Algoritmo de Emergencias Médicas de Chiapas para pacientes en estado de choque / Medical emergencies of Chiapas algorithm for patients in shock disease / Algoritmo de Emergências Médicas de Chiapas para pacientes em estado de choque

Resumen El abordaje sobre la mejor estrategia para diagnosticar y manejar pacientes en estado de choque (EC) de forma rápida y eficiente es dinámico, depende de las características propias del paciente, de la tecnología disponible y la evidencia científica siempre en evolución; todo esto lleva a que exista considerable variación en la práctica diaria. El objetivo de esta propuesta es dar a conocer un algoritmo basado en criterios clínicos, optimizando las herramientas disponibles y logrando un proceso diagnóstico sencillo y rápido con el principal objetivo de ser útil para el manejo del paciente.

Abstract The approach on the best strategy to diagnose and manage patients in shock disease (CD) quickly and efficiently is dynamic, it depends on the characteristics of the patient, the available technology, the scientific evidence always in evolution; All of this leads to considerable variation in daily practice. The objective of this proposal is to present an algorithm based on clinical criteria and optimizing the available tools, achieving a simple, fast diagnostic process with the main objective of being useful to the patient.

Resumo A abordagem sobre a melhor estratégia para diagnosticar e manejar pacientes em choque (PC) de forma rápida e eficiente é dinâmica, depende das características do paciente, da tecnologia disponível, das evidências científicas sempre em evolução; tudo isso leva a uma variação considerável na prática diária. O objetivo desta proposta é apresentar um algoritmo baseado em critérios clínicos e otimizando as ferramentas disponíveis, alcançando um processo diagnóstico simples e rápido com o objetivo principal de ser útil para o manejo do paciente.

Risk Prediction of Death in Inpatient Adults With COVID-19 from Mexico.

Background: There is substantial variation in COVID-19 lethality across countries. In addition, in countries with populations with extreme economic inequalities, such as Mexico, there are regional and local differences in risk factors for COVID-19 death. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the risk of death in Mexican COVID-19 patients was associated with the time between symptom onset and hospitalization and/or with the healthcare site. Also, death prognostic models were developed. Methods: The study included two COVID-19 inpatient cohorts, one prospective and one retrospective from Chiapas, Mexico. Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were collected, and the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed using RT-qPCR in samples collected seven days since symptom onset. The 30-day mortality, since symptom onset, was the outcome, and clinical variables at the first 48 hours of hospitalization were independent factors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results: Of the 392 patients included, 233 died (59.4%). The time between symptom onset and hospitalization, the healthcare site and sex were not related to the 30-day mortality. Three death prognostic models were developed (AUC between 0.726 and 0.807). Age, LDH, AST, and lymphocyte count were included in all models, OSI-WHO Classification (Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen, and mechanical ventilation with or without organ support/ECMO) and leukocyte count in two models, and diabetes and diarrhea in one model. Conclusion: The population evaluated had underlying deteriorated health before COVID-19 compared with regional and country population. The factors that determine the COVID-19 mortality risk in a relatively healthy population are sex, age and comorbidities. However, as this study shows, when populations have underlying poor health, some of these factors lose their associations with mortality risk, and others become more important.

Public-private relation in the Brazilian policy of tertiary care for cardiovascular conditions / Relación público-privada en la política brasileña de atención cardiovascular de alta complejidad / Relação público-privada na política brasileira de atenção cardiovascular de alta complexidade

Abstract Specialized health care in Brazil has been provided by the private sector under public regulation and financing since the 1950s. It continued after the promulgation of the 1988 Federal Constitution, which also created the Unified Health System (SUS). In the last decades, the share of the private sector has increased in tertiary care, including cardiovascular services, generating changes in SUS. This study analyzes the public-private relationship in the National Tertiary Care Policy for Cardiovascular Conditions from 2008 to 2014. The results indicate that, compared to the public sector, the private sector has a greater share in both tertiary care for cardiovascular conditions and receivables for providing health services. This points to a contradiction in the management of the health system in Brazil, which, albeit public, all-population-oriented, and free in its conception, has privileged the private sector.

Resumen La salud especializada en Brasil es ofrecida por el sector privado bajo regulación y financiamiento públicos desde la década de 1950, y se mantuvo después de la promulgación de la Constitución Federal de 1988, cuando se creó el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En las últimas décadas, la participación del sector privado aumentó en la atención terciaria, incluso en los servicios cardiovasculares, generando cambios en el SUS. Este estudio analiza la relación público-privada en la Política Nacional de Atención Cardiovascular de Alta Complejidad de 2008 a 2014. Los resultados indican que, en comparación con el sector público, el sector privado tiene una mayor participación tanto en la atención terciaria para condiciones cardiovasculares como en la recepción de recursos para prestación de servicios de salud. Esto indica una contradicción en la gestión del sistema de salud en Brasil, pues, a pesar de ser público, universal y libre en su concepción, privilegia al sector privado.

Resumo A saúde especializada no Brasil é oferecida pelo setor privado sob regulamentação e financiamento públicos desde a década de 1950, mantendo-se após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, quando foi criado o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Nas últimas décadas a participação do setor privado aumentou no atendimento terciário, inclusive nos serviços cardiovasculares, gerando mudanças no SUS. Este estudo analisa a relação público-privada na Política Nacional de Atenção Cardiovascular de Alta Complexidade de 2008 a 2014. Os resultados indicam que, comparativamente ao setor público, o setor privado responde por uma maior participação tanto no atendimento terciário para condições cardiovasculares quanto no recebimento de recursos para o fornecimento de serviços de saúde. Isso aponta para uma contradição na gestão do sistema de saúde no Brasil, que, apesar de público, universal e livre, tem privilegiado o setor privado.

Epidemiological characterization of ophidian accidents in a Colombian tertiary referral hospital. Retrospective study 2004-2014 / Caracterización epidemiológica de accidentes ofídicos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. Estudio retrospectivo 2004-2014

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, there are 5 000 cases of ophidism per year. This is a public health issue that causes mortality in 8% of cases and disability in 10% due to inadequate clinical attention. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with ophidic accident in a tertiary hospital in Colombia. Materials and methods: A review of clinical charts that included a diagnosis of ophidism during the 2004-2014 period was made at Hospital Universitario de La Samaritana Empresa Social del Estado. The frequency of the variables associated with snake bites, previous treatment and in-hospital management was analyzed. Results: 42 medical charts were reviewed. Ophidism predominated in male farmers, who presented with bites in the lower limbs and were initially treated by medicine men/women. 90% of patients developed superinfections, 30% wound culture, 74% received antibiotics, 50% underwent fasciotomy and 95.2% were given antivenin. Conclusions: Significant variability in the management of patients, discrepancy in antivenin dose and in classification of poisoning severity were observed throughout the study, as well as a high incidence of infections despite antibiotic schemes and surgical procedures. Medical management of ophidic accidents must be continuously updated to reduce disability and mortality in patients.

Resumen Introducción. En Colombia se presentan 5 000 casos de ofidismo anuales, un problema de salud pública que por manejo inadecuado provoca mortalidad en el 8% de los casos y discapacidad en el 10%. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicoepidemiológicas de los pacientes diagnosticados con accidente ofídico en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de las historias clínicas con diagnóstico de ofidismo del Hospital Universitario De La Samaritana Empresa Social del Estado, en el período 2004-2014, analizando la frecuencia en las variables asociadas a la mordedura de serpiente, el tratamiento previo y el manejo intrahospitalario. Resultados. Se revisaron 42 historias clínicas. Predominó el ofidismo en hombres agricultores, con mordedura en miembros inferiores y asistidos inicialmente por curanderos. 90% de los pacientes presentó sobreinfección, 30% tuvo cultivo de la herida, 74% recibió antibiótico, al 50% se les realizó fasciotomía y al 95.2% se le suministró antiveneno. Conclusiones. Se evidenció variabilidad en el manejo de los pacientes y discrepancia en la dosis de antiveneno y la clasificación de severidad del envenenamiento, alta incidencia de infecciones a pesar del esquema antibiótico y procedimientos quirúrgicos reevaluados en ofidismo. El manejo médico del accidente ofídico debe estar en continua actualización para disminuir discapacidad y mortalidad en los pacientes.

[Key recommendations of the clinical guidelines of arterial hypertension in primary care]. / Recomendaciones de la guía de práctica clínica de hipertensión arterial en el primer nivel de atención.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension ranks first medical care in first level units. It is estimated that half of the patients with hypertension are uncontrolled. The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations to guide diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension in primary care, which have been considered key to the process of care, in order to help health professionals in the clinical decision-making. METHODS: The guide is integrated with recommendations of international guidelines and evidence of published studies indicated the changes regarding the management and treatment of hypertension, as well as differences between the target populations of the guide. Searching for information it is performed by means of a standardized sequence in PubMed and Cochrane Library Plus, from the questions asked. The key recommendations were chosen by a consensus of a group of professionals and health managers. CONCLUSIONS: The key recommendations evidence-based standardized help you make decisions about prevention, diagnosis and treatment in patients with hypertension, and will contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk, promote changes in lifestyle, control the disease and reduce complications.

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial (HA) ocupa el primer lugar de atención en unidades médicas de primer nivel. La mitad de los pacientes con HA no están controlados. El objetivo de este documento es proporcionar las recomendaciones de la guía de diagnóstico y tratamiento de HA en el primer nivel de atención que han sido consideradas clave para el proceso de atención, con el fin de ayudar a los profesionales de la salud, en la toma de decisiones clínicas. Métodos: la guía se integró con recomendaciones de guías internacionales y evidencias de estudios publicados que señalaron los cambios ocurridos en el abordaje y tratamiento de la HA, así como las diferencias entre los grupos poblacionales blanco de la guía. La búsqueda de información se realizó por medio de una secuencia estandarizada en Pubmed y Cochrane Library Plus. Las recomendaciones clave se eligieron por consenso de un grupo de profesionales y gestores de la salud. Conclusiones: las recomendaciones clave, basadas en evidencias, ayudarán a tomar decisiones estandarizadas sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento en pacientes con HA, y coadyuvarán a disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular, impulsar cambios en el estilo de vida, controlar la enfermedad y reducir las complicaciones.

Pleomorphic adenoma in the oral mucosa of a young adult: a case report

Introduction: The pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign neoplasia in salivary glands, affecting most commonly the parotid gland of females between the 4th and 6th decades of life. PA can less commonly affect the minor salivary glands; in these cases the main site of attack is the palate. Objective: This study aims are twofold: to report a clinical case of PA involving minor salivary glands in the oral mucosa, treated conservatively; and to emphasize the importance of pathologic examination in defining the correct diagnosis. Case report: A 22 year-old melanoderm male patient sought emergency room due to asymptomatic swelling in the right side of the face. After comprehensive clinical examination, it was decided to perform an incisional biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and further treatment. After confirming the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma, we opted for enucleation of the lesion to avoid possible complications such as scar retraction and salivary fistula. Conclusion: It is very important that the dentist early diagnoses the neoplasia to perform more conservative treatments and achieve a better prognosis for the patient, always following-up the case for a period from five to ten years to ensure the non-recurrence of this neoplasia.

Performance analysis: a study using data envelopment analysis in 26 Brazilian hospitals.

This article describes a proposal for analyzing the performance of public Brazilian hospitals using financial and non-financial rates (i.e., operational rates), and thereby highlights the effectiveness (or otherwise) of the financial management of organizations in this study. A total of 72 hospitals in the Brazilian Unified Health Care System (in Portuguese, Sistema Unico de Saúde-SUS), were selected for accessibility and completeness of their data. Twenty-six organizations were used for the study sample, consisting of entities that had publicly disclosed financial statements for the period from 2008 (in particular, via the Internet) and whose operational data could be found in the SUS database. Our proposal, based on models using the method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), was the construction of six initial models that were later compiled into a standard model. The relations between the rates that comprised the models were based on the variables and the notes of: Schuhmann, McCue and Nayar, Barnum and Kutzin, Younis, Younies, and Okojie, Marinho, Moreno, and Cavalini, and Ersoy, Kavuncubasi, Ozcan, and Harris II. We put forward an enhanced grant proposal applicable to Brazil aiming to (i) confirm or refute the rates that show the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of financial management of national hospitals; and (ii) determine the best performances, which could be used as a reference for future studies. Obtained results: (i) for all financial indicators considered, only one showed no significance in all models; and (ii) for operational indicators, the results were not relevant when the number of occupied beds was considered. Though the analysis was related to only services provided by SUS, we conclude that our study has great potential for analyzing the financial management performance of Brazilian hospitals in general, for the following reasons: (i) it shows the relationship of financial and operational rates that can be used to analyze the performance of these organizations; and (ii) it introduces ranges of these values that can be used as standard for the analysis of Brazilian hospitals.

PRODUCCIÓN DE MATRICES DE QUITOSANO EXTRAÍDO DE CRUSTÁCEOS / PRODUCTION OF SCAFFOLDS USING CHITOSAN EXTRACTED FROM CRUSTACEANS

El quitosano está presente en el caparazón de los crustáceos, y desde hace algún tiempo ha sido utilizado en el campo de la medicina y la ingeniería de tejidos para la fabricación de matrices de crecimiento celular. En este estudio se extrajo quitosano de caparazón de crustáceos y se propuso un método sencillo para fabricar matrices con microestructura controlada. Las matrices fueron preparadas por congelación y liofilización de soluciones de quitosano y luego fueron caracterizadas por microscopía electrónica de barrido. La difracción de rayos X del quitosano extraído mostró un espectro acorde con una fuente comercial del material, evidenciando la efectividad del protocolo de extracción. La microscopía mostró poros ovalados y circulares distribuidos en todo el volumen de las muestras, con diámetros de poros entre 100 µm y 150 µm. Lo anterior demuestra que el método de producción propuesto proporciona un punto de partida para la fabricación de matrices de crecimiento celular.

Chitosan is present in crustacean shells and it has been used in the fields of medicine and tissue engineering for the construction of scaffolds that support cell growth. In this study, chitosan was extracted from crustacean shells and processed into scaffolds with controlled microstructure using a simple processing method presented herein. The scaffolds were prepared by freezing and lyophilization of chitosan solutions and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed a chitosan with an X-ray diffraction spectrum similar to that of a commercial chitosan, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the extraction protocol. Microscopy showed oval and circular pores distributed on the bulk sample, with pore diameters between 100 µm and 150 µm. This shows that the proposed fabrication method provides a starting point for the construction of porous scaffolds that may support cell growth.

Prevalência de obesidade e fatores associados em mulheres idosas / Prevalence of obesity and associated factors in elderly women

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de obesidade em mulheres idosas e sua associação com variáveis sócio-demográficas, bioquímicas e hipertensão arterial. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Mediante estudo de corte seccional, 188 pacientes ambulatoriais, mulheres, com idade entre 60 e 89 anos foram avaliadas, sendo a obesidade definida a partir do IMC > 30Kg/m2 (WHO, 1998). As variáveis investigadas foram idade, escolaridade, situação conjugal, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta e baixa densidade colesterol, triglicerídeos e presença de hipertensão arterial. Para análise dos dados foram empregados o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Teste Exato de Fisher, Análise Multivariada por Regressão Logística, estimando-se as probabilidades de ocorrência de obesidade. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÕES: Entre as mulheres idosas, 25,6 por cento eram obesas. A obesidade esteve concentrada nos intervalos etários de 60 a 69 e 70 a 79 anos e associada positivamente (p= 0,050) à glicemia de jejum > 126mg/dL, com um risco maior (Odds= 1,76) para as idosas diabéticas, em relação às não-diabéticas. A maior probabilidade de ocorrência de obesidade, em torno de 18 por cento, foi observada nas mulheres com menos de 70 anos, triglicerídeos > 200mg/dL, diabéticas e hipertensas, destacando a importância da morbidade associada.

[Prevalence of obesity and associated factors in elderly women]. / Prevalência de obesidade e fatores associados em mulheres idosas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of obesity in elderly women and its association with socio-demographic, biochemical and hypertension variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: By means of a cross sectional study, 188 outpatient women, 60 to 89 years-old were assessed. Obesity was defined by a BMI > 30 Kg/m2 (WHO, 1998). The parameters examined were age, education, marital status, fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, high and low density cholesterol lipoproteins, triglycerides and presence or absence of blood hypertension. Data analysis was performed by Pearson's Chi-square or Exact Test of Fisher and Multivariate Analysis of Logistic Regression, estimating the probability of obesity. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly women, 25.6% were obese. Obesity was present in the age ranges of 60 to 69 and 70 to 79 years, and positively associated (p = 0.050) to fasting glycemia > or = 126 mg/dL, with increased risk (Odds = 1.76) for elder diabetic, compared to non-diabetics women. The highest probability for obesity, around 18%, was observed in women younger than 70 years-old, triglycerides > or = 200 mg/dL, diabetic and hypertensive, emphasizing the role of associated morbidity.