Early stages of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus infection monitored by polymerase chain reaction.

In order to define more accurately the initial events that take place during rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) infection, different organs of experimentally infected rabbits were analysed for the presence of the virus and correlated with histopathological observations. A total of 24 rabbits were intranasally inoculated with a viral suspension, and tissue samples were taken from the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, thymus, lymph node and tonsil at different intervals post-inoculation (2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 50, 51, 70 and 72 h). Histopathological observations revealed the presence of the first significant lesions at 30 h post-inoculation (p.i.) in the liver. Using an ELISA and a haemagglutination test (HAT), the virus was detected in the liver at 36 h p.i. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the RHDV RNA was present as early as 18 h p.i. in the liver and spleen, whereas thymus, kidney, tonsil and lymph node were found to be positive after more than 36 h p.i. The lungs presented a variable positivity between 0 and 36 h p.i., but remained positive after this time.

Detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus isolates and sequence comparison of the N-terminus of the capsid protein gene by the polymerase chain reaction.

At present there is no sensitive method for the detection of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), a calicivirus causing high mortality in rabbit populations. For this purpose a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was established in the N-terminal portion of the RHDV capsid region. The RT-PCR was 10(4)-fold more sensitive than ELISA testing for the detection of the virus and was able to detect as few as 12 copies of template cDNA. By using the RT-PCR test and sequencing, 96.6 to 98.7 per cent homology was demonstrated in the N-terminal portion of the capsid protein of three isolates from geographically and temporally separate outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic disease, indicating that this portion of the RHDV capsid protein is highly conserved.

Potential pathogenicity for rodents of vaccines intended for oral vaccination against rabies: a comparison.

Different oral vaccines intended to control fox rabies were administered to 271 wild rodents. Vaccines were administered orally or by the mucosal route to four different European species belonging to the genera Apodemus, Arvicola, Clethrionomys and Microtus. These rodents are likely to consume baits and to have contact with the vaccine. Two genetically engineered vaccines were tested: SAG1 (an avirulent mutant of the rabies virus) and V-RG (vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene). Both were found to be completely innocuous when administered orally or by the mucosal route. The residual pathogenicity of conventional modified live vaccines derived from the SAD strain was confirmed.

Efficacy of a baiting system for vaccinating foxes against rabies with vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus.

The efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus (10(8) TCID50) contained in a machine-made baiting system has been tested in 22 captive young foxes which were divided into three experimental groups of six and a control group of four foxes. Each fox in groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed one, two and three vaccine-baits, respectively, on successive days. The four unvaccinated foxes were housed separately. As shown by the incorporation of a tetracycline biomarker into their bones, all the baited foxes ingested at least one bait. Thirty days after baiting seroconversion to rabies was observed in 15 (83 per cent) of the foxes and seroconversion to vaccinia in 14 (78 per cent). Sixteen of the 18 (89 per cent) baited foxes resisted a rabies challenge 30 days after baiting. One cub was protected against rabies despite the absence of detectable anti-rabies antibody. The results demonstrate that the bait-sachet system permits a good release of the virus suspension into the mouth.