Análise do perfil de resiliência psicológica de atletas amadores de beach tennis / Analysis of the psychological resilience profile of amateur beach tennis athletes / Análisis del perfil de resiliencia psicológica de deportistas aficionados al tenis playa

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o perfil da Resiliência Psicológica (RP) em praticantes amadores de Beach Tennis (BT) em eventos competitivos e estabelecer parâmetros iniciais de RP por categorias do BT. Participaram 50 atletas com idade de 37,4 ± 7,92 anos. As coletas foram feitas via Google Forms® entre os meses de março a maio de 2022 durante as competições realizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, sendo aplicada a Escala de Resiliência no Esporte (RS-Sp). O escore total da RS-Sp foi de 10,75 ± 1,57 pontos, sendo classificado como baixa, segundo o parâmetro para atletas brasileiros. Conclui-se o perfil de RPE em praticantes amadores de BT está abaixo do esperado para a medida podendo influenciar em menor capacidade de lidar com processos estressores advindos das situações esportivas (AU).

The aim of this study was to identify the profile of Psychological Resilience in amateur Beach Tennis practitioners in competitive events. Fifty athletes with age of 37.4 ±7.92 years participated. The Scale of Resilience in Sport (RS-Sp) was applied. The collections were made via Google Forms® between the months of March to May 2022 during the competitions held in the state of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The total score of the SR-Sp was 10.75, ±1.57 points (low SR-Sp) according to the parameter for Brazilian athletes. It is concluded that Beach tennis practitioners presented lower PR indexes than expected for athletes, which can influence in a lower capacity to deal with stressful processes arising from sportive situations (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil de la Resiliencia Psicológica (RP) en practicantes amateurs de Tenis Playa (BT) en eventos competitivos y establecer parámetros iniciales de RP para categorías de BT. Participaron 50 atletas con edad de 37,4 ± 7,92 años. Las colectas fueron realizadas vía Google Forms® entre los meses de marzo a mayo de 2022 durante competiciones realizadas en el Estado de Minas Gerais y Rio de Janeiro, siendo aplicada la Escala de Resiliencia en el Deporte (RS-Sp). La puntuación total de RS-Sp fue de 10,75 ± 1,57 puntos, siendo clasificada como baja, de acuerdo con el parámetro para los atletas brasileños. Se concluyó que los atletas de BT presentaron índices de RP inferiores a los esperados, lo que puede influir en una menor capacidad de lidiar con procesos estresantes derivados de situaciones deportivas (AU).

Effect of Physical Training on Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Performance in Mice.

Acute exercise increases the amount of circulating inflammatory cells and cytokines to maintain physiological homeostasis. However, it remains unclear how physical training regulates exercise-induced inflammation and performance. Here, we demonstrate that acute high intensity exercise promotes an inflammatory profile characterized by increased blood IL-6 levels, neutrophil migratory capacity, and leukocyte recruitment to skeletal muscle vessels. Moreover, we found that physical training amplified leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction induced by acute exercise in skeletal muscle vessels and diminished exercise-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle tissue. Furthermore, we verified that disruption of the gp-91 subunit of NADPH-oxidase inhibited exercise-induced leukocyte recruitment on skeletal muscle after training with enhanced exercise time until fatigue. In conclusion, the training was related to physical improvement and immune adaptations. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be related to mechanisms to limit aerobic performance and its absence decreases the inflammatory response elicited by exercise after training.

Women amateur street runners have a higher level of chronotype self- perception than men

Abstract Aim: The aims of the present study were to verify the self-perception level of the chronotype of amateur street runners and to test the association between the chronotype, gender, age, and preferred training time. Methods: A total of 166 amateur street runners were included (♀ = 89, age 38.9 ± 11.2 years; ♂ = 77, age 38.0 ± 9.7 years). The Brazilian version of the Horne & östberg questionnaire was used to assess chronotypes and the preferred training time was determined through a multiple choice question. Based on chronotype definitions that suggest that when free to choose, morning-types (MT) would prefer training in the morning, evening-types (ET) in the evening and neither-types (NT) would not have a predilection for any specific time. The corroboration of this hypothesis was assumed as self-perception level of the chronotypes. Results: Women showed higher self-perception levels of their chronotype compared to men (58.4% vs. 41.6%; χ2 = 4.699; p = 0.030). By chronotypes, MT, NT, and ET self-perception levels were 73.9%, 15.9%, 88.9%, respectively (χ2 = 57.489; p < 0.001). The most observed women circadian typology was MT, while in men it was NT (χ2 = 8.951; p = 0.011). However, there was no significant association between gender and preferred training time (χ2 = 2.654; p = 0.265). Age, female gender and preference to exercise during the day are associated with MT. Conclusion: Women runners showed a greater perception of their circadian traits than men, despite there was no association between gender and preferred training time.

Educação nutricional no tratamento do diabetes na atenção primária à saúde: vencendo barreiras / Nutrition education in diabetes treatment in primary health care: overcoming barriers

O diabetes é um problema de saúde pública, que exige acompanhamento nutricional constante, para alcance de metas do tratamento e a maioria das pessoas é atendida nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, onde o relato de dificuldades com o plano alimentar e não adesão ao tratamento são frequentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um programa de educação nutricional diferenciado para Estratégias de Saúde da Família e identificar fatores que dificultam o seguimento do plano alimentar. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, com 77 pessoas com diabetes, que foram clinicamente avaliadas, receberam educação e orientação nutricional em um programa individual de 60 minutos, sendo reavaliadas em 3 meses, com melhora significativa da qualidade alimentar (diminuição do consumo mensal de óleo e açúcar e melhora do perfil de ingestão alimentar), e identificação dos principais fatores, que limitavam o tratamento, como comer em menor quantidade, alimentar-se em horários regulares, as restrições alimentares e a ansiedade. Não houve associação entre dificuldade em seguir a dieta com as variáveis renda, escolaridade e estado civil. Educação nutricional focada em diferentes realidades, com baixo custo e fácil realização é possível de ser realizada na Atenção Primária com bons resultados, abrindo a perspectiva para diferenciação do programa de educação em grupos, com otimização do tempo dos profissionais nesta realidade.

Diabetes is a public health problem that requires constant nutritional monitoring to reach treatment goals. Most patients are treated at Primary Health Units, where the account of difficulties with the diet plan and nonadherence to treatment are common. The objective of this study was to evaluate a differentiated nutritional education program for the Family Health Strategies and identify factors that prevent compliance with the diet plan. This is a longitudinal study with 77 people with diabetes who were clinically evaluated, received nutritional education and orientation in a 60-minute individual program, and were reassessed at 3 months. Results included significant improvement in diet quality (decrease in monthly consumption of oil and sugar and improved food intake profile), and identification of the main factors limiting treatment, how to eat in smaller quantities, eating at regular times, dietary restrictions, and anxiety. There was no association between difficulty in following the diet and the variables income, education, and marital status. Nutrition education focused on different realities, with low cost and easy application, can be carried out in primary care with good results, opening up the prospect for differentiation of the education program in groups, with optimized use of professionals' time in this reality.

Qual a contribuição das características antropométricas na velocidade de corrida de curta distância? / What is the contribution of anthropometric characteristics on sprint run? / Qué es la contribución la características antropométricas en la carrera de velocidad

O estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos das características antropométricas na velocidade de corrida. Foram avaliados a estatura, massa corporal (MC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea panturrilha (DCpa), comprimento da tíbia (Ctíbia) e velocidade da corrida (50m) de 235 estudantes. A análise de regressão múltipla explicou 62% do desempenho na corrida (p<0,05). A análise de regressão linear simples mostrou que a DCpa correspondeu a 45%, estatura 33%, Ctíbia 24% e MC 3%, do desempenho na corrida (p<0,05). A análise de cluster mostrou que o grupo de baixa velocidade apresentava maior MC, IMC e DCpa (p<0,05), e o grupo de alta velocidade apresentava maior estatura, Ctíbia e menor DCpa (p<0,05). Conclui-se que as medidas antropométricas podem predizer o desempenho da corrida.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of anthropometric characteristics on sprint. It was measured the height, body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), calf skin fold (CKF), tibia's length (TL) and running velocity (50m) of 235 students. The multiple regression explain 62% of 50 m running performance (p<0.05). The simple linear regression showed that CKF represented 45%, height 33%, TL 24%, and BM 3% of 50m running performance (p<0.05). The cluster analyze showed that the low velocity group presented highest BM, BMI and CKF (p< 0,05), while the high velocity group presented the highest stature, TL and the lowest CKF (p< 0,05). The results suggest that anthropometric variables used in the current study can significantly predict the 50 m sprint in young people.

El estudio trata de evaluar los efectos de las características antropométricas en la carrera de velocidad. Fue evaluado la altura, masa corporal (MC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), pliegue cutáneo del pantorrilla (DCpa), longitud de la tibia (Ctíbia) y la carrera de velocidad (50m) de 235 estudiantes. El analisis de regresión múltiple explica el 62% del rendimiento en la carrera (p <0,05). El análisis de regresión lineal simple mostró que correspondía a 45% DCpa, 33% altura, 24% Ctíbia y 3% MC, el rendimiento en la carrera (p <0,05). El análisis de conglomerados mostró que el grupo de baja velocidad tuvo un mayor MC, DCpa y el IMC (p <0,05), y el grupo de alta velocidad mostró una mayor altura, Ctíbia, e inferior DCpa (p <0,05). Se concluye que las medidas antropométricas puede predecir el rendimiento de la carrera.

Increased brain L-arginine availability facilitates cutaneous heat loss induced by running exercise.

The effects of increased brain availability of L-arginine (L-arg), a precursor for nitric oxide synthesis, on core body temperature (Tcore ) and cutaneous heat loss were evaluated in running rats. One week prior to the experiments, adult male Wistar rats received the following implants: a chronic guide cannula in the lateral cerebral ventricle and a temperature sensor in the abdominal cavity. On the day of the experiments, the rats were assigned to receive a 2-µL intracerebroventricular injection of either NaCl (0.15 mol/L) or L-arg solution (0.825, 1.65 or 3.30 mol/L); Tcore and tail skin temperature were measured while the rats ran at a speed of 18 m/min until they were fatigued. L-arginine induced a dose-dependent reduction in the threshold Tcore required for cutaneous heat loss (38.09 ± 0.20°C for 3.30-mol/L L-arg vs 38.61 ± 0.10°C for saline; P < 0.05), which attenuated the exercise-induced hyperthermia. Although the rats treated with L-arg presented a lower Tcore at the end of exercise (~0.7°C lower after treatment with the highest dose), no changes in the time to fatigue were observed relative to the control trial. These results suggest that brain L-arg controls heat loss during exercise, most likely by modulating the sympathetic vasoconstrictor tonus to skin vessels. Furthermore, despite facilitating cutaneous heat loss mechanisms, increased brain L-arg availability did not enhance physical performance.

Thermoregulatory responses in exercising rats: methodological aspects and relevance to human physiology.

Rats are used worldwide in experiments that aim to investigate the physiological responses induced by a physical exercise session. Changes in body temperature regulation, which may affect both the performance and the health of exercising rats, are evident among these physiological responses. Despite the universal use of rats in biomedical research involving exercise, investigators often overlook important methodological issues that hamper the accurate measurement of clear thermoregulatory responses. Moreover, much debate exists regarding whether the outcome of rat experiments can be extrapolated to human physiology, including thermal physiology. Herein, we described the impact of different exercise intensities, durations and protocols and environmental conditions on running-induced thermoregulatory changes. We focused on treadmill running because this type of exercise allows for precise control of the exercise intensity and the measurement of autonomic thermoeffectors associated with heat production and loss. Some methodological issues regarding rat experiments, such as the sites for body temperature measurements and the time of day at which experiments are performed, were also discussed. In addition, we analyzed the influence of a high body surface area-to-mass ratio and limited evaporative cooling on the exercise-induced thermoregulatory responses of running rats and then compared these responses in rats to those observed in humans. Collectively, the data presented in this review represent a reference source for investigators interested in studying exercise thermoregulation in rats. In addition, the present data indicate that the thermoregulatory responses of exercising rats can be extrapolated, with some important limitations, to human thermal physiology.

Hypothalamic temperature of rats subjected to treadmill running in a cold environment.

Different strategies for cooling the body prior to or during physical exercise have been shown to improve prolonged performance. Because of ethical and methodological issues, no studies conducted in humans have evaluated the changes in brain temperature promoted by cooling strategies. Therefore, our first aim sought to measure the hypothalamic temperature (Thyp) of rats subjected to treadmill running in a cold environment. Moreover, evidence suggests that Thyp and abdominal temperature (Tabd) are regulated by different physiological mechanisms. Thus, this study also investigated the dynamics of exercise-induced changes in Thyp and Tabd at two ambient temperatures: 25°C (temperate environment) and 12°C (cold). Adult male Wistar rats were used in these experiments. The rats were implanted with a guide cannula in the hypothalamus and a temperature sensor in the abdominal cavity. After recovery from this surgery, the rats were familiarized with running on a treadmill and were then subjected to the two experimental trials: constant-speed running (20 m/min) at 12°C and 25°C. Both Thyp and Tabd increased during exercise at 25°C. In contrast, Thyp and Tabd remained unchanged during fatiguing exercise at 12°C. The temperature differential (i.e., Thyp - Tabd) increased during the initial min of running at 25°C and thereafter decreased toward pre-exercise values. Interestingly, external cooling prevented this early increase in the temperature differential from the 2nd to the 8th min of running. In addition, the time until volitional fatigue was higher during the constant exercise at 12°C compared with 25°C. Together, our results indicate that Thyp and Tabd are regulated by different mechanisms in running rats and that external cooling affected the relationship between both temperature indexes observed during exercise without environmental thermal stress. Our data also suggest that attenuated hypothalamic hyperthermia may contribute to improved performance in cold environments.

Exercise training starting at weaning age preserves cardiac pacemaker function in adulthood of diet-induced obese rats.

Peripheral sympathetic overdrive in young obese subjects contributes to further aggravation of insulin resistance, diabetes, and hypertension, thus inducing worsening clinical conditions in adulthood. Exercise training has been considered a strategy to repair obesity autonomic dysfunction, thereby reducing the cardiometabolic risk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of early exercise training, starting immediately after weaning, on cardiac autonomic control in diet-induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats (weaning) were divided into four groups: (i) a control group (n = 6); (ii) an exercise-trained control group (n = 6); (iii) a diet-induced obesity group (n = 6); and (iv) an exercise-trained diet-induced obesity group (n = 6). The development of obesity was induced by 9 weeks of palatable diet intake, and the training program was implemented in a motor-driven treadmill (5 times per week) during the same period. After this period, animals were submitted to vein and artery catheter implantation to assess cardiac autonomic balance by methylatropine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (4 mg/kg) administration. Exercise training increased running performance in both groups (p < 0.05). Exercise training also prevented the increased resting heart rate in obese rats, which seemed to be related to cardiac pacemaker activity preservation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the training program preserved the pressure and bradycardia responses to autonomic blockade in obese rats (p < 0.05). An exercise program beginning at weaning age prevents cardiovascular dysfunction in obese rats, indicating that exercise training may be used as a nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.

Resveratrol increases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis markers by increasing SIRT1 and energy expenditure and decreasing fat accumulation in adipose tissue of mice fed a standard diet.

PURPOSE: Adipose tissue is central to the regulation of energy balance. Two functionally different fat pads are present in mammals: white adipose tissue, the primary site of triglyceride storage, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is specialized in heat production. In this context, new strategies capable of modulating the development and function of white and BAT become relevant. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of resveratrol (sirtuin activator) on energy balance and the expression of thermogenesis markers. METHODS: Mice were divided into two groups: standard diet (ST) and standard diet plus resveratrol (ST + RSV). RESULTS: After 2 months of treatment, ST + RSV mice presented significantly decreased fat accumulation in adipose tissue, with diminished total cholesterol and glucose plasma levels. Additionally, increased oxygen consumption was observed in ST + RSV group. Analyses of mRNA of thermogenesis-related genes showed significant increase in UCP1, SIRT1, PTEN and BMP-7 expression in BAT. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that improved metabolism produced by oral administration of resveratrol is, at least in part, associated with increased thermogenesis followed by high expression of UCP1 and SIRT1, which can mediate higher energy expenditure and decreased fat accumulation in adipose tissue.

Endurance training increases leptin expression in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet.

The presence of leptin receptors in white adipose tissue (WAT) suggests a type of peripheral control during the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Both diet composition and exercise influence serum leptin; however, the effect of their combination on long-term WAT leptin metabolism is unknown. In this study, rats fed with standard or high-sugar diets (HSD) were simultaneously subjected to running training for 4- and 8-week periods, and the retroperitoneal WAT (rWAT) was evaluated for adipocyte cell size, lipid and catecholamine content, Lep, OB-Rb and Ucp2 mRNA transcription levels, and circulating leptin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The HSD groups displayed a higher adiposity index and rWAT weight, Lep mRNA and protein upregulation, and a period-dependent effect on OB-Rb mRNA expression. Exercise decreased serum leptin and upregulated the OB-Rb mRNA levels. However, in rats fed with an HSD, the increase in OB-Rb mRNA and reduction in catecholamine levels resulted in a high level of adiposity and hyperleptinemia. The combination of training and an HSD decreases the NEFA levels and upregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 4-week period, while downregulating the Ucp2 mRNA expression in the 8-week period without changing the NEFA levels. Our results suggest that an HSD induces an increase in leptin expression in rWAT, while reducing adipocytes via leptin-mediated lipolysis after an 8-week period. In exercised rats fed an HSD, TAG synthesis and storage overlaps with lipolysis, promoting fat store development and Lep mRNA and plasma protein upregulation in adult rats.

The central administration of C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, activates sympathetic outflow and thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue.

The present work investigated the participation of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), which is an important site for thermogenesis, in the anti-obesity effects of C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS). We report that a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of C75 induced hypophagia and weight loss in fasted male Wistar rats. Furthermore, C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature and an increase in heat dissipation. In parallel, C75 stimulated IBAT thermogenesis, which was evidenced by a marked increase in the IBAT temperature that preceded the rise in the core body temperature and an increase in the mRNA levels of uncoupling protein-1. As with C75, an i.c.v. injection of cerulenin, a natural FAS inhibitor, increased the core body and IBAT temperatures. The sympathetic IBAT denervation attenuated all of the thermoregulatory effects of FAS inhibitors as well as the C75 effect on weight loss and hypophagia. C75 induced the expression of Fos in the paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and raphé pallidus, all of which support a central role of FAS in regulating IBAT thermogenesis. These data indicate a role for IBAT in the increase in body temperature and hypophagia that is induced by FAS inhibitors and suggest new mechanisms explaining the weight loss induced by these compounds.

Endurance training blocks uncoupling protein 1 up-regulation in brown adipose tissue while increasing uncoupling protein 3 in the muscle tissue of rats fed with a high-sugar diet.

The mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) of interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and of muscles play important roles in energy balance. For instance, the expression of UCP1 and UCP3 are modulated by free fatty acid gradients induced by high-sugar diets and acute exercise that is dependent on sympathetic stimulation. However, the effects of endurance training in animals fed with high-sugar diets are unknown. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of diet and exercise on UCP1 and UCP3 levels and energy balance efficiency. Rats fed with standard or high-sugar (HSD) diets were simultaneously subjected to running training over an 8-week period. After the training period, the rats were decapitated, and the iBAT and gastrocnemius muscle tissues were removed for evaluation of the ß3-receptor, Ucp1, and Ucp3 mRNA and protein expression, which were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Groups fed with an HSD displayed a higher adiposity index and iBAT weight (P < .05), whereas exhibited an up-regulation of Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels (P < .05). Training increased ß3-receptor mRNA in iBAT and reduced the Ucp3 mRNA in muscle tissues. In association with an HSD, training restored the increasing ß3-receptor mRNA and greatly up-regulated the levels of Ucp3 mRNA. Therefore, training blocked the HSD-induced up-regulation of UCP1 expression in iBAT, whereas it up-regulated the expression of Ucp3 mRNA in muscle. These results suggest that training enhances the relationship between Ucp1/Ucp3 mRNA levels, which could result in higher energy efficiency, but not when HSD-induced elevated sympathetic activity is maintained.

Muscarinic receptors within the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei modulate metabolic rate during physical exercise.

The involvement of muscarinic cholinoceptors within the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMH) on the exercise-induced increase in oxygen consumption (VO(2)) was investigated. Rats were fitted with bilateral cannulae into the VMH for local delivery of drugs. On the day of the experiments, the animals were submitted to running exercise (20 m/min; 5% grade) until the point of fatigue. VO(2) was continuously measured after bilateral injections of either 0.2 µL of 5 × 10(-9)mol methylatropine or 0.15M NaCl solution into the VMH. Control experiments were conducted in freely moving rats on the treadmill. Muscarinic blockade within the VMH reduced time to fatigue by 32% and enhanced the increase in VO(2) from the 8th until the 17th min of exercise when compared to the control trial. In fact, time to fatigue was negatively correlated to the rate of increase in VO(2) (r(2)=0.747; P<0.001). However, bilateral injections of methylatropine in freely moving rats did not change VO(2) in comparison to saline injections. In conclusion, muscarinic cholinoceptors within the VMH are activated during exercise to modulate the increase in metabolic rate. Furthermore, blocking muscarinic transmission leads to a faster increase in VO(2) that is associated with the early interruption of exercise.