Variations in white blood count, thromboxane B2 levels and hematocrit in chronic venous hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze variations in leukocyte count and thromboxane B2 production in the femoral vein of patients with chronic venous hypertension (CVH). DESIGN: Prospective clinical study, controlled, non randomized and open. LOCATION: Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, referral center, university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 15 patients with recurring stasis ulcer were analyzed, selected randomly from the venous diseases outpatient center, and 4 without lower limb venous alterations were also analyzed. INTERVENTION: Blood samples from the femoral and brachial veins were drawn following supine and 45 degrees reverse Trendelenburg. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Direct leukocyte count and analysis of the thromboxane B2 with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. RESULTS: After 30 minutes in reverse Trendelenburg, patients with CVH showed a leukocyte count reduced by +/- 27% (p = 0.02) and thromboxane B2 levels increased by +/- 158% (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that future studies of medications for stasis ulcers include their effects on leukocyte entrapment and thromboxane B2 production in the lower limb venous system.

Embolia de membros superiores / Upper limb arterial embolism

As embolias arteriais dos membros superiores correspondem a 16 a 32 'por cento' dos casos de obstrução arterial embólica periférica. Os autores analisaram 34 casos de embolia arterial em membros superiores, atendidos de janeiro de 1991 a dezembro de 1993. A idade variou entre 38 a 84 anos (mediana = 62 anos). Quinze pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 17 do feminino. A etiologia da embolia foi na grande maioria dos casos bem definida, sendo que a principal causa foi a fibriliação atrial (81 'por cento'). A oclusão da artéria braquial foi a mais frequente (62 'por cento'). Todos os pacientes desta série apresentavam isquemia de membro, sendo leve em 16 casos (47 'por cento') e grave nos outros 18 (53 'por cento'). Nenhum paciente estava com gangrena à admissão. A maioria dos pacientes apresentavam tempo de isquemia entre o início do quadro e da liberação do fluxo arterial entre 6 a 12 horas (40 'por cento'). Uma paciente foi tratada clinicamente. Todos os outros foram submetidos a embolectomia braquial com catéter de Fogarty. Empregou-se a fasciotomia em um paciente devido a presença de síndrome compartimental. Dois pacientes faleceram, no pós-operatório imediato, um por embolia mesentérica e o outro por infarto miocárdico. A recuperação dos batimentos arteriais foi obtida em todos os pacientes. Em três casos houve oclusão pós-operatória, reoperados com sucesso. Em nenhum caso observou-se alteraçöes metabólicas que comprometessem o estado geral do paciente e que pudessem ser relacionadas à reperfusão do membro superioe isquêmico. A preservação do membro foi obtida em todos os doentes. Concluímos que em casos de embolia de membro superioe, apresentando-se o paciente em boas condiçöes clínicas e com o membro superior sem necrose instalada, vale a pena a realização da embolectomia com catéter de Fogarty, devido aos bons resultados quanto à manutenção do membro e batimentos arteriais, além de baixos índices de complicaçöes derivadas do procedimento cirúrgico.

[Action of elastic compression on valvular closing time]. / Acão da compressão elástica no tempo de fechamento valvular.

The study was carried out in ten patients with venous insufficiency of limbs verified by clinical standards, photopletismography and descending venogram witch, previous venous stasis ulcer and branquial/ankle doppler index greater than 0.9. The valvular closing time (VCT) was measured with Duplex scanning, at the level of popliteal vein bellow de lesser safenous vein entrance. The ten patients showed an initial VCT greater than 0.5 sec, with the utilization of the elastic compression and new measurement of VCT, seven showed a normalization of VCT (valves lower than 0.5 sec). The elastic compression of limbs is efficient in reducing the venous reflux and it could be evaluated individually with a non invasive test--The Duplex scanning.

[Non-iatrogenic trauma of the brachial artery]. / Traumatismos não iatrogénicos da artéria braquial.

Brachial artery trauma are treated quite frequently in the emergency units. Between January 1987 and December 1990 we studied prospectively 50 patients with brachial artery trauma at the Hospital das Clinicas, of University of Sao Paulo. The patients mean age ranged from 2 to 64 years. Males were predominant with 46 patients. Most of them were white (66%). Penetrating injuries were the most frequent. Most of these injuries were caused by gunshot wounds or stabing. Absence of distal palpable pulses was the predominant finding among the clinical features (94%). 74% of the patients do not present important ischemia. The right side was more affected (34 patients). 14 patients had concomitant nerve injury. 35 patients (70%) were submitted to arterial reconstruction with saphenous vein. 12 patients (24%) had end-to-end vascular anastomoses. 3 patients (6%) were submitted to brachial artery ligation. 2 patients underwent simultaneous median nerve repair. In 3 patients we used fasciotomy. 6 patients developed arterial occlusion following vascular reconstruction and in one of them it was necessary to perform amputation. 2 patients had wound infection with saphenous vein repair disruption. Both were treated with brachial artery ligation and one underwent amputation. One patient died on the post operative period owing to associated lesions. Limb preservation was achieved in 47 patients (94%). 33 (70.2%) had no neurological deficit and 14 (29.7%) had some degree of neurological deficit. None of the patients had venous hypertension at the time of discharge.

Trauma to arteries of the forearm.

Trauma to arteries of the forearm corresponds to 20% of total arterial trauma. The authors analyzed 24 patients with non iatrogenic trauma of the forearm arteries, cared for from January 1987 to December 1990. All patients were male, trauma by penetrating instrument was the most frequent, with 21 cases (87.5%), absence of pulses was the most frequent clinical manifestation (62.5%), fifteen patients did not present ischemic manifestations (54.2%) and half of the patients did not exhibit neurological symptoms. Injury to only one artery was found in 11 cases, five of them in the radial artery (20.8%), five in the ulnar artery (20.8%) and one in the interosseous artery (4.2%). Concurrent injury to the radial and ulnar arteries was found in 13 cases (54.1%). Regarding nervous impairment, injury to the radial nerve was found in four cases (16.6%) and of the median and ulnar nerves, one case in each (4.1%). All patients with concurrent injury to the ulnar and radial arteries (13) were submitted to arterial restoration. The 11 patients with injury to a sole artery of the forearm were managed as follows: ligature of the interosseous artery in one case, ligature of the radial artery in four cases, raphe of the radial artery in one case, ligature of the ulnar artery in three cases, restoration of the ulnar artery using a segment of the v. saphena in the two cases in which the Allen test had been positive. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period as a result of multiple organ failure due to polytraumatism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ischemic rest pain of the lower extremities. Treatment with peripheral nerve crush.

The authors report the results obtained from peripheral nerve crushing in the treatment of ischemic rest pain and/or trophic lesions of toes and feet. They studied retrospectively 102 patients who were submitted to peripheral nerve crushing at the "Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo" during a sixteen-year period, from March 1971 to April 1987. These patients had no other choice, either clinical or surgical. The results were evaluated under three aspects: elimination of pain, evolution of trophic lesions and postoperative complications. The follow-up period varied from 1 month to 6 years (mean of 18 months). The results showed immediate elimination of pain in 94% of the patients. The remaining 6% were reoperated on within 24 to 48 hours, due to technical failure in identifying some of the nerves during the first operation. Regarding the trophic lesions, in 71% of the patients the results were good and the remaining underwent amputation at leg or thigh. The worst results were obtained in patients with necrotic lesions (p < 0.05). Three patients presented surgical wound dehiscence. The authors conclude that peripheral nerve crushing constitutes a valid alternative for a select group of patients with uncontrollable ischemic rest pain in the feet.