Biotechnological and socio-environmental potential of Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae): an interdisciplinary review.

Guavira (Campomanesia adamantium, Myrtaceae) is a native fruit from the Brazilian Cerrado savanna and is socio-economically important for the indigenous and traditional people living in the Central-West. This is a bibliographic review of the biological properties of guavira and its derivatives, and, after discussing experimental studies, an interdisciplinary approach is conducted highlighting the im-portance of Agroforestry Systems as an ecological restoration tool to leverage the production chain of guavira while providing ecosystem services. Many research groups studied effects of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds and biological properties of this fruit and other plant parts such as antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-diarrheic and antitumoral activities, cardiovascular and hepatic protection and action against neuropathic pain. Besides, guavira by-products benefit poultry intestinal health, similarly to antibiotics added to their feed. Furthermore, several biotechnological products were found, like pulp flour, seasoning from the peel, sunscreen, and seed oil similar to olive oil with pharmaceutical and industrial potential. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of guavira for restoration and preservation of the threatened Brazilian Cerrado, and for the socio-environmental development of family agriculture. The same approach and study are welcome and necessary in other regions and domains worldwide having their native flora as means for a restorative end.

Cross-sectional study on factors associated with flossing in Brazilian young children.

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the factors associated with flossing by caregivers in Brazilian young children. METHODS: Its sample consisted of 305 children aged 1-3 and their mothers from the Brazilian city of Diamantina. They were selected through the Municipal Health Department from a list of registered children who had recently used the public health services. Data collection was done by means of the mothers answering a questionnaire which addressed economic and socio-demographic factors and also the mother and child characteristics and habits. In addition, an oral clinical examination was performed in order to assess Baume arch type and caries occurrence. Descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test and Poisson regression were performed. RESULTS: It was found that the sample presented a prevalent flossing habit in 20.3% of the subjects. The flossing habit in the children was associated with the mothers' own habit of flossing daily (PR 2.32; 95% CI 1.12-4.82) and with the frequent children's tooth brushing by the mother (PR 2.85; 95% CI 1.05-7.76). CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of flossing by caregivers in young children is associated with the mothers' own habit of flossing daily and with the frequent children's tooth brushing by the mother.

Spatio-temporal analysis of tuberculosis and its correlation with the Living Conditions Index in an elderly population in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly population in the city of Belém, PA from 2011 to 2015 according to the Living Conditions Index (LCI). This was an epidemiological, descriptive, ecological, and retrospective study involving 1,134 cases. Data were collected through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). For data analysis, we used the incidence coefficient, global and local empirical Bayesian model, Kernel density, and Kernel ratio. The construction of the LCI was based on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) method. The incidence of TB remained the same over the five years studied. No neighborhood was found to have a high incidence of TB and a high LCI, but most of the cases occurred in the south of the city where the neighborhoods with the most precarious conditions are located. Moreover, the lowest incidence was in neighborhoods that historically had better infrastructure. Spatial analysis tools facilitate studies on the dynamics of disease transmission such as TB. In this study, it was shown that TB is heterogeneously distributed throughout the municipality. Living conditions, especially in slums, influenced TB incidence.

Trypanosomatids in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) From Anthropic and Sinantropic Landscapes in a Rural Settlement in the Brazilian Amazon.

Trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastida:Trypanosomatidae) protozoa are a diverse group of obligate parasites. The genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are the most studied because of their medical importance. This work aims to evaluate the effects of anthropization processes on the composition of the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and the natural infection by Trypanosomatids, with emphasis on Leishmania. At all 3,186 sand flies were collected, distributed in 13 genera and 52 species, being Ny. umbratilis the most abundant species. There was no difference in the diversity between canopy and soil environments. The species abundance and richness were higher in the forest environment while species diversity and evenness were highest in the forest edge. The ITS1 region was used by PCR-RFLP to identify the fragment profiles of Leishmania species, followed by genetic sequencing. Here were analyzed 100 pools of female sand flies, being six positive for DNA parasite. PCR-RFLP fragment patterns similar to Endotrypanum sp. were observed in Nyssomyia anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis and Lutzomyia gomezi, and those fragments similar to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis were observed in Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. ITS1 sequencing confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. in Bi. flaviscutellata, and Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Ny. anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis, and Lu. gomezi. This is the first record of Lu. gomezi and Ps. amazonensis infection by L. naiffi in the State of Amazonas. These results show the trypanosomatid infection in sandflies from different landscapes in a rural settlement, and the finding of species infected with L.(V.) naiffi suggest that they can develop a role in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis.

Spatio-temporal analysis of tuberculosis and its correlation with the Living Conditions Index in an elderly population in Brazil

The aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly population in the city of Belém, PA from 2011 to 2015 according to the Living Conditions Index (LCI). This was an epidemiological, descriptive, ecological, and retrospective study involving 1,134 cases. Data were collected through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). For data analysis, we used the incidence coefficient, global and local empirical Bayesian model, Kernel density, and Kernel ratio. The construction of the LCI was based on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) method. The incidence of TB remained the same over the five years studied. No neighborhood was found to have a high incidence of TB and a high LCI, but most of the cases occurred in the south of the city where the neighborhoods with the most precarious conditions are located. Moreover, the lowest incidence was in neighborhoods that historically had better infrastructure. Spatial analysis tools facilitate studies on the dynamics of disease transmission such as TB. In this study, it was shown that TB is heterogeneously distributed throughout the municipality. Living conditions, especially in slums, influenced TB incidence.

Increasing impact of COVID-19 on young adults: evidence from hospitalisations in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Concerns about the increasing impact of severe COVID-19 in younger individuals in Brazil came after a recent synchronised country-wide wave of cases in Brazil. This communication analyses how hospitalisations due to COVID-19 changed in the age groups 18-49 years and ≥70 years. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal study based on secondary data. METHODS: Data from SIVEP-Gripe, a public and open-access database of Severe Acute Respiratory Illness records (including COVID-19 notifications), were used in this study. Statistical control charts examined changes in the magnitude and variation of younger (18-49 years) and older (≥70 years) adults who were hospitalised between 15th March 2020 and 19th June 2021. RESULTS: During the few first weeks of the pandemic in Brazil, the number of COVID-19 hospitalisations increased in older adults but decreased in younger adults. Subsequently, hospitalisations reached statistical control zones in epidemiological weeks (EW) 19-48 of 2020 (EW 19-48/2020) and EW 03-05/2021 (18-49 y, mean = 26.1%; ≥70 y, mean = 32.8%). Between EW 49/2020 and EW 02/2021, the number of hospitalisations of younger adults dropped to levels below the lower control limit. In contrast, the number of hospitalisations of older adults surpassed the upper limit of the corresponding statistical control zones. However, from EW 06/2021, numbers of hospitalisations changed from statistical control zones, with hospitalisations of younger adults increasing and reaching 44.9% in EW 24/2021 and hospitalisations of older adults decreasing until EW 19/2021 (14.1%) and reaching 17.3% in EW 24/2021. CONCLUSIONS: An increasing number of COVID-19 hospitalisations were observed in younger adults from EW 06/2021. This could be a result of the successful vaccination programme in older adults, who were initially prioritised, and possibly an increased exposure to highly transmissible variants of COVID-19 in younger adults who had to go to work in the absence of social protection (i.e. government financial support). Potential consequences of COVID-19 hospitalisations in younger adults could include a reduced life expectancy of the population and an increased number of people unable to perform daily activities due to post-COVID-19 conditions.

Azithromycin for chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp: a placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP eosinophilic) is characterised by the formation of benign and bilateral nasal polyps. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of azithromycin as an immunomodulator with the use of a placebo in patients presenting with CRSwNP concomitant with asthma and aspirin intolerance after 3 months of treatment and at a 1-year follow-up. METHODOLOGY: We performed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received 500 mg azithromycin orally three times/week for 12 weeks. Improvement was evaluated by staging, the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and nasal polyp biopsy. Data collected at pretreatment and 3 months posttreatment were compared. Quality of life was evaluated at the 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-seven and 21 patients were treated with azithromycin and a placebo, respectively. The medication was well tolerated overall. Twenty patients (74%) in the azithromycin group and three patients (14%) in the placebo group were not refer- red for surgery at the end of the 3-month treatment. Regarding subjective improvement, there was a median decrease only in the azithromycin group, and the between-group difference was significant. SNOT-22 improvement was maintained in the azithromy- cin group at the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin could be considered a therapeutic option for patients presenting with CRSwNP concomitant with asthma and aspirin intolerance.

Taking the inner route: spatial and demographic factors affecting vulnerability to COVID-19 among 604 cities from inner São Paulo State, Brazil.

Even though the impact of COVID-19 in metropolitan areas has been extensively studied, the geographic spread to smaller cities is also of great concern. We conducted an ecological study aimed at identifying predictors of early introduction, incidence rates of COVID-19 and mortality (up to 8 May 2020) among 604 municipalities in inner São Paulo State, Brazil. Socio-demographic indexes, road distance to the state capital and a classification of regional relevance were included in predictive models for time to COVID-19 introduction (Cox regression), incidence and mortality rates (zero-inflated binomial negative regression). In multivariable analyses, greater demographic density and higher classification of regional relevance were associated with both early introduction and increased rates of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Other predictive factors varied, but distance from the State Capital (São Paulo City) was negatively associated with time-to-introduction and with incidence rates of COVID-19. Our results reinforce the hypothesis of two patterns of geographical spread of SARS-Cov-2 infection: one that is spatial (from the metropolitan area into the inner state) and another which is hierarchical (from urban centres of regional relevance to smaller and less connected municipalities). Those findings may apply to other settings, especially in developing and highly heterogeneous countries, and point to a potential benefit from strengthening non-pharmaceutical control strategies in areas of greater risk.

Substituição do milho pelo sorgo sobre o desempenho zootécnico e na digestibilidade em coelhos / Replacement of corn by sorghum on zootechnical performance and digestibility in rabbits

O milho é a principal fonte de energia nas dietas animais. Em algumas regiões brasileiras, sua disponibilidade, principalmente na entressafra, é insuficiente para atender à demanda, fazendo com que seu preço se eleve. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pelo sorgo sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a digestibilidade em coelhos. Foram utilizados 60 animais machos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, divididos em três tratamentos: ração base milho (TM); ração base sorgo (TS) e ração base 50% de milho + 50% de sorgo (TMS). No ensaio de desempenho, avaliou-se ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA), coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), proteína bruta (CDPB), fibra em detergente neutro (CDFDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (CDFDA). Observou-se que o CRM, a CA e o GPM não foram afetados pela substituição do milho pelo sorgo, nos níveis de 50% e 100%. Os resultados de digestibilidade demonstraram maiores CDPB e CDFDN na ração base milho, não havendo diferenças entre os demais parâmetros estudados. O sorgo com baixo teor de tanino pode ser usado nas rações de crescimento de coelhos em níveis de substituição de 50% ou 100% da participação do milho, sem prejuízos para o desempenho zootécnico e a digestibilidade.(AU)

Corn is the main source of energy in animal diets. In some Brazilian regions, its availability, especially in the off-season, may be insufficient to meet demand, which causes prices to increase. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the substitution of maize by sorghum on the performance and digestibility of rabbits. Sixty New Zealand White bucks were used, divided in three treatments, maize base ration (TM); based on grain sorghum ration (TS) and base ration 50% corn + 50% sorghum grain (TMS). In the performance test, weight gain (GP), feed intake (CR) and feed conversion ratio (CA) were evaluated. In the digestibility assay, 21 animals were used. The total dry matter (CDMS), crude protein (CDPB), gross energy (EB), neutral detergent fiber (CDFDN) and acid detergent fiber (CDFDA) coefficients were evaluated. There was no significant difference for any of the performance parameters studied (P > 0.05). The digestibility results showed higher CDPB and CDFDN in the corn diet (P <0.05), with no differences between the other parameters studied. Low tannin sorghum can be used in rabbit growth diets at substitution levels of 50% or 100% of maize participation without impairing zootechnical performance and digestibility.(AU)

Analysis of conditions sensitive to primary care in a successful experience of primary healthcare expansion in Brazil, 1998-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in expansion of coverage of the family health strategy and hospitalization for conditions sensitive to primary care (CSPC) in a successful experience of primary healthcare expansion in Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological study with data from the Brazilian National Health Information System. METHODS: CSPC were analyzed between 1998 and 2015 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by cause groups. Trends, variation, and correlation between indicators in the period were evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the cause groups showed a reduction in hospitalization rate, particularly cardiovascular diseases and asthma, but an increase was seen for obstetric causes. The main causes of hospitalization were heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and bacterial pneumonia. The contribution of vaccine-preventable diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, and chronic lung diseases to the total number of hospitalizations was seen to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis demonstrates that the family health strategy, as access to the healthcare system, decreases the majority of CSPC hospitalization rates.

Evaluation of a modified GnRH-based timed-AI protocol associated with estrus detection in beef heifers inseminated with sex-selected or conventional semen.

The main objective was to compare pregnancy per AI (P/AI) between sex-selected and conventional semen in cyclic beef heifers subjected to a 5-day Co-synch plus CIDR protocol and evaluated the usefulness of an estrus detection (ED) aid to identify heifers that were most likely to conceive. This study also determined if the expression of estrus before timed-AI (TAI) would be associated with increased P/AI in acyclic heifers inseminated with conventional semen. Heifers (n = 1690; 320-523 kg of body weight, and 13-15 mo of age) at three locations over 2 years were scanned by ultrasonography to determine cyclicity (presence of luteal tissue) and reproductive tract normalcy. Cyclic heifers (n = 1331) received a progesterone releasing device (CIDR) on Day 0, CIDR removal and 500 µg of cloprostenol (PGF) on Day 5, and 100 µg of GnRH along with TAI on Day 8. Acyclic heifers (n = 275) received the same treatment with the addition of GnRH on Day 0. On Day 5, all heifers received ED patches (Estrotect™) that were scored from 0 to 3, based on color change between initial application and Day 8; 0 = unchanged, 1 = ≤ 50% color change, 2 = > 50% color change, 3 = missing. Estrus was defined to have occurred when an ED patch was scored 2 or 3. Cyclic heifers were inseminated with either frozen-thawed sex-selected or conventional semen from either of three sires available commercially (two per year). Acyclic heifers were inseminated with conventional semen. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography 28 or 48 d after TAI, depending on management. The percentage of cyclic heifers was 83.9% and the average estrus response was 63.8%. P/AI was greater (P < 0.01) in cyclic compared to acyclic heifers (53.3 vs. 36.0%) and tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for conventional semen (52.3 vs. 47.6%), despite all acyclic heifers being inseminated with conventional semen. Heifers with an ED patch scored 2 (61.1%) or 3 (58.6%) had greater (P < 0.01) P/AI than those scored 0 (31.8%) or 1 (33.1%), regardless of semen type. Pregnancy per AI was greater (P < 0.01) for heifers detected in estrus (60.6 vs. 32.3%). In cyclic heifers that did not exhibit estrus, P/AI was lower (P < 0.01) in those inseminated with sex-selected semen (27.8 vs. 45.9%), while in heifers that exhibited estrus, P/AI only tended to be lower (P = 0.08; 56.7 vs. 65.5%). In summary, P/AI was greater in cyclic heifers, in those inseminated with conventional semen and in those exhibiting estrus before TAI. The ED patches were considered useful to identify animals for TAI with sex-selected semen and could be used to increase the adoption of this technology in beef herds.

Structural heart disease as the cause of syncope.

We described the clinical evolution of patients with structural heart disease presenting at the emergency room with syncope. Patients were stratified according to their syncope etiology and available scores for syncope prognostication. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the relationship between etiology of the syncope and event-free survival. Of the 82,678 emergency visits during the study period, 160 (0.16%) patients were there due to syncope, having a previous diagnosis of structural heart disease. During the median follow-up of 33.8±13.8 months, mean age at the qualifying syncope event was 68.3 years and 40.6% of patients were male. Syncope was vasovagal in 32%, cardiogenic in 57%, orthostatic hypotension in 6%, and of unknown causes in 5% of patients. The primary composite endpoint death, readmission, and emergency visit in 30 days was 39.4% in vasovagal syncope and 60.6% cardiogenic syncope (P<0.001). Primary endpoint-free survival was lower for patients with cardiogenic syncope (HR=2.97, 95%CI=1.94-4.55; P<0.001). The scores were analyzed for diagnostic performance with area under the curve (AUC) and did not help differentiate patients with an increased risk of adverse events. The differential diagnosis of syncope causes in patients with structural heart disease is important, because vasovagal and postural hypotension have better survival and less probability of emergency room or hospital readmission. The available scores are not reliable tools for prognosis in this specific patient population.

Characterization of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in a region of the eastern Amazon, state of Pará, Brazil, between 2000 and 2014.

Animal bites are a serious public health issue, and prevention strategies have been consistently documented worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize human anti-rabies treatment in 11 counties of the Salgado microregion, Pará state, Brazil, which borders the Bragantina microregion, where exposures of human rabies were reported in 2004 and 2005. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using anti-rabies treatment notifications registered in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) database of the State Department of Public Health of Pará (SESPA) from January 2000 to December 2014. In this period, 13,403 exposures were reported, with a growing annual trend (Y = 68.571x + 344.96). The years 2012 and 2013 presented the highest exposure incidence. Salinópolis was the county with the highest average annual incidence per 10,000 persons (62.83), followed by São João de Pirabas (43.28) and São Caetano de Odivelas (41.27). Most patients were males (59.6%) and were 1-19 years old (48.7%). The main species involved in aggressions were dogs (74.1%), followed by bats (13.1%) and cats (7.4%). Biting was the most common kind of exposure, mostly on the lower limbs (39.6%). This study shows that aggression by bats was the second most common cause of demand for the service in the region for the past 14 years. The low quality of records may increase the difficulty of rabies surveillance in Pará.

Transcultural adaptation of the user satisfaction scale to the health service: Brazilian version of the EORTC IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the IN-PATSAT32 questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire was applied to 328 patients in a public hospital, and the retest was performed with 86 patients, approximately 1 week after the test. Psychometric analyses were performed to evaluate the structure, reliability, and internal consistency of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The adapted questionnaire presented high sensitivity and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 8) indicated strong convergent validity and discriminant properties of the instrument, as well as high internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.8). Exploratory factor analysis divided the questionnaire into five dimensions: satisfaction with a multidisciplinary team (α = 0.953, kp = 0.61, ICC = 0.953), doctors (α = 0.993, kp = 0.817, ICC = 0.966), therapeutic (α = 0.946, kp = 0.869, ICC = 0.972), hospital structure (α = 0.97, kp = 0.87, ICC = 0.947), and hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the Brazilian version maintained its psychometric properties when used in a heterogeneous population and with different diagnoses and stages of treatment for cancer. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This questionnaire can be used in the Brazilian hospital routine to gauge the satisfaction of patients with hospitalization.

The bone degenerative processes in senile fishes from Holocene Brazilian shell mounds.

Zooarchaeological collections from shell mounds in Rio de Janeiro (2,470-4,632 cal BP) contain a high prevalence of swollen fish bones belonging to the Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber), crevalle jack (Caranx hippos) and fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). Given the lack of knowledge of the bone degenerative process in senile fishes, this study analysed hyperostotic bone in zooarchaeological and modern specimens to obtain high-resolution morphology and microstructure reconstruction. We used microCT as well as X-ray diffraction to characterize the crystallographic changes associated with fish senility. Our results showed that trabecular microstructures in hyperostotic bones were consistent with estimated values of the per cent bone volume-to-total volume ratio (BV/TV) and were greater than 60% in cortical bone. Hyperostotic bones indicated a high radiograph density, and X-ray diffractograms showed a decrease in hydroxyapatite [Ca10 (PO4 )6 (OH)2 ] and calcite (CaCO3 ) neocrystallization. These crystalline and density changes revealed an advanced stage of fish senile and indicate the vulnerability of ageing fish populations.

Polymorphisms in the melatonin receptor gene promoter and their associations with fertility characteristics in buffalo herd in Eastern Amazon.

Buffalo production is spreading globally because of its economic advantage. Then, it has become necessary to improve the reproductive and productive efficiency of these animals, as well as to look for genetic factors that increase this efficiency. The objectives of this study were to characterize the promoter region of the melatonin 1A receptor gene (MTRN1A), to detect possible SNPs and associate them with fertility characteristics, and identify binding sites of transcription factors involved in the regulation of genetic expression in buffaloes in the Amazon. The conventional PCR method was carried out using the two primers designed from the reference sequence deposited in the GenBank AY52466.1. The products of the PCRs were purified, sequenced, and subsequently edited and aligned. Twenty-six SNPs were found, where 73% presented allele frequencies of wild nucleotides above 0.5, and 73% presented deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) and FIS varying between 0.06 and 1.00, characterizing high degrees of inbreeding within the population. A block of ACAA deletion (position -1483) was observed in 25% of samples. The associations between these SNPs and reproductive characteristics were observed for calving interval and 5 SNPs: -1289, -1139, -911, -724, and -656 (P < 0.05), and three other SNPs: -1395, -724, and -94 (P < 0.05) were associated significantly with age at first calving, and were not associated with calving concentration. The promoter region was characterized by the different types of binding factors, where only 11 sites are significantly strong enough for transcription factor bindings. The ACAA deletion also exhibited a strong association with transcription factors. As a result, it would be necessary to test the SNPs above with other reproductive characteristics of economic relevance to approve the gene as a strong candidate for the selection of buffaloes in the Amazon.

Discovery and characterization of new microsatellite loci in Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) using next-generation sequencing data.

The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies provides a great volume of genome sequence data even for non-model species. The development of microsatellite markers using these data is a relatively quick and easy process. Dipteryx alata Vogel (Fabaceae) is an arboreal species from the Cerrado biome and is considered an important plant genetic resource. Here, we report the development of microsatellite markers for D. alata using NGS data. DNA samples from four individuals were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform and high-quality reads were assembled into contigs of the D. alata genome sequence. Microsatellite regions were identified using the IMEX webserver and primer pairs were designed using the Primer3 software. The amplification settings for each locus were optimized. Fluorescent-labeled primers were developed and used to genotype individuals derived from three natural populations of D. alata. Fifty-four microsatellite regions were identified, from which 27 were elected to primer design. Among the amplified loci, 11 were polymorphic, with the number of alleles ranging from 2 to 10. The expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) per locus varied from 0.191 to 0.807. Genotype and allele frequencies for all loci agreed with those expected under HWE and linkage disequilibrium was not significant for all pairs of loci. The probabilities of exclusion of paternity and of combined identity were equal to 0.993 and 5.65 x 10-8, respectively. The markers developed in this study are useful to several types of population genetic studies with D. alata and, eventually, for closely related species.