Isolation, characterization, and genome assembly of Barnettozyma botsteinii sp. nov. and novel strains of Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa isolated from the intestinal tract of the termite Macrotermes bellicosus.

Bioconversion of hemicelluloses into simpler sugars leads to the production of a significant amount of pentose sugars, such as d-xylose. However, efficient utilization of pentoses by conventional yeast production strains remains challenging. Wild yeast strains can provide new industrially relevant characteristics and efficiently utilize pentose sugars. To explore this strategy, we isolated gut-residing yeasts from the termite Macrotermes bellicosus collected in Comoé National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. The yeasts were classified through their Internal Transcribed Spacer/Large Subunit sequence, and their genomes were sequenced and annotated. We identified a novel yeast species, which we name Barnettozyma botsteinii sp. nov. 1118T (MycoBank: 833563, CBS 16679T and IBT 710) and two new strains of Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa: var. comoensis (CBS 16678, IBT 709) and var. filamentosus (CBS 16680, IBT 711). The two K. quercitrusa strains grow 15% faster on synthetic glucose medium than Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PKT in acidic conditions (pH = 3.2) and both strains grow on d-xylose as the sole carbon source at a rate of 0.35 h-1. At neutral pH, the yeast form of K. quercitrusa var. filamentosus, but not var. comoensis, switched to filamentous growth in a carbon source-dependent manner. Their genomes are 11.0-13.2 Mb in size and contain between 4888 and 5475 predicted genes. Together with closely related species, we did not find any relationship between gene content and ability to grow on xylose. Besides its metabolism, K. quercitrusa var. filamentosus has a large potential as a production organism, because of its capacity to grow at low pH and to undergo a dimorphic shift.

You don't have the guts: a diverse set of fungi survive passage through Macrotermes bellicosus termite guts.

BACKGROUND: Monoculture farming poses significant disease challenges, but fungus-farming termites are able to successfully keep their monoculture crop free from contamination by other fungi. It has been hypothesised that obligate gut passage of all plant substrate used to manure the fungal symbiont is key to accomplish this. Here we refute this hypothesis in the fungus-farming termite species Macrotermes bellicosus. RESULTS: We first used ITS amplicon sequencing to show that plant substrate foraged on by termite workers harbour diverse fungal communities, which potentially could challenge the farming symbiosis. Subsequently, we cultivated fungi from dissected sections of termite guts to show that fungal diversity does not decrease during gut passage. Therefore, we investigated if healthy combs harboured these undesirable fungal genera, and whether the presence of workers affected fungal diversity within combs. Removal of workers led to a surge in fungal diversity in combs, implying that termite defences must be responsible for the near-complete absence of other fungi in functioning termite gardens. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid proliferation of some of these fungi when colonies are compromised indicates that some antagonists successfully employ a sit-and-wait strategy that allows them to remain dormant until conditions are favourable. Although this strategy requires potentially many years of waiting, it prevents these fungi from engaging in an evolutionary arms race with the termite host, which employs a series of complementary behavioural and chemical defences that may prove insurmountable.

Arsenic volatilization by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. isolated from rice rhizosphere as a promising eco-safe tool for arsenic mitigation.

Arsenic (As) is a non-threshold human carcinogenic. This element can be volatilized either by nature or anthropogenic sources. In the present study, the analytical performance of an As volatile species trapping system was evaluated to assess the As volatilization promoted by Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., both isolated from rice rhizosphere, and Aspergillus niger sp. considered as a reference. The study was conducted for 60 days (sampling of volatile As species from 1st to 30th day and from 31st to 60th day). The efficiency of As-volatilization was associated with the fungal growth. The highest As volatilization occurred from 31st to 60th day. Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and A. niger were capable of producing 57.8, 46.4, and 5.2% of volatile arsenic species, respectively. The speciation analysis has shown trimethylarsine (TMAs) as the main volatilized As-form, followed by mono- and dimethylarsine (MMAs and DMAs). The results are following the "Challenger pathway". Therefore, the tested fungi isolated from rice rhizosphere have shown promising properties concerning bio-volatilization with potential use for As-mitigation in paddy soils.

Análise das frequências dos grupos alélicos e haplótipos HLA -A*, -B* e -DRB1* por cor/raça e regionalidade do Brasil em uma amostra do Registro Brasileiro de Doadores Voluntários de Medula Óssea (REDOME) / [Analysis of the frequencies of allele groups and HLA -A *, -B * and -DRB1 * haplotypes by color / race and regionality of Brazil in a sample from the Brazilian Registry of Bone Marrow Donors (REDOME)]

Para melhorar a assistência aos pacientes que estão em lista de espera para um transplante de medula óssea de um doador não aparentado, é importante caracterizar geneticamente os doadores voluntários de medula óssea que são recrutados pelo REDOME e suas diferenças regionais. O objetivo é descrever as frequências alélicas e haplótipos de HLAA, HLA-B e HLA-DRB1 em todas as regiões do Brasil, assim como por cor/raça usando o banco de dados do REDOME. Esse estudo é composto pela análise de 3.038.286 indivíduos. As frequências dos grupos alélicos HLA e haplótipos foram estimados pelo algoritmo EM. As distâncias genéticas de Nei para cada combinação de amostras também foram calculadas usando as frequências de haplótipos. Todos os grupos alélicos para HLA-A, -B e -DRB1 foram identificados neste estudo. HLA-A*02 (25,9%), HLA-B*35 (11,83%) e HLA-DRB1*13 (13,4%) compreendem os grupos de alelos mais frequentes no REDOME e A*01-B*08-DRB1*03 é o haplótipo mais frequente (2,19%) em nossas amostras. Foi observado através de distâncias genéticas que existem diferenças entre regiões do Brasil e entre os grupos de cor/raça e formações de aglomerados que compartilham semelhanças quando são considerados as frequências de haplótipos. Os resultados relatados aqui são as primeiras análises detalhadas do polimorfismo dos três loci HLA-A*, HLA-B* e HLA-DRB1* na população brasileira. Os dados dos grupos alélicos e das frequências de haplótipos obtidos neste estudo são relevantes para facilitar a pesquisa de doador não-aparentado compatível e pode ser útil para o planejamento nacional de recrutamento de doadores

To improve assistance for patients who are on a waiting list for a bone marrow transplant from an unrelated donor, it is important to genetically characterize the volunteer bone marrow donors that are recruited by REDOME and their regional differences. The objective is todescribe the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 in all Regions of Brazil as well as by its color/race groups using REDOME data set. This study consists of the analysis of 3.038.286 individuals. HLA allelic groups and haplotypesfrequencies were estimated by EM algorithm. Pairwise Nei’s genetic distance for each population combination were also calculated using haplotype frequencies. All allelic groups for HLA-A* HLA-B* HLA-DRB1 were identified in this study. HLA-A*02 (25,9%), HLA-B*35 (11,83%) and HLA-DRB1*13 (13,4%) comprise the most frequent allelic groups in REDOMEand A*01-B*08-DRB1*03 is the most frequent haplotype (2,19%). It was observed through genetic distances that there are differences between regions and race/ethnic groups andformations of clusters that share similarities when considering haplotype frequencies. The results reported here are the first detailed analyses of three loci HLA-A*, HLA-B* e HLADRB1*polymorphisms in Brazilian population. The allelic groups and haplotype frequency data obtained in this study are relevant to facilitate searching for unrelated matched donor and could be helpful for national donor recruitment planning

Proteome analysis of spinal cord during the clinical course of monophasic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats results in a period of exacerbation followed by complete recovery. Therefore, this model is widely used for studying the evolution of multiple sclerosis. In the present investigation, differentially expressed proteins in the spinal cord of Lewis rats during the evolution of EAE were assessed using the combination of 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins were identified during the acute phase of EAE, in relation to naïve control animals. On the other hand, recovered rats presented a similar protein expression pattern in comparison with the naïve ones. This observation can be explained, at least in part, by the intense catabolism existent in acute phase due to nervous tissue damage. In recovered rats, we have described the upregulation of proteins that are apparently involved in the recovery of damaged tissue, such as light and medium neurofilaments, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tubulins subunits, and quaking protein. These proteins are involved mainly in cell growth, myelination, and remyelination as well as in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte maturation. The present study has demonstrated that the inflammatory response, characterized by an increase of the proliferative response and infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes in the central nervous system, occurs simultaneously with neurodegeneration.

Effectiveness of immediate bonding of etch-and-rinse adhesives to simplified ethanol-saturated dentin.

This study examined the immediate bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesives to demineralized dentin saturated with either water or absolute ethanol. The research hypothesis was that there would be no difference in bond strength to dentin between water or ethanol wet-bonding techniques. The medium dentin of 20 third molars was exposed (n = 5). The dentin surface was then acid-etched, left moist and randomly assigned to be saturated via either water wet-bonding (WBT) or absolute ethanol wet-bonding (EBT). The specimens were then treated with one of the following etch-and-rinse adhesive systems: a 3-step, water-based system (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose, or SBMP) or a 2-step, ethanol/water-based system (Adper Single Bond 2, or SB). Resin composite build-ups were then incrementally constructed. After water storage for 24 h at 37°C, the tensile strength of the specimens was tested in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 5%). The failure modes were verified using a stereomicroscope (40'). For both adhesives, no significant difference in bond strength was observed between WBT and EBT (p > 0.05). The highest bond strength was observed for SB, regardless of the bonding technique (p < 0.05). No significant interaction between adhesives and bonding techniques was noticed (p = 0.597). There was a predominance of adhesive failures for all tested groups. The EBT and WBT displayed similar immediate bond strength means for both adhesives. The SB adhesive exhibited higher means for all conditions tested. Further investigations are needed to evaluate long-term bonding to dentin mediated by commercial etch-and-rinse adhesives using the EBT approach.

Effectiveness of immediate bonding of etch-and-rinse adhesives to simplified ethanol-saturated dentin

This study examined the immediate bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesives to demineralized dentin saturated with either water or absolute ethanol. The research hypothesis was that there would be no difference in bond strength to dentin between water or ethanol wet-bonding techniques. The medium dentin of 20 third molars was exposed (n = 5). The dentin surface was then acid-etched, left moist and randomly assigned to be saturated via either water wet-bonding (WBT) or absolute ethanol wet-bonding (EBT). The specimens were then treated with one of the following etch-and-rinse adhesive systems: a 3-step, water-based system (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose, or SBMP) or a 2-step, ethanol/water-based system (Adper Single Bond 2, or SB). Resin composite build-ups were then incrementally constructed. After water storage for 24 h at 37°C, the tensile strength of the specimens was tested in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 5%). The failure modes were verified using a stereomicroscope (40'). For both adhesives, no significant difference in bond strength was observed between WBT and EBT (p > 0.05). The highest bond strength was observed for SB, regardless of the bonding technique (p < 0.05). No significant interaction between adhesives and bonding techniques was noticed (p = 0.597). There was a predominance of adhesive failures for all tested groups. The EBT and WBT displayed similar immediate bond strength means for both adhesives. The SB adhesive exhibited higher means for all conditions tested. Further investigations are needed to evaluate long-term bonding to dentin mediated by commercial etch-and-rinse adhesives using the EBT approach.

Aptidão física em escolares de uma unidade de ensino da rede pública de Brasília-DF / Physical fitness among schoolchildren in a teaching unit of the public unit of Brasilia-DF

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os níveis de aptidão física relacionada à saúde e ao desempenho motor em escolares de 7 a 11 anos de idade de uma unidade de ensino em Brasília. A amostra foi composta de 69 escolares de ambos os sexos (35 meninos e 34 meninas). As variáveis estudadas foram: índice de massa corporal, flexibilidade, potência de membros inferiores, potência de membros superiores, agilidade e resistência abdominal medidos utilizando o protocolo PROESP-BR. Para verificar a normalidade dos dados, utilizou-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para diferenças nas variáveis da aptidão física entre as diferentes idades utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey. O teste t-Student para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar as médias em relação ao sexo, enquanto o teste do Qui-quadrado (X²) serviu para analisar os critérios de saúde de acordo com o sexo. Observa-se uma tendência a melhoria em todas as variáveis conforme o aumento da idade para ambos os sexos. Os meninos apresentaram melhores resultados que as meninas nas variáveis resistência abdominal (p=0,02) e agilidade (p=0,01) para as idades de 08 e 10 anos. Para a flexibilidade foi identificada uma associação significativa entre os meninos e o critério de não atender aos critérios de saúde (X²=12,2; p<0,001). Para o IMC houve uma tendência em esta associação ocorrer para as meninas (X²=3,84; p=0,05). Os resultados estão de acordo com aqueles encontrados por outros estudos relacionados à aptidão física de crianças e adolescentes em diferentes regiões do país.

The aim of this study was to identify levels of fitness related to health and motor performance in schoolchildren aged 7 to 11 years old from an educational unit in Brasilia. The sample consisted of 69 students of both sexes (35 boys and 34 girls). The variables studied were: body mass index, flexibility, power of lower limbs, upper limbs power, flexibility and abdominal strength measured using the protocol PROESP-BR. The normality of the data, was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and to check the difference in physical fitness variables between the different ages was used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. The Student t test for independent samples was used to compare means according to sex, while the chi-square test (X²) was used to nalyze the health criteria for boys and girls. There is a tendency to improvement in all variables with increasing age, both for females as for males. The boys performed better than girls in the variable resistance abdominal (p = 0.02) and speed (p = 0.01) for the ages of 08 and 10 years. For flexibility was identified a significant association between the boys and not meeting the health criteria (X²=12,2; p<0,001). For BMI there was a trend in this association occur for females (X²=3,84 p=0.05). The results are consistent with those found by other studies related to physical fitness in children and adolescents in different regions of the country.

Avaliação cardiovascular perioperatória para cirurgia não cardíaca / Preoperatuve cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery

A decisão de se recomendar exames, medidas cardioprotetoras ou terapêuticas para um paciente que irá ser submetido a uma cirurgia não cardíaca, em última análise, se torna um ato de equilíbrio entre as probabilidades estimadas de eficácia versus risco. Exemplo disso é a redução do número de exames pedidos no pré-operatório após a implementação das recomendações do American Callege af Cardiology (ACC) FaundatianlAmerican Heart Assaciatian (AHA). Nos pacientes candidatos à cirurgia de aorta, 88% eram submetidos a teste de estresse com imagem nuclear, 24% a cateterismo cardíaco e 24% à revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM) no pré-operatório. Com a implementação das recomendações, estes números caíram para 47, 11 e 2%, respectiva- mente. Os custos gerais da avaliação pré-operatória reduziram-se de U$ 1.087 para U$ 171. Ao mesmo tempo, o desfecho perioperatório foi melhor. O índice de morte/infarto do miocárdio caiu de 11 para 4%1. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização é discutir as principais recomendações da AHA/ACC e destacar a importância de sua aplicação no dia-a-dia do anestesiologista...

The decisian to recommend exams, heart-protective or therapeutic measures for a patient who will be submitted to a non-cardiac surgery, in the final analysis, becomes an act af balance between estimated probabilities af effectiveness versus risk. An example is the reduced number ot exams required in the preoperative period after implementing the recommendatians af the American Callege af Cardialagy (ACC) Foundation/American Heart Associatian (AHA). In patients candidates for aortic surgeries, 88% were submitted to nuclear image stress test, 24% to cardiac catheterism and 24% were submitted to myocardial revascularizatian (MR) in the preoperative period. By implementing the recommendations, these numbers dropped to 47%, 11% and 2% respectively. General costs of preoperative evaluatians reduced from U$I087 to U$171. At the same time, the perioperative outcame was better. The death/myocardial infarction rate dropped from 11% to 4%1. The purpase af this updating paper is to discuss the main recommendations af AHAIACC and to highlight the importance of their implementation the day-by-day af the anesthesiologist...

[Euclides da Cunha in the Amazon: historical discontinuities in how the forest is seen and narrated]. / Euclides da Cunha na Amazônia: descontinuidades históricas nos modos de ver e narrar a floresta.

The article examines how the discursive, social, and political processes that nationalized the Amazon gained firm footing during Brazil's First Republic. It is argued that Euclides da Cunha's texts on the Amazon see the forest and narrate its story in a way that differs from the travel accounts of nineteenth-century naturalists, above all foreign ones. Drawing inspiration from Latin American cultural studies, the article reinforces the argument that there is a historical discontinuity between the romantic foreign travel literature of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth-century writings of Euclides da Cunha.

Euclides da Cunha na Amazônia: descontinuidades históricas nos modos de ver e narrar a floresta / Euclides da Cunha in the Amazon: historical discontinuities in how the forest is seen and narrated

Examina como se consolidaram, no país, processos discursivos, sociais e políticos que nacionalizaram a Amazônia, no período da Primeira República. Com base em textos de Euclides da Cunha sobre a Amazônia, argumenta-se que estava em operação um modo de ver e narrar a floresta distinto do encontrado em relatos de viagem escritos por naturalistas, sobretudo estrangeiros, ao longo do século XIX. Aprofunda, sob inspiração dos estudos culturais de vertentes latino-americanas, o argumento em defesa de uma descontinuidade histórica entre a literatura estrangeira e romântica de viagem do século XIX e os escritos euclidianos do início do século XX.

The article examines how the discursive, social, and political processes that nationalized the Amazon gained firm footing during Brazil's First Republic. It is argued that Euclides da Cunha's texts on the Amazon see the forest and narrate its story in a way that differs from the travel accounts of nineteenth-century naturalists, above all foreign ones. Drawing inspiration from Latin American cultural studies, the article reinforces the argument that there is a historical discontinuity between the romantic foreign travel literature of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth-century writings of Euclides da Cunha.

Educação Ambiental: tecendo trilhas, escriturando territórios / Environmental Education: weaving trails, writing territories

O presente trabalho indaga sobre as estratégias educativas articuladas nas chamadas trilhas interpretativas de Educação Ambiental. Pergunta-se: que territórios são esses que recebem guias e estudantes em atividades de Educação Ambiental? Que perguntas são instituídas no decorrer do ato de caminhar? Quais são deixadas de ser enunciadas? Quais são as marcas que fazem de determinado percurso uma trilha? Quais territórios e quais trilhas conformam os caminhos percorridos pela Educação Ambiental? Para discorrer em torno dessas indagações o artigo foca duas experimentações diferentes. Primeiramente, abordam-se alguns aspectos referentes à construção de uma trilha interpretativa na comunidade do Pântano do Sul, em Florianópolis/SC. Sobre essa trilha, planejada para ser executada com alunos do ensino fundamental, indaga-se, sobretudo, sobre o processo que culminou na elaboração de seu traçado. Na segunda parte do trabalho, focam-se as trilhas interpretativas desencadeadas em um Parque Estadual de Proteção Ambiental localizado nas proximidades de Porto Alegre/RS. Para tanto, mostram-se os processos de disciplinamento dos sujeitos que estão em jogo nessas iniciativas, bem como a produção discursiva de uma natureza intangível operada nessas ações. As análises empreendidas no ensaio estão situadas no campo multifacetado e contestado dos estudos culturais. A partir desse campo, o trabalho discorre sobre as leituras da natureza que estariam sendo construídas nas atividades de Educação Ambiental focadas neste ensaio: as chamadas trilhas interpretativas. E mais, a partir dos estudos culturais indaga-se a instituição dos entendimentos sobre a natureza (e dos modos de agir em relação a ela) a partir das práticas e dos discursos envolvidos desde o planejamento e a implantação de uma trilha interpretativa, até o momento em que é desenvolvido um trabalho educativo em tais espaços.

This paper inquires into the educational strategies used in the so-called interpretative tracks for environmental education. We ask, 'Which territories are those receiving guides and students in environmental educational activities? Which questions are made when walking? Which are not made? Which features turn a route into a track? Which territories and tracks shape the ways for environmental education? To approach these questions the paper will focus on two different trials. First we have approached some aspects of the construction of an interpretative track in the community of Pântano do Sul in Florianópolis, SC. About this track, meant to be performed with students from primary schools, above all, we inquire into the process culminating in designing its lines. In the second part, we have focused on the interpretative tracks in a state reserve near Porto Alegre, RS. To do so, processes of disciplining subjects, and discursive production of an untouched nature, are necessary. Analyses conducted in the essay are in the challenged multi-faceted cultural studies field. In this field, work is carried out into readings on nature in the environmental education activities focused in this essay: the so-called interpretative tracks. Furthermore, from the cultural studies we can inquire into the understandings on nature (and the way we act regarding it), from practices and discourses involved from planning and using an interpretative track to the moment when an educational work is developed in such spaces.

Treatment of fixed knee flexion deformity and crouch gait using distal femur extension osteotomy in cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of distal femur extension osteotomy and medial hamstring lengthening in the treatment of fixed knee flexion deformity in patients with spastic diparetic cerebral palsy. METHODS: A retrospective study was done in a group of 12 diparetic cerebral palsy patients. A distal femur extension osteotomy was performed as part of multilevel surgery on lower limbs. The fixed knee flexion deformity was measured during physical examination, whereas hip and knee flexion in the stance phase and anterior pelvic tilt were both analyzed at kinematics. The pre- and post-surgery results were compared and analyzed statistically. A medical record review was done in order to identify the complications. The mean follow-up was 28 months. RESULTS: A significant reduction of fixed knee flexion deformity at physical examination and knee flexion in the stance phase at kinematics was observed, but with no decrease in hip flexion. As a non-desired effect, there was an increase in anterior pelvic tilt after surgical procedures. With regard to complications, a single patient had skin breakdown at a calcaneous area on one side and the recurrence of deformity was seen in 27% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, in which fixed knee flexion deformity did not exceed 40 degrees before surgery, the distal femur extension osteotomy was effective in increasing knee extension in the stance phase. However, an increase in anterior pelvic tilt, deformity recurrence and necessity for walking aids are possible complications of this procedure.

Análise métrica de fotografias do perfil tegumentar: padronização de um método computadorizado / Soft tissue profile photograph metric analysis: a digital method pattern

Introdução: Medidas do perfil facial obtidas diretamente sobre imagens fotográficas podem ser valiosos auxiliares no diagnóstico e no planejamento ortodôntico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo padronizar e testar a reprodutibilidade de um método computadorizado de avaliação fotográfica do perfil facial tegumentar. Método - A amostra utilizada neste estudo constituiu-se de 324 fotografias do perfil facial de 36 adultos jovens leucodermas, na faixa etária dos 18 aos 30 anos de idade, não importando o tipo de oclusão ou características faciais que possuíam. Todas as fotografias foram obtidas de modo padronizado, por três operadores distintos, utilizando-se como referência uma vertical verdadeira, com os jovens em pé e em posição natural da cabeça. Posteriormente, as fotografias foram digitalizadas e inseridas no programa de informática "Radiocef2. O" e procedeu-se à demarcação dos pontos tegumentares de referência e às medições de grandezas antropométricas anterionnente descritas na literatura. Resultados e Conclusões - De acordo com os resultados estatísticos, os valores mensurados na análise facial apresentaram confiabilidade, tanto quando obtidos por um mesmo operador, como quando conseguidos por operadores distintos. Essa confiabilidade foi confirmada avaliando-se o teste t, que na grande maioria dos casos não indicou diferença significante entre os valores mensurados. O método descrito neste trabalho mostrou-se eficiente e de fácil reprodução.

lntroduction: Photography facial profile measurements are very useful to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The issue proposes to standardize and evaluate the accuracy of a digital valuation mode offacial profile. Method - The sample was formed by 324 facial profile photographs fiom 36 youth Caucasians, aged between 18 and 30 years of age, with any kind offacial and occlusion characteristics. A pattem method was used to obtain all ofthe profile photographs, with patients at upright position and using a true vertical reference line. Three different operators obtained each photograph. After that, all photographs were digitalized and analyzed by "Radiocef2.0" software, preceding some literature known as anthropometrics measurements. Results - Statistical results showed accuracy ofthe facial analysis measurements investigated when obtained by one operator, as much as when obtained by different operators. Statistical test t confirmed the similarity in most part ofthe measurement values studied. Conc/usions - This investigation was able to conclude the efficiency and reliability ofthe evaluated digital method.

Evaluacion de los efectos antimicrobianos de las asociaciones medicamentosas usadas en la terapia pulpar de dientes temporarios / Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of endodontics combinations medicaments uses on deciduous teeth therapy

Los autores evaluaron la actividad antimicrobiana de asociaciones medicamentosas en la terapia pulpar de dientes temporarios a traves del estudio "in vitro", comparandose la actividad de las asociaciones: el oxido de zinc y eugenol, pasta iodoformada y la pasta de hidroxido de calcio. La asociacion de zinc y eugenol presento un mayor efecto antimicrobiano, observado por la comparacion entre los tamaños de las zonas de inhibicion de las asociaciones medicamentosas estudiadas. Las pastas iodoformadas con y sin PMCC, presentaron zona de inhibicion indefinida, caraterizadas por el no descubrimiento de una zona clara de ausencia de crecimiento bacteriano, normal en este tipo de prueba.

Evaluacion de los efectos antimicrobianos de las asociaciones medicamentosas usadas en la terapia pulpar de dientes temporarios / Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of endodontics combinations medicaments uses on deciduous teeth therapy

Los autores evaluaron la actividad antimicrobiana de asociaciones medicamentosas en la terapia pulpar de dientes temporarios a traves del estudio "in vitro", comparandose la actividad de las asociaciones: el oxido de zinc y eugenol, pasta iodoformada y la pasta de hidroxido de calcio. La asociacion de zinc y eugenol presento un mayor efecto antimicrobiano, observado por la comparacion entre los tamaños de las zonas de inhibicion de las asociaciones medicamentosas estudiadas. Las pastas iodoformadas con y sin PMCC, presentaron zona de inhibicion indefinida, caraterizadas por el no descubrimiento de una zona clara de ausencia de crecimiento bacteriano, normal en este tipo de prueba.(AU)