asociados a los niños, niñas y adolescentes que ingresaron a un Centro de Protección a la infancia en el norte de Chile durante los años 2016 y 2017. Se utilizaron datos secundarios de la base de datos del sistema de protección a la infancia. La muestra fue no probabilística e incluyó 6.499 casos. La investigación fue descriptiva-comparativa con un diseño no experimental retrospectivo de corte transversal. Los resultados mostraron un mayor porcentaje de victimización por negligencia, seguido por presenciar violencia doméstica y abuso sexual infantil. Las variables sociodemográficas mostraron un mayor porcentaje de victimización en la edad de 6 a 9 y de 14 a 17 años, en niños y adolescentes que cursaban el primer y segundo ciclo de primaria y eran chilenos. Se encontró que los niños víctimas de abuso sexual infantil y bullying también tenían un registro de diagnóstico de drogas. Los análisis de regresión logística mostraron que el género, la edad, la escolaridad, la nacionalidad y un registro de diagnóstico de drogas aumentan la probabilidad de ocurrencia de ciertos tipos de victimización. Los resultados evidencian la magnitud del problema de las victimizaciones que sufren los niños, niñas y adolescentes del norte de Chile y la necesidad de generar estrategias de prevención para esta población.

Consecuencias psicológicas del abuso sexual infantil cometido por representantes de la Iglesia Católica: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Psychological consequences of child sexual abuse by Catholic Church representatives: A systematic review of literature

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre abuso sexual eclesiástico fue identificar el impacto psicológico de este tipo de violencia en las víctimas. Las búsquedas iniciales se realizaron entre el 10 de octubre de 2020 y el 17 de diciembre de 2020. Así, la actualización de búsquedas se realizó entre el 26 de octubre de 2020 y el 23 de enero de 2021. Los artículos incluidos se obtuvieron desde las bases de datos PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus. Se establecieron criterios de inclusión, y se realizó una selección inicial por medio de los títulos y resúmenes, los cuales, fueron examinados por dos revisores de forma independientes. Los documentos seleccionados se examinaron utilizando el mismo proceso de revisores. Se incluyeron 18 estudios de 2.189 títulos y resúmenes revisados. En general, los estudios evidenciaron un impacto psicológico negativo posterior al abuso sexual infantil ocurrido en contextos eclesiásticos. Destacando el daño espiritual como una característica específica del abuso sexual eclesiástico, lo que, sumado, a las consecuencias habituales del abuso sexual, sitúa a las víctimas en una posición compleja al presentar un espectro más amplio de efectos negativos posteriores al abuso. Los hallazgos del presente estudio permiten una mejor comprensión de este problema y entregan antecedentes para el desarrollo de estrategias de recuperación adecuadas a las necesidades de estas víctimas.

The objective of this systematic review of the literature on ecclesiastical sexual abuse was to identify the psychological impacts of this type of violence on victims. The initial literature searches were conducted between October 10, 2020 and December 17, 2020. Thus, the update of searches was conducted between October 26, 2020 and January 23, 2021. The articles included were obtained from the PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were established, and an initial selection was made by means of titles and abstracts, which were examined by two reviewers independently. The selected papers were examined using the same reviewer process. Eighteen studies were included out of 2,189 titles and abstracts reviewed. Overall, the studies evidenced a negative psychological impact following child sexual abuse occurring in church settings. Highlighting spiritual harm as a specific feature of ecclesiastical sexual abuse, which, in addition to the usual consequences of sexual abuse, places victims in a complex position of presenting a broader spectrum of negative effects following abuse. The findings of the present study allow a better understanding of this problem and provide background for the development of recovery strategies appropriate to the needs of these victims.

Victimization by Caregivers: Prevalence and Risk Factors in Chilean Children and Adolescents.

This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated to victimization by caregivers in a national large sample of Chilean children and adolescents. 19,687 children and adolescents aged 12-17, selected by random probability sampling of 699 public schools in Chile who were surveyed by trained interviewers. Victimization by Caregivers was evaluated through a module of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). The prevalence (12 months) for physical abuse were (12.9%), for emotional abuse (27.9%), neglect (5.3%) and parental interference (3.5%). The results suggest as risk factors, sex, age, migration status, disability, geographical location, and type of school. The findings highlight the urgent need to address the issue of child maltreatment and victimization by caregivers in Chilean society and minimize its impact.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peer Victimization in a National Sample of Chilean Children and Youth.

This research aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of peer victimization (PV) in a national sample of Chilean children and youth. We worked with secondary data of Encuesta Nacional de Polivictimización (2017). The sample was probabilistic and included 19,684 participants between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.7, SD = 1.59) from all Chilean regions. The participants answered an adapted version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire to assess different violence forms. However, for the present study, only five items related to PV were considered. The results showed that a lifetime and the last 12 months' prevalence of PVwerevery high. More than half of the adolescents (60.3%) reported at least one type of victimization by peers throughout a lifetime. Gender differences were found; females have the highest rates of PV than males. These results have discussed the magnitude of this issue and promote the generation of prevention strategies.

Online Sexual Abuse and Symptomatology in Chilean Adolescents: The Role of Peer Support.

Several authors are studying sexual abuse via the Internet and its consequences. However, the available studies have not sufficiently detected factors that could help reduce the symptoms that victims may experience. Given the importance of peers during adolescence, especially in the online world, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between online sexual abuse, perceived peer support, and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Three hundred and eighty Chilean adolescents (M = 16.12 years, SD = .52, 49.7% girls, 50.3% boys) responded to a set of self-report instruments. The results showed a relationship between online sexual abuse and depressive symptomatology, as well as self-injurious and antisocial behaviors. In turn, peer support was inversely associated with internalizing symptomatology. Results of the study highlight the relevance of peers as factors in intervention programs for adolescents dealing with online sexual abuse.

Evaluación del efecto de intervenciones grupales basadas en TF-CBT e IPT en el funcionamiento psicosocial de adolescentes expuestos a violencia interpersonal en Chile: un protocolo de ensayo clínico piloto / TF-CBT and IPT based group intervention on psychosocial functioning in adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence in Chile: a pilot clinical trial protocol

Este artículo describe el protocolo para evaluar intervenciones con adolescentes expuestos a violencia interpersonal y sigue los lineamientos de CONSORT (Shulz et al., 2010). El objetivo es evaluar la efectividad de dos modelos de intervención grupal (Terapia Cognitivo Conductual Centrada en el Trauma, TF-CBT y Terapia Interpersonal, IPT) en la estabilización del funcionamiento psicosocial de adolescentes. Método. Este es un ensayo controlado aleatorizado con tres grupos: dos grupos de intervención (TF-CBT e IPT) y un grupo de control activo (arteterapia). Los participantes serán 84 adolescentes entre 13 a 17 años que están en lista de programas especializados. Los participantes serán asignados a uno de los tres grupos y participarán en 12 sesiones de terapia grupal. Se evaluará el progreso de los participantes en sintomatología de estrés postraumático y depresión, problemas de autorregulación e interpersonales. Las medidas se administrarán antes del inicio de la intervención, en sesiones seis, siete, doce y dos meses después de finalizada la intervención. También se evaluará la adherencia a la intervención y su aceptabilidad por parte de los participantes. Discusión. Este estudio busca contribuir al desarrollo de intervenciones basadas en evidencia en Chile para mejorar el acceso a la intervención especializada. Registro del protocolo: 19/05/2021, código ISRCTN10290141.

This paper describes the protocol developed in Chile to evaluate interventions for adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence and follows CONSORT guidelines (Shulz et al., 2010). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of two group intervention models (Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Therapy) in stabilising the psychosocial functioning of adolescent participants. Methods/Design. It is a randomised controlled trial with three groups: two intervention groups (TF-CBT and IPT) and an active control group (art therapy). The participants will be eighty-four adolescents between 13 to 17 years old on the waiting list for treatment in specialist trauma services. Participants will be assigned to one of three groups and participate in 12 group therapy sessions. Participants' progress in post-traumatic stress and depression symptomatology, self-regulation and interpersonal problems will be assessed. Measures will be administered before the start of the intervention, in sessions six, seven, twelve and two months after the end of the intervention. Adherence to the intervention and its acceptability by the participants will also be evaluated. Discussion. This study seeks to contribute to developing scalable, evidence-based interventions in the Chilean context to improve access to specialist intervention. Trial Registration. 19/05/2021, code ISRCTN10290141.

Un modelo para favorecer la ética y las buenas prácticas en investigación global e intercultural: aplicaciones en méxico y chile / A model to promote ethics and good practices in global and intercultural research: applications in méxico and chile / Um modelo para favorecer a ética e as boas práticas em pesquisa global e intercultural: aplicativos no méxico e no chile

Resumen La investigación intercultural plantea desafíos éticos complejos. Por ello, en el año 2019 se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de conflictos éticos en colaboración con más de 200 investigadores de más de 30 países. Este modelo parece pertinente para América Latina. El modelo propone que los desafíos éticos (y sus soluciones) dependen de cuatro factores presentes durante todo el proceso de investigación: el lugar donde se realiza la investigación, las personas involucradas, los principios éticos relevantes y los precedentes de investigaciones pasadas. En este artículo hacemos un análisis de la aplicabilidad de dicho modelo mediante dos análisis de casos referidos a la investigación con pueblos originarios en Chile y al trabajo con latinos migrantes en la frontera México-Estados Unidos.

Abstract Intercultural research poses critical ethical challenges. In 2019, in collaboration with more than 200 researchers from more than 30 countries, a group of researchers developed an ethical conflict analysis model that seems relevant for Latin America. The model proposes a flexible frame of reference where ethical challenges (and their solutions) depend on four factors present throughout the research process: the place where the research is carried out, the people involved, the relevant ethical principles, and the precedents from previous research. This article discusses the applicability of this model through two case analyses: one study with Indigenous peoples in Chile and the other with Latin-American migrants on the border between Mexico and US.

Resumo A pesquisa intercultural apresenta desafios éticos complexos. Por isso, em 2019, foi desenvolvido um modelo de análise de conflitos éticos em colaboração com mais de 200 pesquisas de mais de 30 países. Esse modelo parece pertinente para a América Latina, pois propõe que os desafios éticos (e suas soluções) dependem de quatro fatores presentes durante todo o processo de pesquisa: o lugar onde a pesquisa é realizada, as pessoas envolvidas, os princípios éticos relevantes e os precedentes de pesquisa passadas. Neste artigo, fazemos uma análise da aplicabilidade desse modelo mediante duas análises de casos referidos à pesquisa com povos originários no Chile e ao trabalho com latinos migrantes na fronteira México-Estados Unidos.

Online sexual harassment and depression in Chilean adolescents: Variations based on gender and age of the offenders.

BACKGROUND: Online sexual harassment in adolescence is associated with depressive symptoms. There is, however, a dearth of research investigating variability of symptom profiles in this population in relation to offender gender and age. OBJECTIVE: To identify the proportion of adolescents reporting online harassment by different types of offenders and compare their levels of depression. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were 18,872 Chilean students aged 12 to 17 years (3.063 of them online sexually harassed). METHODS: The study involved a secondary analysis of self-report data on online sexual harassment, poly-victimization, and depression collected as part of the National Poly-victimization Survey. RESULTS: In 37.6% of the cases the offender was male under 18, in 22.4% an adult male, in 14.5% a female under 18, and in 2.9% an adult female. In 22.5% of cases the offender could not be identified. An ANCOVA demonstrated levels of poly-victimization across the lifespan and frequency of online sexual harassment in the last year to predict depressive symptomatology. In females, higher levels of depressive symptoms were observed among those sexually harassed by either a female under 18, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or an adult male. In males, higher levels of depression were observed among those harassed by either an adult male, an offender whose age and gender the victim could not identify, or a male under 18. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the importance of offender's age and gender in predicting depression levels in adolescent victims of online sexual harassment.

What do the potential recipients of disclosure of OSA say? Perspectives from adolescent residents in Scotland and Chile.

BACKGROUND: With the increase in internet use, new forms of child victimization like Online Sexual Abuse (OSA) have emerged. Children and adolescents rarely disclose these incidents and most disclosure happens around peers. OBJECTIVE: This research addresses the perspective of adolescents (not victims of OSA), potential recipients of the disclosure, within the context of disclosure of OSA committed by either adult or peer perpetrators. METHODS: The study was performed in two stages. We interviewed adolescents in Scotland and then conducted focus groups with adolescents from Chile. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 51 adolescents (6 from Scotland and 45 from Chile) aged 15-20 years participated. RESULTS: Despite differences in age and cultural contexts, there were similarities in responses. Obstacles of disclosure included lack of clarity of OSA, prior levels of personal vulnerability, and gender factors (stereotypes and stigmatization). On the other hand, the disclosure process would be easier for adolescents with more personal resources (e.g. self-confidence) and when they have a supportive social environment, which includes parents, but especially peers. CONCLUSION: Disclosure of OSA is considered similar to the disclosure of offline sexual abuse. However, differences such as a lack of clarity regarding the boundaries of the relationships on the Internet, and presence of a generational gap between adolescents and their parents or tutors in the use of internet makes early disclosure of OSA highly challenging. Plans to facilitate disclosure should consider different components: behavioral (risky behaviors), emotional (feelings of fear and shame) and cognitive (lack of information, self-blame, stigma). This should be focused on adolescents, potential recipients of disclosure (parents, authorities and peers) and society, where the prejudices and practices that prevent disclosure begin.

Associations between Family Support and Online Sexual Abuse in Chilean Adolescents: The Mediational Role of Online Risk Behaviors.

This study evaluated the association between perceived family support, online risk behaviors, and online sexual abuse. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study. The participants were 380 Chilean students aged 15 to 17 (M =16.12, SD = 0.59, 49.7% female, 50.3% male) who answered self-report instruments. Females experienced more online sexual abuse; however, males engaged in more online risk behaviors. The results of the regression analysis suggested that online risk behaviors was a predictor for online sexual abuse in both males and females. However, high perceived family support was only a protective factor against online risk behaviors and online sexual abuse for females. In addition, online risk behaviors was found to partially mediate the relationship between perceived family support and online sexual abuse for females only. The results of this study highlight the importance of online risk behaviors in the process of online sexual abuse. Also, the results highlighted the importance of family support as a protective factor against online sexual abuse and online risk behaviors mainly in females. For that reason, we think it is necessary to consider the gender variables in the prevention and intervention programs to face the risk of the internet during the adolescence.

Poly-Victimization and Coping Profiles: Relationship With Externalizing Symptoms in Adolescents.

Externalizing symptoms correspond to a set of behavioral problems related to aggressiveness and the violation of norms. These disorders are common during adolescence, especially in poly-victimized populations. However, not much is known about the mechanism underlying the relationship between poly-victimization and symptoms or about the factors that could play a protective role in this relationship. It is necessary to understand the factors that influence the development of these disorders to prevent them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships among coping strategies, poly-victimization, and externalizing symptoms. The participants were 144 adolescent outpatients (M = 14.31, SD = 1.48) attending child and adolescent mental health services. The participants responded to three scales that examined their coping strategies, poly-victimization levels, and externalizing symptoms. The results showed that both poly-victimization and nonproductive coping were directly associated with externalizing symptomatology. In contrast, coping in reference to others and productive coping had inverse relationships with externalizing symptoms. Finally, the results of a cluster analysis revealed three groups of adolescents with different coping strategy profiles. The group with the least externalizing symptomatology was the "active-balanced" group (high use of coping in reference to others and productive coping combined with moderate use of nonproductive coping). The group with the greatest symptomatology was the "lonely" group (high use of productive and nonproductive coping but low use of coping in reference to others). The results suggest that poly-victimization and style of coping has an impact on the development of externalizing problems. These results may be useful for designing programs to prevent or treat externalizing disorders in adolescents.

Escala para evaluar indicadores de reparación en niños, niñas y adolescentes que han vivido maltrato grave (I-REPARACIÓN): estructura factorial en Chile / Scale to evaluate the recovery process in children and adolescents exposed to serious abuse (I-REPARACION): factorial structure in Chile

En este estudio se ofrece un análisis psicométrico de un instrumento que evalúa la reparación de las consecuencias del maltrato infantil en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos/as. La reparación es un concepto controvertido y complejo que requiere de instrumentos que logren capturar sus distintas dimensiones. En total participaron 491 adolescentes (M = 14,32; DT = 1,70; 74,7% de sexo femenino y 25,3% de sexo masculino) que fueron evaluados/as con el I-REPARACIÓN. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio apoyan la validez del instrumento ya que este reconoce tres dimensiones de la reparación coherentes con la teoría y evidencia previa: fortalecimiento de la identidad, integración de la experiencia y ausencia de sintomatología. A su vez los análisis de consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) apoyan la fiabilidad del instrumento dado que sus ítems miden el constructo de forma consistente. Se considera que, aunque se trata de resultados preliminares, los resultados ofrecen garantías psicométricas para el uso I-REPARACIÓN en el monitoreo del avance de las intervenciones en adolescentes expuestos/as a maltrato infantil.

This study offers a psychometric analysis of an instrument that assesses the recovery process of the consequences of child abuse in a sample of Chilean adolescents. Recovery is a controversial and complex concept that requires instruments that can capture its different dimensions. In total, 491 adolescents (M = 14,32; SD = 1,70; 74,7% girls, 25,3% boys) participated and were evaluated with the I-REPARACIÓN. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis results support the instrument's validity since it recognizes three dimensions of recovery consistent with theory and previous evidence: identity strengthening, integration of the traumatic experience, and absence of symptoms. In turn, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) analyses support the instrument reliability since its items measure the construct consistently. Although preliminary research, it is considered that the results offer psychometric guarantees for the use of I-REPARACIÓN in monitoring the progress of interventions in adolescents exposed to child abuse.

Estructura factorial del Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con Internet en universitarios chilenos / Factorial structure of the Questionnaire of Experiences Related with Internet on Chilean university students

Resumen El uso de Internet está masificado en casi todo el mundo. Existe evidencia de que su uso excesivo tiene consecuencias negativas, por lo que es necesario contar con instrumentos que evalúen su uso. El Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con Internet (CERI) es un instrumento de dos factores que evalúan conflictos (intrapersonales e interpersonales) asociados a su uso excesivo. Estudios realizados en distintas partes del mundo han utilizado este instrumento sin analizar sus propiedades psicométricas con la suficiente profundidad y han privilegiado el uso del puntaje total en lugar del puntaje de los dos factores. Por esta razón, en este artículo se evalúan las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en población chilena. Se realizaron dos estudios en los que participaron un total de 626 estudiantes universitarios (180 en el estudio 1 y 446 en el estudio 2) que respondieron el CERI y un cuestionario de abuso del teléfono móvil. En el estudio 1 se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que sugirió seleccionar la estructura unifactorial en lugar de la estructura bifactorial original, aunque ambas presentaban adecuada validez convergente (relaciones directas con el abuso del teléfono móvil). En el estudio 2 se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio y ambas estructuras factoriales presentaron buen ajuste, pero la consistencia interna del factor único fue mayor que la de los dos factores originales. Es necesario continuar evaluando la estructura factorial del CERI en orden a determinar cuál es la mejor alternativa factorial, mientras tanto la estructura unifactorial parece entregar mayores garantías psicométricas.

Abstract A large proportion of the world's population has access to the Internet. On the one hand this has brought undeniable benefits to society by facilitating access to information. But on the other hand, the excessive use of the Internet has also brought with it a series of new problems ranging from physical injuries (for example: tendinitis), psychological pathologies (for example: Internet addiction) to new forms of crime (for example: online sexual abuse). For this reason, it is necessary to have reliable and valid instruments that evaluate the use and abuse of the Internet. The Internet Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERI) has two factors that evaluate conflicts (intrapersonal factor, with 6 items and interpersonal factor, with 4 items) associated with excessive use of the Internet. Studies in different parts of the world (Spain, Chile and other Latin American countries) have used this instrument without analyzing its psychometric properties with sufficient depth. These studies have mostly used the total CERI score (10 items) instead of the two-factor structure, but they have not justified this choice. For this reason, this paper intends to analyze the factorial structure of the instrument, its convergent validity and its internal consistency in the Chilean population. We conducted two researches in which participated a total of 626 university students (180 in the study 1, and 446 in the study 2). The participants responded to the CERI and a questionnaire of abuse of the mobile phone (CERM). In the study 1, the results of exploratory factor analyzes suggest to use a unifactorial structure which included the 10 items, instead of the original bifactorial structure. In particular, in the bifactorial structure item 1 was not included in any factor (factorial loads less than .2), two items (items 5 and 10) presented similar factor loads in both factors and other two items (items 8 and 9) were included in the factor that it did not correspond. The single factor was greater internal consistency than that of the original intrapersonal and interpersonal factors (Cronbach´s alpha of .78, .68 and .56, respectively). Although both alternatives have adequate convergent validity (direct relations with mobile phone abuse). In study 2, a confirmatory factorial analysis was carried out in order to compare the unifactorial structure obtained in study 1 with the bifactorial structure of the original study. The results show that both factorial structures presented good fit, but again the internal consistency of the single factor was greater than that of the original intrapersonal factor and interpersonal factor (Cronbach´s alpha of .74, .61 and .51 respectively). The low reliability of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors may be due to the few number of items grouped in them (4 and 6 respectively). It is necessary to continue evaluating the factorial structure of the CERI in order to determine which is the best factorial alternative or if it is necessary to increase the number of items of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Although the results are not conclusive, for the moment, it seems advisable to use the one factor structure as it seems to give further psychometric guarantees.

Searching for Social Support Moderates the Relationship Between Polyvictimization and Externalizing Symptoms: A Brief Report.

Externalizing disorders emerge most readily during adolescence, especially in traumatized population. In this context, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing these disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of polyvictimization in developing externalizing symptoms while considering the possible effects of active coping related to the search for social support. The participants were 78 adolescents ( M = 14.18, SD = 1.63) cared for in child and adolescent protection public services in Chile. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that polyvictimization was a good predictor of externalizing symptoms, but searching for social support acted as a moderator in that relationship. The results show that searching for social support acts as a protective factor and decreases the adverse influence of polyvictimization over externalizing symptoms. Prevention and intervention programs should consider improvements in the coping strategies of poly-victims with externalizing problems.

Investigación sobre psicoterapia en abuso sexual infantil: ¿Una tarea pendiente en Chile? / Psychotherapy research with sexually abused children: A pending issue in Chile?

El abuso sexual infantil es un fenómeno de alta prevalencia que genera consecuencias negativas en el desarrollo de los niños expuestos a sus diversas formas. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la producción nacional de estudios referidos a la psicoterapia con víctimas de abuso sexual infantil. La muestra la componen ocho revistas y seis instituciones chilenas que trabajan con víctimas. De los solo 19 trabajos en el área, la mayoría se corresponden a la sistematización de experiencias de intervención. Igualmente, se aprecia una escasez de estudios empíricos. Con lo cual se manifiesta el desafío a las instituciones e investigadores de desarrollar estudios con el rigor metodológico necesario para generar conocimiento en el contexto nacional que nutra la labor de los psicoterapeutas que trabajan con víctimas.

Child sexual abuse is an outweighing phenomenon that generates negative consequences on children´s development. The aim of this research is to analyse the national research on psychotherapy with victims of child sexual abuse. Eight journals and six Chilean institutions form the research sample. From the only 19 studies in the area, the majority focus on the systematisation of experiences of intervention. Furthermore, there are few empiric studies. This highlights the challenge for institutions and researchers to conduct research with the required methodological rigour to enhance knowledge in the national context to provide assistance to psychotherapists working with these victims.

Internalizing symptoms and polyvictimization in a clinical sample of adolescents: The roles of social support and non-productive coping strategies.

Given the high prevalence of internalizing disorders during adolescence, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing their development and evolution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of polyvictimization in developing internalizing symptoms while considering the possible effect of non-productive coping and the availability of social support. The participants were 144 adolescents (M=14.31, SD=1.48) cared for in child and adolescent mental health services. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that polyvictimization, non-productive coping and social support were good predictors of internalizing symptoms. In addition, non-productive coping acted as a mediator in the relationship between polyvictimization and internalizing symptoms. The results of the study emphasized the importance of the studied factors to understanding the process of development internalizing symptoms and to preventing or treating adolescents who suffer from these types of disorders.

Develación del abuso sexual en niños y niñas atendidos en la Corporación Paicabi / Disclosure of Sexual Abuse in Children treated at the Corporación Paicabi / Revelação de abuso sexual em meninos e meninas atendidos na Corporación Paicabi

El abuso sexual infantil (ASI) presenta alta frecuencia en el mundo. Pese a ello existe falta de especificidad en las políticas de prevención y pesquisa temprana. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características del ASI en función de la forma en que éste ha sido develado (detección vs. revelación) y de su latencia (temprana, intermedia o tardía). Se consideraron los datos de 191 niños/as menores de 10 años. Los datos fueron extraídos del sistema de gestión de casos de la institución que les brindó tratamiento. Se analizaron las particularidades de los distintos tipos de ASI con tablas de contingencia. Los resultados dan cuenta de que los procesos de revelación y detección son diferentes entre sí. Se observa que a mayor complejidad del ASI (intrafamiliar, crónico, con penetración y parte de una polivictimización) la revelación es menos frecuente y de mayor latencia. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de una mayor diversificación de las estrategias orientadas a una develación temprana del ASI.

At a global level there is a high frequency of child sexual abuse (CSA). Nevertheless there is a lack of specificity in prevention policies and early screening. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of CSA in terms of the way it has been detected (detection vs. disclosure) and its latency (early, middle or late). Data relating to 191 children under 10 years old were included in the study and taken from the database of the institution responsible for providing treatment to victims. The characteristics of the different types of CSA were analyzed using contingency tables. The results show that the processes of detection and disclosure are different. Specifically, when the child sexual abuse is more complex (committed by a relative, involving rape, is chronic and there are numerous victims of one perpetrator) disclosure is less frequent and have higher latency. The results show the need for a greater diversification of the strategies designed to support the early disclosure of CSA.

O abuso sexual infantil (ASI) apresenta-se com alta frequência em todo o mundo. No entanto, existe uma falta de especificidade nas políticas de prevenção e rastreio precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características de ASI em relação à forma como este foi desvendado (detecção versus revelação) e a sua latência (cedo, mediano ou tarde). Foram considerados os dados de 191 crianças menores de 10 anos, os quais foram informados pelo sistema de gestão de casos da instituição que lhes forneceu o tratamento. As características e particularidades dos diferentes tipos de ASI foram analisados com tabelas de contingência. Os resultados mostram que os processos de detecção e revelação são diferentes entre si. Observou-se que quanto mais complexo for o ASI-se é intrafamiliar, crônico, com violação e parte de uma polivitimização), menos frequente e mais demorada é a denúncia. Os resultados mostram a necessidade de uma maior diversificação das estratégias orientadas para uma revelação mais rápida sobre o abuso.