ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BIDIMENSIONAL MODE, M-MODE, AND DOPPLER OF CLINICALLY NORMAL BLACK-RUMPED AGOUTI (DASYPROCTA PRYMNOLOPHA, WAGLER 1831).

The black-rumped agouti ( Dasyprocta prymnolopha , Wagler 1831) is currently under intense ecologic pressure, which has resulted in its disappearance from some regions of Brazil. Echocardiography is widely used in veterinary medicine but it is not yet part of the clinical routine for wild animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of the echocardiographic exam in nonanesthetized agouti and to establish normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in bidimensional mode (2D), M-mode, and Doppler for this species, and a lead II electrocardiogram was simultaneously recorded. Twenty agouti were used in this study. All the echocardiographic measurements were positively correlated with weight (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between sexes (P > 0.05). Blood flow velocities in the pulmonary and aortic artery ranged from 67.32-71.28 cm/sec and 79.22-101.84 cm/sec, respectively. The isovolumic relaxation time was assessed in all the animals and ranged from 38.5 to 56.6 ms. The maximum value for the nonfused E and A waves and the Et and At waves was 158 beats/min for both. The results obtained for the morphologic and heart hemodynamic measurements can guide future studies and help in the clinical management of these animals in captivity.

Comparative B-mode and Doppler renal ultrasonography with histopathological findings in dogs positive for canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Morphological parameters and renal flow were assessed and measured in six clinically healthy dogs with negative serological and parasitological examinations for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and six dogs with CVL-positive serological and parasitological tests and asymptomatic condition of the disease. Kidney length and diameter were measured and compared with the aorta/kidney ratio. Alterations in flow were measured using the flow velocity (cm/s) and resistance index (RI). Renal function was assessed by serum biochemical examination (urea, creatine, total proteins, albumin, and globulin) and urinalysis. CVL-positive animals presented heterogeneous kidney echotexture, reduced vascular flow, hypoperfusion, lesser visualization of the arcuate arteries, high RI values (1.06 ± 0.28 for the right kidney and 1.10 ± 0.30 for the left kidney), reduced diastolic flow, and high systolic peak. They also presented positive creatine/RI correlation and between the renal artery vascular flow and kidney diameter. Histopathological analysis of CVL-positive animals was compatible and confirmed hemodynamic changes observed by Doppler ultrasound. The findings in the present study showed that Doppler ultrasonography is a valid method to assess and detect alterations in flow in renal pathological processes with kidney vascular damage, as in the case of leishmaniasis, and can help in the diagnosis of animals with this infection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:637-645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CARDIOTHORACIC RATIO AND VERTEBRAL HEART SCALE IN CLINICALLY NORMAL BLACK-RUMPED AGOUTIS (DASYPROCTA PRYMNOLOPHA, WAGLER 1831).

Wild rodents, such as the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), guinea pig (Cavia aperea), and black-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) are intensely hunted throughout Amazonia and at the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. To contribute to the preservation of these species, more information about their anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology is needed. The aim of this study was to standardize the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) in clinically normal black-rumped agouti, as well as to compare the results of these two methods, which are commonly used to evaluate the cardiac silhouette in domestic animals. Twelve healthy black-rumped agoutis, divided into two groups (six males and six females), obtained from the Nucleus for Wild Animal Studies and Conservation at the Federal University of Piauí, were radiographed in right and left lateral and dorsoventral projections. The values of the VHS were 8.00±0.31v (the number of thoracic vertebral length spanned by each dimension, starting at T4) for males and 8.11±0.41v for females, and there was no statistical difference between the decubitus (right and left) or between males and females (P>0.05). The CTR mean values obtained were 0.51±0.03 for males, and 0.52±0.02 for females, and there was no statistical difference between the genders (P>0.05). However, there was positive correlation between VHS and CTR (r=0.77 right decubitus and r=0.82 left decubitus). The thoracic and heart diameter had mean values of 6.72±0.61 and 3.48±0.30 cm (males), and for the females, it was 6.61±0.51 and 3.5±0.30 cm, respectively, and there was statistical difference between the genders. The results demonstrated high correlation between the VHS and CTR producing similar results, indicating similar clinical precision for assessing the size of the cardiac silhouette in the black-rumped agoutis.

Electrocardiogram assessment in non-anaesthetized clinically healthy agouti (Dasyprocta primnolopha, Wagler 1831) / Avaliação do eletrocardiograma em cutias (Dasyprocta primnolopha, Wagler 1831) não-anestesiadas clinicamente saudáveis

The agouti is one of the most intensely hunted species throughout the Amazon and the semiarid regions of north-eastern Brazil. Considering the current tendency of wild animal management in captivity, the objective of this study was to determine heart reference values for agouti raised in captivity, based on electrocardiographic assessments (ECG). Adult agouti were selected without clinical signs of heart disease (n=30). The animals were restrained physically and then the ECG was performed. Standardized measurements were taken to establish the statistical analysis of the data. Analysis of the QRS complex showed values compatible with previous reports in peer animals and the limited data available for other wild and exotic species, except for the T wave that showed similar amplitude to the R wave in all the animals studied. The data obtained provided the first reference values for ECG tracings in agouti, contributing to a better understanding of heart electrophysiology in identifying myocardial pathology in these animals.

A cutia é uma das espécies mais intensamente caçados em toda a Amazônia e as regiões semi-áridas do nordeste do Brasil. Considerando-se a tendência atual no manejo de animais silvestres em cativeiro, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os valores de referência para o coração cutia criadas em cativeiro, com base em avaliações do eletrocardiograma (ECG). Foram selecionadas cutias adultas e sem sinais clínicos de doença cardíaca (n=30). Os animais foram contidos fisicamente e, em seguida, o ECG foi realizado. Medições padronizadas foram tomadas para estabelecer a análise estatística dos dados. Análise do complexo QRS apresentou valores compatíveis com os relatórios pregressos em animais animais de companhia, assim como para os poucos dados disponíveis para outras espécies selvagens e exóticas, com exceção da onda T, que mostrou amplitude semelhante à onda R em todos os animais estudados. Os dados obtidos permitiram a aquisição dos primeiros valores de referência para os traçados de ECG em cutias, contribuindo para uma melhor compreensão eletrofisiologia cardíaca, na identificação de miocardiopatia nesses animais.

Anatomia dos tendões e ligamentos da região distal dos membros torácicos de asininos (Equus asinus) utilizados como veículo de tração animal e suas relações com a anatomia do eqüino doméstico / Tendon and ligament anatomy of the distal forelimb region in donkey (Equus asinus) used to traction role and relations with the domestic equine anatomy

A espécie asinina (E. asinus), desenvolve um papel fundamental na região Nordeste do Brasil, influenciando diretamente na renda familiar e conseqüentemente na economia local. Tendo em vista o grande número de afecções locomotoras e a falta de cuidados a que estão submetidos, realizou-se um estudo anatômico da região distal de seus membros torácicos, buscando-se subsídios à prática clínica e cirúrgica dedicada a esses animais, bem como a compreensão de sua maior resistência em apresentar sintomatologia frente a lesões locomotoras, quando comparado ao eqüino. A avaliação anatômica revelou características musculares semelhantes às já descritas para eqüinos. Os tendões e ligamentos desses animais apresentaram características particulares, mostrando suas origens e inserções, muitas vezes diferenciados do observado em eqüinos, emitindo projeções tendíneas que permitem uma melhor inserção articular e maior estabilidade do aparelho suspensório, garantindo mais segurança de movimentos durante as atividades físicas

The asinine species play an essential role in the northeast region of Brazil in the income of the local families and consequently in the local economy. Due to a large number of locomotor disorders and a lack of professional care, an anatomical study of the distal forelimb region of the asinine was carried out in order to gather information to improve the clinical and surgical practice in this species, and to explain the less susceptibility to locomotor disorders compared to equines. The anatomical study showed that asinine has similar muscular characteristics already described for equines. Tendons and ligaments showed proper characteristics with different origin and attachment already described for equines, emitting tendons projections that improve articular insertion and better stability in its suspensory apparatus allowing a bigger safety during the movement in physic activities

Avaliação radiográfica, densitométrica e histológica do uso de perfurações ósseas para o estímulo de consolidação de fraturas do terço distal do rádio de cães / Radiographic, densitometric and histological evaluation of the use of bone perforations on fracture consolidation of distal third of radius from dogs

Objetivando estimular o processo de formação do calo ósseo do terço distal do rádio de cães de pequeno porte, foram utilizados 24 animais srd, adultos, de ambos os sexos. Os cães, separados em dois grupos experimentais de 12 animais denominados de controle e tratado foram divididos em 4 momentos (m1= 15 dias, m2= 30 dias, m3= 45 dias e m4= 60 dias), e submetidos a fraturas cirúrgicas. no grupo tratado, foram realizadas perfurações ósseas nos bordos do foco da fratura, no sentido crânio-caudal e médio-lateral. No final de cada momento, os animais controles e tratados foram avaliados radiograficamente, histologicamente e a densidade mineral óssea (dmo) determinada no local da fratura. Na avaliação radiográfica do grupo tratado com 15 e 30 dias foi verificado o processo de reparação óssea mais intenso do que no grupo controle. Nos momentos m3 e m4, não se observaram diferenças no processo de reparação entre os dois grupos. Os valores da dmo foram maiores nos animais tratados. o estudo histológico revelou aos 15 e 30 dias, hiperplasia de condrócitos, e inicio de ossificação endocondral nos membros perfurados; o grupo controle mostrou tecido conjuntivo de sustentação e irúcio de hiperplasia de condrócitos. Nos m3 e m4 do grupo tratado, se verificaram formação e remodelação de calo periosteal em fases mais avançadas quando comparados ao grupo controle. conclui-se que o uso de perfurações melhora o suprimento de fluxo sangüíneo e a ativação de células osteogênicas no local de fratura, estimulando o início do processo de consolidação da fratura.

To stimulate the bone callus development process from distal third of radius, 24 adult mongrel dogs used were from both sexes. These dogs were separated in two experimental groups of 12 animals each, named control and treated, divided in 4 moments (M1=15 days; M2=30 days; M3=45 days; M4=60 days), who underwent were performed surgical fractures. In treated group, it was performed bone perforations on proximal and distal edges, craniolateral and mediolateral to the fracture site. At the end of each moment, control and treated animals were evaluated by radiography, histology, and bone mineral densitometry (BMD) was determined on fracture site. According to the radiographic data of treated dogs, it was verified on days 15 and 30 more intense bone regeneration than control group. During M3 and M4, it wasn't detected any difference in bone reparation process between control and treated groups. In densitometric study, BMD values were greater in treated animaIs than in control dogs. Histological studies revealed at 15 and 30 days chondrocyte hyperplasia and initial endochondral ossification on drilled limbs; control group showed sustainment connective tissue and initial chondrocyte hiperplasia. At M3 and M4 of the treated group, were verified development and remodeling of periosteal callus in more advanced phases when comparing with limbs from control group. It can be concluded that using perforations enhances blood flow supply and activation of osteogenic cells on fracture site, stimulating the beginning of fracture consolidation process.