The phylogeny of Acetobacteraceae: photosynthetic traits and deranged respiratory enzymes.

IMPORTANCE: Acetobacteraceae are one of the best known and most extensively studied groups of bacteria, which nowadays encompasses a variety of taxa that are very different from the vinegar-producing species defining the family. Our paper presents the most detailed phylogeny of all current taxa classified as Acetobacteraceae, for which we propose a taxonomic revision. Several of such taxa inhabit some of the most extreme environments on the planet, from the deserts of Antarctica to the Sinai desert, as well as acidic niches in volcanic sites like the one we have been studying in Patagonia. Our work documents the progressive variation of the respiratory chain in early branching Acetobacteraceae into the different respiratory chains of acidophilic taxa such as Acidocella and acetous taxa such as Acetobacter. Remarkably, several genomes retain remnants of ancestral photosynthetic traits and functional bc 1 complexes. Thus, we propose that the common ancestor of Acetobacteraceae was photosynthetic.

Colangiopatía hipertensiva portal por transformación portal cavernomatosa de origen no cirrótica: a propósito de un caso

La colangiopatía portal hace referencia a anomalías colangiográficas que se producen en pacientes con cavernomatosis portal, siendo progresiva, cursando con enfermedad biliar sintomática y anomalías graves de las vías biliares. Y, representa una complicación infrecuente de la hipertensión portal. Se describe el caso de un hombre de 53 años, con historia de larga data de hipertensión portal nocirrótica y cavernomatosis portal, quien presentó un episodio de enfermedad biliar obstructiva sintomática, y en estudios se documentó tejido fibrótico de extensión periportal ascendente con compresión extrínseca del colédoco distal y dilatación de la vía biliar extra e intrahepática. Por lo que se procedió a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, realizándose tratamiento paliativo, con papilotomía pequeña y colocación de endoprótesis biliar plástica, siendo exitoso por ausencia de complicaciones procedimentales, y mejoría clínica y parámetros bioquímicos. Finalmente, recibiendo de alta con indicación de seguimiento prioritario para recambios periódicos de endoprótesis biliares, y valoración por hepatología. La colangiopatía portal es una entidad rara que debe sospecharse en sujetos con hipertensión portal de origen no-cirrótico, con hallazgos imagenológicos de estenosis, angulaciones o dilataciones segmentarias, su tratamiento debe ser individualizado, y la terapia endoscópica es de elección en enfermedad biliar sintomática.

Portal cholangiopathy refers to cholangiographic abnormalities occurring in patients with portal cavernomatosis, being progressive, presenting with symptomatic biliary disease and severe biliary tract abnormalities. And, it represents an infrequent complication of portal hypertension. We describe the case of a 53-year-old man with a long history of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and portal cavernomatosis, who presented an episode of symptomatic obstructive biliary disease, and studies documented fibrotic tissue of ascending periportal extension with extrinsic compression of the distal common bile duct and dilatation of the extra and intrahepatic biliary tract. Therefore, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed, and palliative treatment with small papillotomy and placement of a plastic biliary endoprosthesis was successful due to the absence of procedural complications, and clinical improvement and biochemical parameters. Finally, the patient was discharged with indication of priority follow-up for periodic replacement of biliary stents, and evaluation by hepatology. Portal cholangiopathy is a rare entity that should be suspected in subjects with portal hypertension of non-cirrhotic origin, with imaging findings of stenosis, angulations or segmental dilatations, its treatment should be individualized, and endoscopic therapy is of choice in symptomatic biliary disease.

Complete genome sequence of Exiguobacterium profundum TSS-3 isolated from an extremely saline-alkaline spring located in Ixtapa, Chiapas-México.

We report the complete genome sequence of Exiguobacterium profundum TSS-3, a strain isolated from the sediment of an extremely saline-alkaline spring located in Ixtapa, Chiapas-México (16° 47´ LN and 92° 54´ LO). Its genome is composed of a 2.8-Mb chromosome and a small 4.6-Kb plasmid.

The Sinorhizobium meliloti NspS-MbaA system affects biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production and motility in response to specific polyamines.

We previously showed that specific polyamines (PAs) present in the extracellular environment markedly affect extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation and motility in Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm8530. We hypothesized that extracellular PA signals were sensed and transduced by the NspS and MbaA proteins, respectively, which are homologs of the PA-sensing, c-di-GMP modulating NspS-MbaA proteins described in Vibrio cholerae. Here we show that the decrease in biofilm formation and EPS production in the quorum-sensing (QS)-deficient S. meliloti wild-type strain 1021 in cultures containing putrescine or spermine did not occur in a 1021 nspS mutant (1021 nspS). The transcriptional expression of nspS in strain 1021 was significantly increased in cultures containing either of these polyamines, but not by exogenous cadaverine, 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), spermidine (Spd) or norspermidine (NSpd). Cell aggregation in liquid cultures did not differ markedly between strain 1021 and 1021 nspS in the presence or absence of PAs. The S. meliloti QS-proficient Rm8530 wild-type and nspS mutant (Rm8530 nspS) produced similar levels of biofilm under control conditions and 3.2- and 2.2-fold more biofilm, respectively, in cultures with NSpd, but these changes did not correlate with EPS production. Cells of Rm8530 nspS aggregated from two- to several-fold more than the wild-type in cultures without PAs or in those containing Spm. NSpd, Spd and DAP differently affected swimming and swarming motility in strains 1021 and Rm8530 and their respective nspS mutants. nspS transcription in strain Rm8530 was greatly reduced by exogenous Spm. Bioinformatic analysis revealed similar secondary structures and functional domains in the MbaA proteins of S. meliloti and V. cholerae, while their NspS proteins differed in some residues implicated in polyamine recognition in the latter species. NspS-MbaA homologs occur in a small subset of soil and aquatic bacterial species that commonly interact with eukaryotes. We speculate that the S. meliloti NspS-MbaA system modulates biofilm formation, EPS production and motility in response to environmental or host plant-produced PAs.

[Hypertensive portal cholangiopathy due to portal cavernomatous transformation of non-cirrhotic origin: a case report]. / Colangiopatía hipertensiva portal por transformación portal cavernomatosa de origen no cirrótica: a propósito de un caso.

Portal cholangiopathy refers to cholangiographic abnormalities occurring in patients with portal cavernomatosis, being progressive, presenting with symptomatic biliary disease and severe biliary tract abnormalities. And, it represents an infrequent complication of portal hypertension. We describe the case of a 53-year-old man with a long history of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and portal cavernomatosis, who presented an episode of symptomatic obstructive biliary disease, and studies documented fibrotic tissue of ascending periportal extension with extrinsic compression of the distal common bile duct and dilatation of the extra and intrahepatic biliary tract. Therefore, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed, and palliative treatment with small papillotomy and placement of a plastic biliary endoprosthesis was successful due to the absence of procedural complications, and clinical improvement and biochemical parameters. Finally, the patient was discharged with indication of priority follow-up for periodic replacement of biliary stents, and evaluation by hepatology. Portal cholangiopathy is a rare entity that should be suspected in subjects with portal hypertension of non-cirrhotic origin, with imaging findings of stenosis, angulations or segmental dilatations, its treatment should be individualized, and endoscopic therapy is of choice in symptomatic biliary disease.

One more wall to cross: The role of psychologists in addressing integrated health among undocumented Latinx immigrants in inpatient medical settings.

Over the past decade, there has been increased attention to the benefits of an integrated health-care care model in which psychologists play a vital role collaborating with other health providers to deliver services in inpatient medical settings, such as emergency departments and acute care medical units. Psychologists working in inpatient medical settings can facilitate access to mental health services and referrals, reduce mental health stigma, improve health outcomes associated with insight into psychosocial factors that affect health and illness, improve communication between patients and providers, and increase sensitivity in addressing the health needs of diverse patients. Psychological services in inpatient medical units can be particularly valuable for marginalized populations, such as undocumented Latinx immigrants, who may not otherwise have access to services that can address the compounded effect that psychosocial stressors may have on their physical health. We illustrate the critical role that psychologists can play in inpatient medical settings to address the complex health needs of Latinx immigrants. In this case study, an undocumented young woman presented to an emergency department with acute liver failure. We focus on psychologists' specific contributions as part of the integrated medical team and how it may have impacted treatment effectiveness. We also provide practical assessment and treatment recommendations, along with proposing advocacy efforts to facilitate access to culture and context sensitive treatments for undocumented immigrants with complex health issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Replication initiator proteins of Acinetobacter baumannii plasmids: An update note.

The bioinformatic analysis that we made of 492 Acinetobacter baumannii plasmid sequences identified 418 genes encoding Replication Initiator (Rep) proteins that fell into at least fourteen groups according to the protein domains that they contained. The most abundant group of Rep proteins contained a Rep_3 superfamily domain, followed by Rep proteins containing Replicase/PriCT_1 superfamily domains, and then by Reps possessing only an HTH_MerR-SF superfamily domain. The remaining eleven groups contain only a few members. To evaluate the diversity of these Rep proteins, we classify them using the current scheme of GR homology groups, which contains 34 groups. However, we needed to create 22 additional GR homology groups to capture all the Rep protein diversity of the plasmid collection. Finally, our bioinformatic analysis suggests that a large fraction of the plasmids seem to have a restricted host range limited to Acinetobacter species, except for those belonging to GR38 that have a very wide host range. To facilitate the future analysis of the Rep proteins, we included a list of the DNA and protein sequences, in fasta format, of the representatives of each one of the GR homology groups.

Genomic Data of Acaciella Nodule Ensifer mexicanus ITTG R7T.

We report the complete genome sequence of Ensifer mexicanus ITTG R7T, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from nodules of Acaciella angustissima plants growing naturally in Chiapas, Mexico. The genome is distributed in four replicons comprising one 4.31-Mbp chromosome, one 1,933-Kb chromid, and two plasmids of 436 and 455 Kb.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica en estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the screening, diagnosis, and management of chronic kidney disease stages 1-3 for the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

RESUMEN El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en los estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Para el desarrollo de esta GPC, se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, el cual formuló ocho preguntas clínicas. Para responder cada pregunta se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y, cuando fue considerado pertinente, de estudios primarios; y se seleccionó la evidencia pertinente. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y emitir las recomendaciones. Se emitieron ocho recomendaciones (cuatro fuertes y cuatro condicionales), 29 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y tres flujogramas.

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-3 in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). A guideline development group (GDG) was established for develop this CPG, which included clinical and methodology specialists, who formulated 08 clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and, when considered necessary, primary studies were conducted to answer each question; and relevant evidence was selected. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GDG used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and for developing recommendations. At the end, this CPG formulated 08 recommendations (04 strong and 04 conditional), 29 points of good clinical practice, and 03 flowcharts were formulated.

The mitogenome of Pseudocrossidium replicatum, a desiccation-tolerant moss.

Bryophytes are the earliest plant group on Earth. They are a fundamental component of many ecosystems around the World. Some of their main roles are related to soil development, water retention, and biogeochemical cycling. Bryophytes include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. The sequencing of chloroplast and mitochondria genomes has been useful to elucidate the taxonomy of this heterogeneous plant group. To date, despite their ecological importance only 41 mosses mitogenomes have been deposited in the GenBank. Here, the complete mitochondria genome sequence of Pseudocrossidium replicatum, a moss of the Pottiaceae family isolated in Tlaxcala, Mexico, is reported. The mitochondrial genome size of P. replicatum comprises 105,495 bp and contains the groups of genes described for other bryophytes mitogenomes. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that during the evolution of the mosses' mitogenome, nad7, rps4, rpl16, and rpl10 genes were lost independently in several lineages. The complete mitogenome sequence reported here would be a useful tool for our comprehension of the evolutionary and population genetics of this group of plants.

The chloroplast genome of the desiccation-tolerant moss Pseudocrossidium replicatum (Taylor) R.H. Zander.

Mosses in conjunction with hornworts and liverworts are collectively referred to as bryophytes. These seedless, nonvascular plants are the closest extant relatives of early terrestrial plants and their study is essential to understand the evolutionary first steps of land plants. Here we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Pseudocrossidium replicatum, a moss belonging to the Pottiaceae family that is common in the central highlands of Mexico, in South America, in southern USA, and in Kenia. The cp genome (plastome) of P. replicatum is 123,512 bp in size, comprising inverted repeats of 9,886 bp and single-copy regions of 85,146 bp (LSC) and 18,594 bp (SSC). The plastome encodes 82 different proteins, 31 different tRNAs, and 4 different rRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis using 16 cp protein-coding genes demonstrated that P. replicatum is closely related to Syntrichia ruralis, and the most basal mosses are Takakia lepidozioides followed by Sphagnum palustre. Our analysis indicates that during the evolution of the mosses' plastome, eight genes were lost. The complete plastome sequence reported here can be useful in evolutionary and population genetics.

Outpatient minor oral surgery in patients with hemophilia: A case series of 23 patients.

Hemophilia is an inherited coagulation disorder characterized by deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII or IX. When the management of hemostasis is inadequate, these patients are at high risk of experiencing intra and postoperative bleedings after tooth extractions. Coagulation factor replacement therapy allows performing most surgical procedures safely, although the factor levels and length of treatment have not been clearly determined. In this study, we present our experience in a retrospective series of 112 ambulatory tooth extractions under local anesthesia in 23 patients with hemophilia using a coagulation factor replacement therapy in combination with tranexamic acid. The results obtained with this protocol were satisfactory and only one episode of mild postoperative bleeding occurred after seven days in a patient who did not have good treatment compliance. Key words:Hemophilia, factor replacement therapy, tooth extractions, postoperative complications.

Genome Sequence of Rhizobium jaguaris CCGE525T, a Strain Isolated from Calliandra grandiflora Nodules from a Rain Forest in Mexico.

We present the genome sequence of Rhizobium jaguaris CCGE525T, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from nodules of Calliandra grandiflora. CCGE525T belongs to Rhizobium tropici group A, represents the symbiovar calliandrae, and forms nitrogen-fixing nodules in Phaseolus vulgaris. Genome-based metrics and phylogenomic approaches support Rhizobium jaguaris as a novel species.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Nonnodulating Rhizobium Species Isolated from Agave americana L. Rhizosphere.

We report here the complete genome sequence of Rhizobium sp. strain ACO-34A, isolated from Agave americana L. rhizosphere. No common nod genes were found, but there were nif genes for nitrogen fixing. A low average nucleotide identity to reported species supports its designation as a novel Rhizobium species that has a complete ribosomal operon in a plasmid.

Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter lactucae OTEC-02, Isolated from Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil.

Acinetobacter lactucae OTEC-02 was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed to learn more about the strain's ability to degrade different types of recalcitrant toxic monoaromatic hydrocarbons. The genome of this bacterium revealed its genomic properties and versatile metabolic features, as well as a complete prophage.

Efficacy of a Supplemental Phonemic Awareness Curriculum to Instruct Preschoolers With Delays in Early Literacy Development.

Purpose: Children who do not develop early literacy skills, especially phonological awareness (PA) and alphabet knowledge, prior to kindergarten are at risk for reading difficulties. We investigated a supplemental curriculum with children demonstrating delays in these skills. Method: A cluster randomized design with 104 preschool-age children in 39 classrooms was used to determine the efficacy of a supplemental PA curriculum, PAth to Literacy. The curriculum consists of 36 daily scripted 10-min lessons with interactive games designed to teach PA and alphabet skills. A vocabulary intervention (Story Friends), which also uses a small-group format, served as the comparison condition. Results: Multilevel modeling indicated that children in the experimental condition demonstrated significantly greater gains on the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) First Sound Fluency (Dynamic Measurement Group, 2006) and Word Parts Fluency (Kaminski & Powell-Smith, 2011) measures. Educational relevance was evident: 82% of the children in the experimental condition met the kindergarten benchmark for First Sound Fluency compared with 34% of the children in the comparison condition. Teachers reported overall satisfaction with the lessons. Conclusions: Results indicated that the vast majority of children demonstrating early literacy delays in preschool may benefit from a supplemental PA curriculum that has the potential to prevent reading difficulties as children transition to kindergarten.

Embedded Instruction Improves Vocabulary Learning During Automated Storybook Reading Among High-Risk Preschoolers.

PURPOSE: We investigated a small-group intervention designed to teach vocabulary and comprehension skills to preschoolers who were at risk for language and reading disabilities. These language skills are important and reliable predictors of later academic achievement. METHOD: Preschoolers heard prerecorded stories 3 times per week over the course of a school year. A cluster randomized design was used to evaluate the effects of hearing storybooks with and without embedded vocabulary and comprehension lessons. A total of 32 classrooms were randomly assigned to experimental and comparison conditions. Approximately 6 children per classroom demonstrating low vocabulary knowledge, totaling 195 children, were enrolled. RESULTS: Preschoolers in the comparison condition did not learn novel, challenging vocabulary words to which they were exposed in story contexts, whereas preschoolers receiving embedded lessons demonstrated significant learning gains, although vocabulary learning diminished over the course of the school year. Modest gains in comprehension skills did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The Story Friends curriculum appears to be highly feasible for delivery in early childhood educational settings and effective at teaching challenging vocabulary to high-risk preschoolers.

[Acute pancreatitis associated with hypercalcaemia]. / Pancreatitis aguda asociada con hipercalcemia.

BACKGROUND: Hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare cause of acute pancreatitis, with a reported prevalence of 1.5 to 8%. There is no clear pathophysiological basis, but elevated parathyroid hormone and high serum calcium levels could be responsible for calcium deposit in the pancreatic ducts and activation of pancreatic enzymes, which may be the main risk factor for developing acute pancreatitis. The aim of this report is to describe four cases. CLINICAL CASE: Four cases are reported of severe pancreatitis associated with hypercalcaemia secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism; three of them with complications (two pseudocysts and one pancreatic necrosis). Cervical ultrasound, computed tomography, and scintigraphy using 99mTc-Sestambi, studies showed the parathyroid adenoma. Surgical resection was the definitive treatment in all four cases. None of the patients had recurrent acute pancreatitis events during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypercalcaemia of primary hyperparathyroidism is rare; however, when it occurs it is associated with severe pancreatitis. It is suspected in patients with elevated serum calcium and high parathyroid hormone levels. Imaging techniques such as cervical ultrasound, computed tomography, and scintigraphy using 99mTc-Sestambi, should be performed, to confirm clinical suspicion. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment with excellent results.

Nitrogen-fixing rhizobial strains isolated from common bean seeds: phylogeny, physiology, and genome analysis.

Rhizobial bacteria are commonly found in soil but also establish symbiotic relationships with legumes, inhabiting the root nodules, where they fix nitrogen. Endophytic rhizobia have also been reported in the roots and stems of legumes and other plants. We isolated several rhizobial strains from the nodules of noninoculated bean plants and looked for their provenance in the interiors of the seeds. Nine isolates were obtained, covering most known bean symbiont species, which belong to the Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium groups. The strains showed several large plasmids, except for a Sinorhizobium americanum isolate. Two strains, one Rhizobium phaseoli and one S. americanum strain, were thoroughly characterized. Optimal symbiotic performance was observed for both of these strains. The S. americanum strain showed biotin prototrophy when subcultured, as well as high pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, both of which are key factors in maintaining optimal growth. The R. phaseoli strain was a biotin auxotroph, did not grow when subcultured, accumulated a large amount of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate, and exhibited low PDH activity. The physiology and genomes of these strains showed features that may have resulted from their lifestyle inside the seeds: stress sensitivity, a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) complex, a homocitrate synthase (usually present only in free-living diazotrophs), a hydrogenase uptake cluster, and the presence of prophages. We propose that colonization by rhizobia and their presence in Phaseolus seeds may be part of a persistence mechanism that helps to retain and disperse rhizobial strains.

[Deep neck abscess. Factors related to reoperation and mortality]. / Absceso profundo de cuello. Factores asociados con la reoperación y mortalidad.

BACKGROUND: Deep neck abscesses are major complications that arise of odontogenic, pharyngeal, or cervicofacial foci, mainly in patients with morbidities that facilitate the spread to other spaces. Many of them require surgical treatment, and an appropriate evaluation and surgical drainage is required to obtain the best results. AIM: To identify factors which relate to reoperation and mortality in patient submitted to surgical treatment due to deep neck abscess. METHODS: Review of all patients with deep neck abscess who underwent surgical treatment in a Head and Neck Surgery Department in a third-level hospital during a two year period. RESULTS: There were 87 patients, 44 of which were female. The median age was 49 years old. Thirty-five patients (40%) had comorbidities, diabetes mellitus being the most common, found in 30 (34%) patients. Twenty-one patients (24%) required reoperation (primarily due to inadequate surgical drainage). The risk factors identified with it were presence of comorbidities (mainly diabetes mellitus) (p< 0.05), multiple deep neck spaces involvement (p< 0.001) and an ASA score of three or above (p< 0.01). Eight patients died, for a mortality of 9%. The factors related to mortality were multiple deep neck spaces involvement (p< 0.01), bilateral involvement (p< 0.05) and reoperation (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Deep neck abscesses appropriate evaluation and a complete surgical drainage of all deep space neck abscesses are primordial to avoid reoperation and improve survival.

Antecedentes: los abscesos profundos de cuello son complicaciones de infecciones, principalmente de origen odontogénico y de vías aéreas superiores, que afectan con mayor frecuencia a pacientes con morbilidades que favorecen la diseminación de la infección. Muchos requieren tratamiento quirúrgico, evaluación y drenaje apropiado para obtener los mejores resultados. Objetivo: identificar los factores relacionados con la reoperación y la mortalidad en pacientes con drenaje quirúrgico por absceso profundo de cuello. Material y métodos: estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo efectuado con base en la revisión de todos los pacientes con absceso profundo de cuello que se operaron en un servicio de cabeza y cuello de un hospital de tercer nivel. Resultados: se estudiaron 87 pacientes, 44 de ellos eran mujeres. La mediana de edad fue de 49 años. El 40% tenían comorbilidades (35 pacientes) y la diabetes melltitus fue la más frecuente en 30 pacientes (34%). Se reoperaron 21 pacientes (24%), la mayoría por drenaje incompleto. Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron: comorbilidades (principalmente diabetes mellitus) (p< 0.05), mayor número de espacios afectados (p< 0.001) y una escala de ASA III o mayor (p< 0.01). La mortalidad fue de 9% (ocho pacientes). Los factores relacionados con mortalidad fueron: mayor número de espacios afectados (p< 0.01), afectación bilateral (p< 0.05) y reoperación (p< 0.001). Conclusión: en abscesos profundos de cuello la evaluación preoperatoria y el drenaje quirúrgico completo de todos los espacios afectados son primordiales para evitar la reoperación y mejorar la supervivencia.