HIV infection is associated with a less aggressive phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease. A multicenter study of the ENEIDA registry.

BACKGROUND: The coexistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is uncommon. Data on the impact of HIV on IBD course and its management is scarce. AIM: To describe the IBD phenotype, therapeutic requirements and prevalence of opportunistic infections (OI) in IBD patients with a coexistent HIV infection. METHODS: Case-control, retrospective study including all HIV positive patients diagnosed with IBD in the ENEIDA registry. Patients with positive HIV serology (HIV-IBD) were compared to controls (HIV seronegative), matched 1:3 by year of IBD diagnosis, age, gender and type of IBD. RESULTS: A total of 364 patients (91 HIV-IBD and 273 IBD controls) were included. In the whole cohort, 58% had ulcerative colitis (UC), 35% had Crohn's disease (CD) and 7% were IBD unclassified. The HIV-IBD group presented a significantly higher proportion of proctitis in UC and colonic location in CD but fewer extraintestinal manifestations than controls. Regarding treatments, non-biological therapies (37.4% vs. 57.9%; P=0.001) and biologicals (26.4% vs. 42.1%; P=0.007), were used less frequently among patients in the HIV-IBD group. Conversely, HIV-IBD patients developed more OI than controls regardless of non-biological therapies use. In the multivariate analysis, HIV infection (OR 4.765, 95%CI 2.48-9.14; P<0.001) and having ≥1 comorbidity (OR 2.445, 95%CI 1.23-4.85; P=0.010) were risk factors for developing OI, while CD was protective (OR 0.372, 95%CI 0.18-0.78;P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection appears to be associated with a less aggressive phenotype of IBD and a lesser use of non-biological therapies and biologicals but entails a greater risk of developing OI.

Psoriasis induced by antiTNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: Therapeutic management and evolution of both diseases in a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with antiTNF develop drug-induced psoriasis (antiTNF-IP). Several therapeutic strategies are possible. AIMS: to assess the management of antiTNF-IP in IBD, and its impact in both diseases. METHODS: patients with antiTNF-IP from ENEIDA registry were included. Therapeutic strategy was classified as continuing the same antiTNF, stopping antiTNF, switch to another antiTNF or swap to a non-antiTNF biologic. IP severity and IBD activity were assessed at baseline and 16, 32 and 54 weeks. RESULTS: 234 patients were included. At baseline, antiTNF-IP was moderate-severe in 60 % of them, and IBD was in remission in 80 %. Therapeutic strategy was associated to antiTNF-IP severity (p < 0.001). AntiTNF-IP improved at week 54 with all strategies, but continuing with the same antiTNF showed the worst results (p = 0.042). Among patients with IBD in remission, relapse was higher in those who stopped antiTNF (p = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, stopping antiTNF, trunk and palms and soles location were associated with antiTNF-IP remission; female sex and previous surgery in Crohn´s disease with IBD relapse. CONCLUSION: skin lesions severity and IBD activity seem to determine antiTNF-IP management. Continuing antiTNF in mild antiTNF-IP, and swap to ustekinumab or switch to another antiTNF in moderate-severe cases, are suitable strategies.

Evaluation of Genetic Variants Associated with the Risk of Thiopurine-Related Pancreatitis: A Case Control Study from ENEIDA Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Risk factors for developing pancreatitis due to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are not clearly identified. Our aim was to evaluate the predictive pharmacogenetic risk of pancreatitis in IBD patients treated with thiopurines. METHODS: We conducted an observational pharmacogenetic study of acute pancreatitis events in a cohort study of IBD patients treated with thiopurines from the prospectively maintained ENEIDA registry biobank of GETECCU. Samples were obtained and the CASR, CEL, CFTR, CDLN2, CTRC, SPINK1, CPA1, and PRSS1 genes, selected based on their known association with pancreatitis, were fully sequenced. RESULTS: Ninety-five cases and 105 controls were enrolled; a total of 57% were women. Median age at pancreatitis diagnosis was 39 years. We identified 81 benign variants (50 in cases and 67 in controls) and a total of 35 distinct rare pathogenic and unknown significance variants (10 in CEL, 21 in CFTR, 1 in CDLN2, and 3 in CPA1). None of the cases or controls carried pancreatitis-predisposing variants within the CASR, CPA1, PRSS1, and SPINK1 genes, nor a pathogenic CFTR mutation. Four different variants of unknown significance were detected in the CDLN and CPA1 genes; one of them was in the CDLN gene in a single patient with pancreatitis and 3 in the CPA1 gene in 5 controls. After the analysis of the variants detected, no significant differences were observed between cases and controls. CONCLUSION: In patients with IBD, genes known to cause pancreatitis seem not to be involved in thiopurine-related pancreatitis onset.

Respuesta serológica a las vacunas frente a SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Serological response to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Objetivo: Estudiar la respuesta serológica (RS) y tolerabilidad frente a la vacuna contra la COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) y su relación con el tratamiento de la EII y tipo de vacuna. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal en pacientes con EII vacunados contra la COVID-19 sin infección previa conocida. La RS se analizó mediante la determinación de anticuerpos IgG frente a la subunidad S1. La seguridad se estudió mediante cuestionario para identificación de efectos adversos (EA). Resultados: Se incluyó a 280 pacientes con EII. Tipo de vacunas: Comirnaty® 68,8%; Spikevax® 10,8%, Vaxzevria® 18,3%, Ad26.COV2-S® 2,2%. Un 51,3% tuvo EA, siendo el 100% leves. Un 65% desarrolló anticuerpos IgG tras la vacunación. La RS fue superior para vacunas con tecnología ARNm (100% Spikevax®, 68,5% Comirnaty®) frente a las basadas en vector con adenovirus (38,0% Vaxzevria®, 33,3% Ad26.COV2-S®) (p <0,001). En el análisis multivariante la RS se relacionó con la edad (< 60 años; OR: 3,8, IC del 95%, 1,9-7,0; p <0,001). La RS en pacientes con aminosalicilatos fue del 65,4%, 61,4% con inmunosupresor, 65,8% con anti-TNF y 68,7% con biológicos no anti TNF (p = 0,9). Conclusiones: Un tercio de pacientes con EII no desarrolló anticuerpos con la pauta vacunal inicial frente al SARS-CoV-2. La RS a las vacunas basadas en tecnología ARNm fue superior y estuvo relacionada con la edad (mayor en pacientes más jóvenes). Los inmunosupresores y biológicos no disminuyeron la RS. Más de la mitad de los pacientes presentaron EA, leves en todos los casos.(AU)

Objective: To study the serological response (SR) and tolerability of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its relation with IBD treatment and type of vaccine. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study in patients with IBD vaccinated against COVID-19 without known previous infection. SR was analyzed by the determination of IgG antibodies against the S1 subunit. Safety was studied using a questionnaire to identify adverse effects (AE). Results: 280 patients with IBD were included. Type of vaccines: Comirnaty® 68.8%; Spikevax® 10.8%, Vaxzevria® 18.3%, Ad26.COV2-S® 2.2%. 51.3% had AE, being 100% mild. 65% developed IgG antibodies after vaccination. The SR was higher for vaccines with mRNA technology (100% Spikevax®, 68.5% Comirnaty®) compared to those based on adenovirus vector (38.0% Vaxzevria®, 33.3% Ad26.COV2-S®) (P<.001). In the multivariate analysis, SR was related to age (<60 years; OR: 3.8, 95% CI 1.9–7.0; P<.001). The SR in patients with aminosalicylates was 65.4%, 61.4% with immunosuppressants, 65.8% with anti-TNF, and 68.7% with non-anti-TNF biologicals (P=.9). Conclusions: One third of patients with IBD did not develop antibodies with the initial vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The SR to vaccines based on mRNA technology was higher, and it was related to age (higher in younger patients). Immunosuppressants and biologicals did not decrease SR. More than half of the patients presented AD, being mild in all cases.(AU)

Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Spain. A post lockdown reflection / Impacto psicosocial de la pandemia de COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en España. Una reflexión posterior al confinamiento

Objectives: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain during lockdown and the first wave of the pandemic. Patients and methods: A self-report questionnaire that integrated the Spanish version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS) was designed to gather sociodemographic data and information related to the effects of lockdown on the lives of IBD patients. Twelve IBD units invited their patients to answer the anonymous online survey between the 1st July and the 25th August 2020. Results: Of the 693 survey participants with IBD, 67% were women and the mean age was 43 (SD 12). Sixty-one percent had ulcerative colitis, 36% Crohn's disease and 3% indeterminate colitis. DASS-21 scores indicate that during lockdown the estimated prevalence of depression was 11% [95% CI 8.2–13%], anxiety 20% [95% CI 17 to 23%] and stress 18% [95% CI 8.2–13%]. Multivariate analysis showed that the perceived high risk of COVID-19 infection because of having IBD and maladaptation to government measures to reduce the spread of disease doubled the risk of anxiety and stress during lockdown. Conclusions: In the short-term, lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic seemed to have an impact on the already affected mental health of our IBD patients in Spain.(AU)

Objetivos: Este estudio transversal multicéntrico se llevó a cabo para evaluar el impacto psicosocial de la COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) en España durante el confinamiento y la primera ola de la pandemia. Pacientes y métodos: Se diseñó un cuestionario de autoinforme que integraba la versión española de la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés-21 ítems (DASS-21) y el Cuestionario de Estrés Percibido (PSS) para recoger datos sociodemográficos e información relacionada con los efectos del confinamiento en la vida de los pacientes con EII. Doce unidades de EII invitaron a sus pacientes a responder a la encuesta anónima en línea entre el 1 de julio y el 25 de agosto de 2020. Resultados: De los 693 participantes en la encuesta con EII, el 67% eran mujeres y la edad media era de 43 años (DE 12). El 61% tenía colitis ulcerosa, el 36% enfermedad de Crohn y el 3% colitis indeterminada. Las puntuaciones del DASS-21 indican que durante el encierro la prevalencia estimada de depresión fue del 11% [IC 95%: 8,2-13%], de ansiedad del 20% [IC 95%: 17-23%] y de estrés del 18% [IC 95%: 8,2-13%]. El análisis multivariante mostró que la percepción de alto riesgo de infección por COVID-19 por tener EII y la inadaptación a las medidas gubernamentales para reducir la propagación de la enfermedad duplicaban el riesgo de ansiedad y estrés durante el encierro. Conclusiones: A corto plazo, el confinamiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19 pareció tener un impacto en la ya afectada salud mental de nuestros pacientes con EII en España.(AU)

Limitaciones de la determinación de calprotectina fecal en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa y pólipos inflamatorios / Limitations of the determination of faecal calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis and inflammatory polyps

Introducción: La calprotectina en heces es una técnica útil para detectar actividad en pacientes con colitis ulcerosa. No obstante, puede haber valores elevados debido a otros factores distintos de la actividad de la colitis ulcerosa. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar posibles resultados falsos positivos de calprotectina para la actividad de la colitis ulcerosa debidos a la presencia de pólipos inflamatorios. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Se recogieron los datos de pacientes seguidos durante 2 años en los que se realizó una colonoscopia dentro de los 3 meses posteriores a detectarse valores de calprotectina elevados (>150μg/g) antes de modificar el tratamiento. Resultados: Se revisaron 39 pacientes y en 5 de ellos, previamente diagnosticados de colitis ulcerosa extensa, se detectaron pólipos inflamatorios. Tres pacientes tomaban mesalazina, uno azatioprina y otro estaba en tratamiento con infliximab. Todos ellos se encontraban asintomáticos y la endoscopia no presentaba actividad macroscópica (Mayo endoscópico=0) ni histológica. La mediana de los valores de calprotectina fue de 422μg/g (RIC: 298-2.408) y permanecieron elevados en una segunda determinación. En 4 de los pacientes los pólipos inflamatorios eran múltiples y de pequeño tamaño. Otro paciente presentaba un pólipo de 4cm. Discusión: En la práctica clínica podemos encontrar valores de calprotectina fecal elevados no debidos a la presencia de actividad de la colitis ulcerosa, sino a otras lesiones, como pólipos inflamatorios. Este hecho debe ser tenido en cuenta antes de llevar a cabo cambios relevantes como la subida de escalón terapéutico a inmunosupresores o biológicos en pacientes con elevación de calprotectina confirmada

Introduction: Faecal calprotectin is a useful technique for detecting activity in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, there may be high levels due to factors other than the activity of ulcerative colitis. Our aim was to analyse possible false positive results of calprotectin for the activity of ulcerative colitis owing to the presence of inflammatory polyps. Patients and methods: Retrospective, observational, descriptive study. Data was collected from patients monitored for 2 years in whom a colonoscopy had been requested within 3 months after detecting high calprotectin values (>150μg/g) and before modifying the treatment. Results: We reviewed 39 patients and in 5 of them, with previous diagnosis of extensive ulcerative colitis, inflammatory polyps were detected. Three patients were on treatment with mesalazine, one with azathioprine and other with infliximab. All of them were asymptomatic and the endoscopy did not show macroscopic activity (endoscopic Mayo score=0) or histological activity. The median values of calprotectin were 422μg/g (IQR: 298-2,408) and they remained elevated in a second measurement. In 4 of the patients the inflammatory polyps were multiple and small in size. The other patient had a polyp measuring 4cm. Discussion: In clinical practice we can find high faecal calprotectin levels not due to the presence of ulcerative colitis activity, but due to other lesions such as inflammatory polyps. This fact must be taken into account before carrying out relevant changes such as step-up therapy to immunosuppressive drugs or biological drugs in patients with confirmed high calprotectin levels

Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of a visual educational leaflet on the preparation of colonoscopies in hospitalized patients

Background: the safety and diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopies depends on the quality of colon cleansing. Several factors have been reported that affect the quality of bowel cleansing, hospitalization being one of them. Aims: the aim of the study was to investigate whether a visual educational leaflet improved the level of cleanliness achieved in hospitalized patients undergoing a colonoscopy and to identify predictors of a poor bowel preparation. Methods: a prospective, single-center, endoscopist-blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed. The intervention group was given a visual educational leaflet and both groups received four liters of polyethylene glycol solution. Demographic data, personal history, reason for admission and indication for colonoscopy, work shift during which the procedure was performed and endoscopy findings were collected. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) was used to assess the bowel preparation. Results: one hundred and thirty-six patients were included in the study; 51.5% were male, with a mean age of 64.3 +/- 17.6 years. The educational leaflet did not result in a difference in the total BBPS obtained between the standard group and the intervention group (7 [6-9] vs 6 [5.7-9]; p = 0.17). According to the multivariable analysis, the only factors associated with a poor bowel cleansing were heart disease (OR 3.37 [1.34-8.46]; p = 0.010) and colorectal cancer (OR 3.82 [1.26-11.61]; p = 0.018). Conclusion: the use of a visual educational leaflet for the preparation of colonoscopies did not provide a significant improvement in hospitalized patients in our health area. Heart disease was identified as the only predictor of poor preparation for colonoscopy

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Recursos empleados en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Crohn perianal y sus resultados en una serie de vida real / Resources used in the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease and the results in a real-life cohort

OBJETIVO: Estudiar el manejo multidisciplinar de los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y enfermedad perianal (EPA) asociada y analizar la posible relación entre la recidiva de la sintomatología perianal, el tipo de fístula y los tratamientos empleados. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo en pacientes con EPA asociada a la EC seguidos en la Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas, la evolución clínica y respuesta a los tratamientos administrados. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 65 pacientes con EC y EPA de los 300 pacientes controlados en consulta externa de un hospital universitario. Se diagnosticaron 16 fístulas simples (24,6%) y 49 fístulas complejas (75,4%). La técnica diagnóstica más empleada fue la ecografía endoanal (45%). Se utilizaron antibióticos en el 77,4% de los pacientes y el 70% precisaron utilización de un fármaco anti-TNF para el control de la EPA. Se realizó cirugía en el 75,4% del conjunto de la muestra. La EPA recidivó en el 41,5% precisando cambio de fármaco biológico y/o cirugía. Las fístulas complejas necesitaron con más frecuencia tratamiento quirúrgico (p = 0,012) y la recidiva de la EPA fue más frecuente en las fístulas complejas (p = 0,036). CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor parte de los pacientes con EC y EPA compleja necesita tratamiento con fármacos biológicos. El manejo de la EPA deber ser multidisciplinar y combinado. Sin embargo, hay un porcentaje de casos en los que no se consigue la remisión de la clínica perianal lo que justifica el desarrollo de nuevas terapias para los casos refractarios

OBJECTIVE: To study the multidisciplinary management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and perianal disease (perianal Crohn's disease, PCD), as well as to analyse a possible relationship between the recurrence of perianal symptoms, the type of fistula and the treatment used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study of patients with PCD who were treated in the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic variables were collected, as well as clinical outcome and response to treatment. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients who attended the outpatient clinic at a university hospital, 65 had PCD. Sixteen simple fistulas (24.6%) and 49 complex fistulas (75.4%) were diagnosed. The most commonly used diagnostic technique was the endoanal ultrasound (45%). Antibiotics were used in 77.4% of patients, and 70% needed anti-TNF therapy to manage the PCD. Surgery was performed on 75.4% of the patients overall. PCD recurred in 41.5% of cases, requiring a change of the biological drugs administered and/or surgery. Complex fistulas were more likely to require surgery (P=.012) and recurrence of PCD was also more common with complex fistulas (P=.036). CONCLUSION: Management of PCD must be multidisciplinary and combined. Most patients with complex PCD require treatment based on biological drugs. Despite therapy, remission of perianal symptoms is not achieved in a percentage of patients, supporting the need to develop new therapies for refractory cases

Recomendaciones del Grupo Español de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa (GETECCU) sobre el uso de tiopurinas en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Recommendations of the Spanish Working Group on Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU) on the use of tiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease

Las tiopurinas (azatioprina y mercaptopurina) se usan frecuentemente en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En este documento, revisaremos sus principales indicaciones, así como aspectos prácticos de seguridad, eficacia y modo de empleo. Sus usos principales son el mantenimiento de la remisión en la enfermedad corticodependiente o tras el control de un brote grave de colitis ulcerosa con ciclosporina, la prevención de la recurrencia posquirúrgica en enfermedad de Crohn y el empleo en terapia combinada junto con biológicos. El 30-40% de pacientes no responderá al tratamiento y un 10-20% no tolerará el tratamiento por efectos adversos. Antes de iniciarlas, se recomienda evaluar el estado de inmunización frente a ciertas infecciones; la determinación previa de la actividad de la tiopurina·metiltransferasa (TPMT) no es imprescindible, pero permite mayor seguridad inicial. La dosis adecuada es de 2,5mg/kg/día para azatioprina y de 1,5mg/kg/día para mercaptopurina. Algunos efectos adversos son idiosincrásicos (intolerancia digestiva, pancreatitis, fiebre, artromialgias, exantema y algunos casos de hepatotoxicidad). Otros son dosis-dependientes (mielotoxicidad y otros tipos de hepatotoxicidad) y su vigilancia debe mantenerse mientras dure el tratamiento. Si son ineficaces o aparecen efectos adversos, puede recurrirse al cambio de tiopurina, la reducción de dosis, combinar dosis bajas de azatioprina con alopurinol y determinar metabolitos antes de descartar su uso. Los tumores de piel distintos al melanoma, los linfomas y los tumores del tracto urinario se han relacionado con su administración. Las tiopurinas son fármacos seguros en la concepción, gestación y lactancia (AU)

Thiopurines (azathioprine and mercaptopurine) are widely used in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In this paper, we review the main indications for their use, as well as practical aspects on efficacy, safety and method of administration. They are mainly used to maintain remission in steroid-dependent disease or with ciclosporin to control a severe ulcerative colitis flare-up, as well as to prevent postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence, and also in combination therapy with biologics. About 30-40% of patients will not respond to treatment and 10-20% will not tolerate it due to adverse effects. Before they are prescribed, immunisation status against certain infections should be checked. Determination of thiopurine methyltransferase activity (TPMT) is not mandatory but it increases initial safety. The appropriate dose is 2.5mg/kg/day for azathioprine and 1.5mg/kg/day for mercaptopurine. Some adverse effects are idiosyncratic (digestive intolerance, pancreatitis, fever, arthromyalgia, rash and some forms of hepatotoxicity). Others are dose-dependent (myelotoxicity and other types of hepatotoxicity), and their surveillance should never be interrupted during treatment. If therapy fails or adverse effects develop, management can include switching from one thiopurine to the other, reducing the dose, combining low doses of azathioprine with allopurinol and assessing metabolites, before their use is ruled out. Non-melanoma skin cancer, lymphomas and urinary tract tumours have been linked to thiopurine therapy. Thiopurine use is safe during conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding (AU)

Implantación y evaluación de una prestación de gastroscopia precoz para pacientes con dispepsia y datos de alarma en Atención Primaria / Implementation and evaluation of early gastroscopy for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs in Primary Care

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dispepsia es un trastorno frecuente tanto en Atención Primaria (AP) como Especializada (AE). Se recomienda realizar una gastroscopia al inicio del estudio si existen datos de alarma, aunque su accesibilidad desde AP es variable. Objetivos y métodos: Desarrollamos un proyecto piloto estableciendo una agenda de gastroscopia precoz para pacientes con dispepsia y datos de alarma en AP, ampliándolo posteriormente a toda el área sanitaria. El objetivo fue evaluar los requerimientos, el impacto y la valoración desde AP de esta prestación. Recogimos variables demográficas, sintomáticas y endoscópicas de los pacientes remitidos y las derivaciones a AE desde el centro piloto. Se realizó una encuesta de satisfacción entre los facultativos de AP. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron el proyecto piloto, de un año de duración, y el primer año de implantación de la agenda, con un total de 355 pacientes (edad mediana 56,4 años; RIQ 45,5-64,3). El 61,2% (56,1-66,3%) eran mujeres. La demora hasta la exploración fue de 1,5 semanas (RIQ 1,5-2,5). El 82,7% (78,4-86,3%) de las gastroscopias fueron indicadas correctamente. La mediana mensual de solicitudes fue de 1,1 por cada 10.000 adultos (rango 0,8-1,6). Las derivaciones mensuales a consultas de AE desde el centro piloto disminuyeron en 11 sujetos (IC 95% 5,9-16), respecto a la mediana previa de 58 (RIQ 48-64,5). El 98,4% de los encuestados consideraron la agenda útil en su práctica habitual. CONCLUSIONES: La disponibilidad de una agenda de gastroscopia precoz en AP para pacientes con dispepsia y datos de alarma disminuye el número de derivaciones a AEM

INTRODUCTION: Dyspepsia is a common disorder in both Primary (PC) and Specialised Care (SC). Gastroscopy is recommended at the start of the study if there are warning signs, although it is not always available in PC. Objectives and methods: We developed a pilot project establishing an early gastroscopy programme for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs in PC, subsequently extending it to the entire healthcare area. The aim was to evaluate the requirements, impact and opinion of this service at the PC level. Demographic, symptomatic and endoscopic variables on the patients referred to SC from the pilot centre were recorded. A satisfaction survey was conducted among the PC physicians. RESULTS: The one-year pilot study and the first year of implementation of the programme were evaluated. A total of 355 patients were included (median age 56.4 years; IQR 45.5-64.3); 61.2% (56.1-66.3%) were women. The waiting time for examination was 1.5 weeks (IQR 1.5-2.5). Gastroscopy was correctly indicated in 82.7% (78.4-86.3%) of patients. The median number of requests per month was 1.1 per 10,000 adults (range 0.8-1.6). Monthly referrals to SC clinics from the pilot centre fell by 11 subjects (95% CI 5.9-16) with respect to the previous median of 58 (IQR 48-64.5). Almost all those polled (98.4%) considered the programme useful in routine practice. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of an early gastroscopy programme in PC for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs reduced the number of referrals to SC

What is the real-life maintenance mesalazine dose in ulcerative colitis?

Objective: To describe how mesalazine (MSZ) is used in our practice in ulcerative colitis (UC), at what dose, and the success rate (regarding adherence to therapy). Methods: Observational, transversal study, including all patients with UC and with MSZ maintenance therapy seen from September 2014 to February 2015 at two IBD units in Spain. Treatment adherence was measured by the Morisky-Green scale. Results: We included 203 patients (mean MSZ dose: 2.6 ± 1.0 g/d; median of treatment: 19.5 months [IQR: 8-48]). Doses < 2 g/d were used in 15.3% of cases, 2-2.9 g/d doses in 35.0%, 3-3.9 doses in 29.5%, and ≥ 4 g/d doses in the remaining 20.2%. A single daily dose was preferred in 51.2% of cases, two doses in 33.0% and three doses in 15.8%. A different MSZ brand had been previously used in 36.6% of patients. In 134 cases (66%), the maintenance dose had been increased during a flare-up, and in 49 (36.6% of cases) this higher dose had been kept for maintenance (dose ≥ 4 g/d in 36 patients). During the MSZ therapy, 14 patients (6.9%) suffered mild side effects (21.4% altered liver function tests). Therapy adherence was good in 81.8% of cases. Conclusions: Half of our UC patients take high MSZ doses (≥ 3 g/d) as maintenance therapy, with acceptable safety and good adherence. Half of all patients take a single daily dose, and one third needed a different commercial brand during therapy. Opting for a higher MSZ maintenance dose is a possible strategy for a satisfactory maintenance therapy (AU)

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Mercaptopurine and inflammatory bowel disease: the other thiopurine

Background: Data about use and effectiveness of mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease are relatively limited. Aims: To assess the possible therapeutic indications, efficacy and safety of mercaptopurine as an alternative to azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Retrospective observational study in patients treated with mercaptopurine in a total cohort of 1,574 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Results: One hundred and fifty-two patients received mercaptopurine, 15.7% of these patients as an initial thiopurine, 5.3% after azathioprine failure, and 79% after azathioprine intolerance. In 52.6% of patients (n = 80), adverse effects of mercaptopurine occurred, resulting in withdrawal in 49 of them. Mercaptopurine was effective in 39% of cases (95% CI 31-48%). In the remaining patients, failure was due mainly to withdrawal due to side effects (55.1%) and therapeutic step-up (33.7%). The average total time of mercaptopurine exposure was 36 months (IQR: 2-60). Myelotoxicitywith mercaptopurine was more common in patients with intermediate TPMT activity than in those with normal activity (p = 0.046). Conclusions: In our setting, mercaptopurine is primarily used as a rescue therapy in patients with azathioprine adverse effects. This could explain its modest efficacy and the high rate of adverse effects. However, this drug is still an alternative in this group of patients, before a therapeutic step-up to biologics is considered (AU)

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Fármacos biológicos en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: indicación y cuidados / No disponible

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Pancreatitis aguda y lesiones ocupantes de espacio hepáticas en paciente trasplantado de médula ósea por mieloma múltiple / Acute pancreatitis and space-occupying hepatic lesions in a patient with bone marrow transplant due to multiple myeloma

Los pacientes con mieloma múltiple (MM) no tienen mayor incidencia de pancreatitis aguda ni diferente etiología de ésta que la población general. Sin embargo, pueden presentar pancreatitis aguda, o hiperamilasemia o hiperlipasemia aisladas, por causas que son poco habituales sin la presencia de la enfermedad hematológica. En los pacientes con MM, la afectación hepática aparece en el 30 al 50% de los casos. Fundamentalmente se produce como infiltración difusa de predominio sinusoidal, y la aparición en forma de nódulos es menos frecuente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente que recibió un trasplante de médula ósea por MM y que presentó un cuadro compatible clínica y analíticamente con pancreatitis aguda de etiología no filiada, durante el que se identificó la presencia de múltiples lesiones hepáticas ocupantes de espacio que se diagnosticaron mediante biopsia como recidiva extramedular de mieloma (AU)

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) do not have a higher incidence of acute pancreatitis or pancreatitis of other etiologies than the general population. However, these patients may develop acute pancreatitis, or hyperamylasemia or isolated hyperlipasemia, due to etiologies that are highly infrequent in the absence of hematological disease. Liver involvement is found in 30 50% of patients with MM and mainly manifests as diffuse sinusoidal infiltration and less frequently in the form of nodules. We report the case of a patient who underwent bone marrow transplantation due to MM who showed clinical and laboratory findings compatible with acute pancreatitis of unknown origin, during which the presence of multiple space-occupying hepatic lesions was identified. Based on the results of biopsy, a diagnosis of extramedullary recurrence of MM was established (AU)

Tratamiento endoscópico de fístulas gastrointestinales con un pegamento biológico tisular / Endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas with biological fibrin glue

Objetivo: En este estudio resumimos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento endoscópico de las fístulas gastrointestinales con pegamento de fibrina. Pacientes y método: Revisamos retrospectivamente la evolución de 30 pacientes con fístulas (9 internas y 21 externas) resistentes al tratamiento estándar conservador al menos durante 10 días. Una vez la fístula era localizada endoscopicamente, se inyectaban de 4 a 8 ml de Tissucol® 2,0 a 37 °C por un catéter Duplocath®. Resultados: La edad media fue de 59 años (32-87) con un 63% de varones. El 21,9% de los pacientes tuvieron fístulas de alto débito. Se pudo localizar todos los orificios fistulosos, muy próximos a las anastomosis quirúrgicas. El tiempo para conseguir el cierre de los orificios fistulosos fue de 17 (4-90) días, con 2,8 (1-5) sesiones por paciente, pero sólo 2,3 en los pacientes en quienes el sellado fue un éxito. La cicatrización completa se obtuvo en el 75% (el 80% en fístulas de bajo débito, el 25% en las de alto débito y el 55,5% en las fístulas internas). La frecuencia de recurrencia fue del 3,3%. No hubo complicaciones en relación con el sellado. La mortalidad global fue del 10%, pero sólo el 6,6% se relacionó con mantener abierta la fístula. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico de las fístulas con Tissucol® tiene una alta tasa de éxitos sin complicaciones y contribuye a acelerar el proceso de cicatrización de las fístulas, lo que disminuye los costes, particularmente en las fístulas enterocutáneas de bajo débito

Objective: We summarize our experience of endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas with fibrin glue. Patients and method: We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 30 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas (9 internal and 21 external) refractory to standard conservative treatment for at least 10 days. Once the fistula was endoscopically located, 4 to 8 ml of reconstituted fibrin glue (Tissucol® 2.0) at 37 ºC was injected through a Duplocath® catheter on a weekly basis. Results: The mean age was 59 years (32-87) and 63% were men. A total of 21.9% of the patients had high output fistulas. We were able to find all fistular orifices what were located close to the surgical anastomosis. Healing time was 17 days (4-90); 2.8 sessions were required per patient (1-5) but only 2.3 sessions were required in responders. Complete sealing of fistulas was achieved in 75%; (80% in low-output, 25% in high-output and 55.5% in internal fistulas). The frequency of fistula recurrence was 3.3%. No complications related to the sealing procedure were found. Overall mortality was 10%, but only 6.6% was related to persistence of the fistula. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of fistulas with biological glue has a high success rate in sealing without complications, helping to speed up the healing process and reduce costs, particularly in low-output enterocutaneous fistulas

Tratamiento endoscópico de fístulas gastrointestinales con un pegamento biológico tisular / Endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas with biological fibrin glue

Objetivo: En este estudio resumimos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento endoscópico de las fístulas gastrointestinales con pegamento de fibrina. Pacientes y método: Revisamos retrospectivamente la evolución de 30 pacientes con fístulas (9 internas y 21 externas) resistentes al tratamiento estándar conservador al menos durante 10 días. Una vez la fístula era localizada endoscopicamente, se inyectaban de 4 a 8 ml de Tissucol® 2,0 a 37 °C por un catéter Duplocath®. Resultados: La edad media fue de 59 años (32-87) con un 63% de varones. El 21,9% de los pacientes tuvieron fístulas de alto débito. Se pudo localizar todos los orificios fistulosos, muy próximos a las anastomosis quirúrgicas. El tiempo para conseguir el cierre de los orificios fistulosos fue de 17 (4-90) días, con 2,8 (1-5) sesiones por paciente, pero sólo 2,3 en los pacientes en quienes el sellado fue un éxito. La cicatrización completa se obtuvo en el 75% (el 80% en fístulas de bajo débito, el 25% en las de alto débito y el 55,5% en las fístulas internas). La frecuencia de recurrencia fue del 3,3%. No hubo complicaciones en relación con el sellado. La mortalidad global fue del 10%, pero sólo el 6,6% se relacionó con mantener abierta la fístula. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico de las fístulas con Tissucol® tiene una alta tasa de éxitos sin complicaciones y contribuye a acelerar el proceso de cicatrización de las fístulas, lo que disminuye los costes, particularmente en las fístulas enterocutáneas de bajo débito

Objective: We summarize our experience of endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas with fibrin glue. Patients and method: We retrospectively reviewed the outcome of 30 patients with gastrointestinal fistulas (9 internal and 21 external) refractory to standard conservative treatment for at least 10 days. Once the fistula was endoscopically located, 4 to 8 ml of reconstituted fibrin glue (Tissucol® 2.0) at 37 ºC was injected through a Duplocath® catheter on a weekly basis. Results: The mean age was 59 years (32-87) and 63% were men. A total of 21.9% of the patients had high output fistulas. We were able to find all fistular orifices what were located close to the surgical anastomosis. Healing time was 17 days (4-90); 2.8 sessions were required per patient (1-5) but only 2.3 sessions were required in responders. Complete sealing of fistulas was achieved in 75%; (80% in low-output, 25% in high-output and 55.5% in internal fistulas). The frequency of fistula recurrence was 3.3%. No complications related to the sealing procedure were found. Overall mortality was 10%, but only 6.6% was related to persistence of the fistula. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of fistulas with biological glue has a high success rate in sealing without complications, helping to speed up the healing process and reduce costs, particularly in low-output enterocutaneous fistulas