Oxidative potential associated with reactive oxygen species of size-resolved particles: The important role of the specific sources.

Oxidative potential (OP) is a predictor of particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Size-resolved PM and its components that influence OP values can be generated from several sources. However, There is little research have attempted to determine the PM toxicity generated from specific sources. This paper studied the OP characterization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation of particles from specific sources and their effects on human health. OP associated with ROS of size-resolved particles was analyzed by using dithiothreitol (DTT) method and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy technology. And OP and ROS deposition of specific source PM were calculated for health through the Multi-path particle deposition (MPPD) model. The results evidenced that the highest water-soluble OP (OPws) from traffic sources (OPm: 104.50 nmol min-1·ug-1; OPv: 160.15 nmol min-1·m-3) and the lowest from ocean sources (OPm: 22.25 nmol⋅min-1⋅ug-1; OPv: 54.16 nmol min-1·m-3). The OPws allocation in PM from different sources all have a unimodal pattern range from 0.4 to 3.2 µm. ROS (·OH) displayed the uniform trend as PM OPws, indicating that PM< 3.2 is the major contributor to adverse health impacts for size-resolved PM because of its enhanced oxidative activity compared with PM> 3.2. Furthermore, this study predicted the DTT consumption of PM were assigned to different components. Most DTT losses are attributed to the transition metals. For specific sources, transition metals dominates DTT losses, accounting for 38%-80% of DTT losses from different sources, followed by Hulis-C, accounting for 1%-10%. MPPD model calculates that over 66% of pulmonary DTT loss comes by PM< 3.2, and over 71% of pulmonary ROS generation from PM< 3.2. Among these sources of pollution, traffic emissions are the primary contributors to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in environmental particulate matter (PM). Therefore, emphasis should be placed on controlling traffic emissions, especially in coastal areas.

Shift in microorganism and functional gene abundance during completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process.

Nitrification-denitrification process has failed to meet wastewater treatment standards. The completely autotrophic nitrite removal (CANON) process has a huge advantage in the field of low carbon/nitrogen wastewater nitrogen removal. However, slow start-up and system instability limit its applications. In this study, the time of the start-up CANON process was reduced by using bio-rope as loading materials. The establishing of graded dissolved oxygen improved the stability of the CANON process and enhanced the stratification effect between functional microorganisms. Microbial community structure and the abundance of nitrogen removal functional genes are also analyzed. The results showed that the CANON process was initiated within 75 days in the complete absence of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) inoculation. The ammonium and nitrogen removal efficiencies of CANON process reached to 94.45% and 80.76% respectively. The results also showed that the relative abundance of nitrogen removal bacterial in the biofilm gradually increases with the dissolved oxygen content in the solution decreases. In contrast, the relative abundance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria was positively correlated with the dissolved oxygen content in the solution. The relative abundance of g__Candidatus_Brocadia in biofilm was 15.56%, and while g__Nitrosomonas was just 0.6613%. Metagenomic analysis showed that g__Candidatus_Brocadia also contributes 66.37% to the partial-nitrification functional gene Hao (K10535). This study presented a new idea for the cooperation between partial-nitrification and anammox, which improved the nitrogen removal system stability.

Oxidative potential, environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species of size-resolved ambient particles near highways.

Particulate matter (PM) is a group of atmospheric pollutants with an uncertain toxicity, particularly when collected near highways. This study examined the oxidative potential (OP) of, as well as the environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in PM samples collected near highways in Xiamen, China. Our findings revealed that PM had a relatively high OP, ranging from 3.8 to 18.5 nmol/min/µg, surpassing values reported in previous research. The oxidative potential of the water-insoluble fraction (OPWIS), which accounted for 68% of the total oxidative potential (OPTotal), demonstrated rapid toxicity, whereas the oxidative potential of the water-soluble fraction (OPWS) displayed a steadier toxicity release pattern. The primary free radicals detected in PM were oxygen-centered. The measured concentration of EPFRs was 6.073 × 1014 spins/m3, which is lower than that reported in previous studies, possibly because of the high relative humidity of the road environment in Xiamen. We also investigated the interaction between PM and water near highways and observed the generation of R and OH radicals. Additionally, we analysed the sample composition and evaluated the contributions of the different components to OPTotal. Transition metals (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were identified as the major contributors, accounting for 33.2% of the OPTotal. The positive correlation observed between EPFRs and ROS suggests that EPFRs may be involved in ROS generation. The correlation analysis indicated that the oxidative potential measured using the DTT method (OPDTT) could serve as an indicator of ROS generation. Finally, based on the relationship between OPDTT, EPFRs, and ROS, we propose that reducing the emission of transition metals, particularly Fe, represents an effective control measure for mitigating PM toxicity near highways.

Characterization and quantification of microplastics in indoor environments.

Microplastics (MPs) have gradually attracted attention; however, people have paid limited attention to the existence of airborne microplastics, especially in indoor environments. In this study, we tracked microplastic deposition in offices, laboratories, dining halls, and dormitories. Results showed that the average microplastic abundance in the dormitory was the highest (14088.05 pcs/m3), followed by in the office (13097.13 pcs/m3), laboratory (7512.55 pcs/m3) and dining hall (4308.26 pcs/m3). The microplastics deposited at indoor environment were mostly dark, elongated and solid. The average particle size of the microplastics sampled at the four sampling points was 66.15 µm, but the size of the microplastics in the laboratory environment was smaller and more harmful. Airflow tests using air conditioners showed that turbulence increases the resuspension of microplastics. Our results also show that the frequency of human activities is one of the main factors leading to changes in the content of microplastics in indoor air, and turbulence caused by airflow will lead to the migration of microplastics in the indoor environment. In conclusion, indoor environments are prone to high microplastic concentration, which may pose certain potential risks to human health.

The overlooked formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on particulate matter collected from biomass burning under light irradiation.

BACKGROUND: The illumination process may be an important contributor to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particles, but the ability of light to generate EPFRs in combustion products remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This paper studies the characteristics and formation mechanism of EPFRs in combustion particles after photoexcitation. METHOD: The secondary photochemical processes and the generation and decay capability of EPFRs in size-resolved (<10 µm) biomass combustion particles were analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. RESULT: Our results indicated that secondary EPFRs can be generated after illumination and the produced EPFRs have a lifetime of approximately 1 day. The content of secondary EPFRs after light exposure increased by 20 %-30 % compared to that of the original EPFRs. Through the analysis of components of different polarities, it was found that non-extractable substances were the main contributors to secondary EPFRs (75 %), followed by extractable organics. This study showed that metal species and quinones are important precursors for the formation of secondary EPFRs from non-extractable and extractable PM components, respectively. We found that O2 molecules are an important factor for the formation of secondary EPFRs from organic substances without oxygen functional groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents information about the effects of light and O2 on the generation of EPFRs, and the unstable nature of secondary EPFRs has important implications for assessing the health risks of atmospheric particles.

Effect of PM characterization on PM oxidative potential by acellular assays: a review.

The health risks brought by particles cannot be present via a sole parameter. Instead, the particulate matter oxidative potential (PM OP), which expresses combined redox properties of particles, is used as an integrated metric to assess associated hazards and particle-induced health effects. OP definition provides the capacity of PM toward target oxidation. The latest technologies of a cellular OP measurement has been growing in relevant studies. In this review, OP measurement techniques are focused on discussing along with PM characterization because of many related studies via OP measurements investigating relationship with human health. Many OP measurement methods, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione (GSH) assay and other a cellular assays, are used to study the association between PM toxicity and PM characterization that make different responses, including PM components, size and sources. Briefly, AA and DTT assays are sensitive to metals (such as copper, manganese and iron etc.) and organics (quinones, VOCs and PAH). Measured OP have significant association with certain PM-related end points, for example, lung cancer, COPD and asthma. Literature has found that exposure to measured OP has higher risk ratios than sole PM mass, which may be containing the PM health-relevant fraction. PM characterization effect on health via OP measurement display a promising method.

Quantification of synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects of aerosol components on total oxidative potential.

The interaction-based oxidative potential (OPint) represents the prediction of binary mixture effects distinguishing from linear additivity by including information on binary mixtures among PM components. The objective of this work is to develope a reliable estimate on the possible synergistic or antagonistic possibility of binary PM components and to quantify the combined effect. We firstly assessed the interactions among PM components in generating the OP based on DTT consumption rate and AA depletion. We started with the standard solution sequence (from 0.005 to 10 µM), including quinones (PQ, 1,2-NQ, and 1,4-NQ) and metals (Cu, Mn, and Fe). The interactions between metals were antagonistic interactions in DTT consumption. Cu showed antagonistic interaction with PQ, but additive with 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ. Mn interacted synergistically with 1,4-NQ in DTT consumption but antagonistically with PQ (where CPQ < 2.5 µM) and 1,4-NQ (where CPQ < 2 µM). Fe showed synergistic with quinones in investigated concentration range (from 0.01 to 5 µM). Finally, applying a moderate approach, on the basis of interaction magnitude (M = 5), resulted in 1-17% higher environmental risks, compared with the classical calculation method using simple addition. This work highlights a new approach to quantify the interaction effects between metals and quinones in PM components, and apportioning the components' contributions for PM OP.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Influence of Carrier Gas for COS Catalytic Hydrolysis over MgAlCe Composite Oxides.

Catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide (COS) over metal frameworks derived MgAlCe composite oxides catalyst is investigated under N2 and CO atmosphere. A combination of experimental and theoretical methods, including in situ IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, is used to explain the difference of catalytic activity. Research results indicate that M-OH groups play the most important role in COS hydrolysis, but the distribution of the M-OH groups is affected by CO. There is no competitive adsorption effect between N2 and COS on the surface of catalyst but CO and COS. Meanwhile, the hydrolysis reaction of COS is an instantaneous reaction and a noninstantaneous reaction under N2 and CO atmosphere, respectively. In general, under N2 atmosphere, COS is directly adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst and most of the -OH groups are adsorbed as M-OH formation. Under CO atmosphere, most of the active sites occur as CO due to the competitive adsorption effect.

Size-resolved particle oxidative potential in the office, laboratory, and home: Evidence for the importance of water-soluble transition metals.

Particulate matter (PM) oxidative potential (OP) is an emerging health metric, but studies examining the OP of indoor PM are rare. This paper focuses on the relationships between respiratory exposure to OP and PM water-soluble composition in indoor environments. Size-resolved PM samples were collected between November 2015 and June 2016 from an office, home (including bedroom, living room, and storeroom), and laboratory using a MOUDI sampler. Particles from each source were segregated into eleven size bins, and the water-soluble metal content and dithiothreitol (DTT) loss rate were measured in each PM extract. The water-soluble OP (OPws) of indoor PM was highest in the office and lowest in the home, varying by factors of up to 1.2; these variations were attributed to differences in occupation density, occupant activity, and ventilation. In addition, the particulate Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations were closely correlated with OPws in indoor particles; the transition metals may have acted as catalysts during oxidation processes, inducing ·OH formation through the concomitant consumption of DTT. The OPws particle size distributions featured single modes with peaks between 0.18 and 3.2 µm across all indoor sites, reflecting the dominant contribution of PM3.2 to total PM levels and the enhanced oxidative activity of the PM3.2 compared to PM>3.2. Lung-deposition model calculations indicated that PM3.2 dominated the pulmonary deposition of the OPws (>75%) due to both the high levels of metals content and the high deposition efficiency in the alveolar region. Therefore, because OPws has been directly linked to various health effects, special attention should be given to PM3.2.

Association of short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants with exhaled nitric oxide in hospitalized patients with respiratory-system diseases.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that exposure to ambient air pollutants may adversely affect human health. However, few studies have examined the health effects of exposure to ambient air pollutants in hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) in a large cohort of hospitalized patients. METHODS: FeNO was detected for 2986 hospitalized patients (ages 18-88 years). Daily average concentrations of SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 in 2014 and 2015 were obtained from nine fixed-site monitoring stations. Multiple linear regression models were chosen to assess the associations of exposure to ambient air pollutants with FeNO while adjusting for confounding variables. Lagged variable models were selected to determine the association between FeNO and ambient air pollutants concentrations with lags of up to 7 days prior to FeNO testing. RESULTS: Interquartile-range (IQR) increases in the daily average SO2 (8.00 µg/m3) and PM2.5 (37.0 µg/m3) were strongly associated with increases in FeNO, with increases of 3.41% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94-5.93%] and 2.72% (95%CI, -0.09% to 5.61%), respectively. However, FeNO levels were not statistically associated with PM10, NO2, O3 or CO. In the two-pollutant models, the maximum correlation was for ambient SO2. We also found that FeNO was associated with IQR increases in daily average ambient concentrations of SO2 up to 3 and 4 days after the exposure events. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to SO2 and PM2.5 were positively correlated with FeNO levels in hospitalized patients in Shanghai.

Social Media Users' Perception of Telemedicine and mHealth in China: Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND: The use of telemedicine and mHealth has increased rapidly in the People's Republic of China. While telemedicine and mHealth have great potential, wide adoption of this technology depends on how patients, health care providers, and other stakeholders in the Chinese health sector perceive and accept the technology. OBJECTIVE: To explore this issue, we aimed to examine a social media platform with a dedicated focus on health information technology and informatics in China. Our goal is to utilize the findings to support further research. METHODS: In this exploratory study, we selected a social media platform-HC3i.cn-to examine the perception of telemedicine and mHealth in China. We performed keyword analysis and analyzed the prevalence and term frequency-inverse document frequency of keywords in the selected social media platform; furthermore, we performed qualitative analysis. RESULTS: We organized the most prominent 16 keywords from 571 threads into 8 themes: (1) Question versus Answer; (2) Hospital versus Clinic; (3) Market versus Company; (4) Doctor versus Nurse; (5) Family versus Patient; (6) iPad versus Tablet; (7) System versus App; and (8) Security versus Caregiving. Social media participants perceived not only significant opportunities associated with telemedicine and mHealth but also barriers to overcome to realize these opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: We identified interesting issues in this paper by studying a social media platform in China. Among other things, participants in the selected platform raised concerns about quality and costs associated with the provision of telemedicine and mHealth, despite the new technology's great potential to address different issues in the Chinese health sector. The methods applied in this paper have some limitations, and the findings may not be generalizable. We have discussed directions for further research.

Comparisons of combined oxidant capacity and redox-weighted oxidant capacity in their association with increasing levels of FeNO.

BACKGROUND: Some ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxides (NO2) health effects studies use Ox (sum value) as a surrogate. However, little is known about how this related to Oxwt (weighted value). OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of redox-weighted oxidant capacity (Oxwt) on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation, in a set of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. We also compare combined oxidant capacity (Ox) and Oxwt in their associations with increasing levels of FeNO. METHODS: We measured FeNO values in 600 participants who have COPD at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. Ox was calculated directly by the sum of O3 and NO2. The redox-weighted oxidant capacity was calculated by denoting Oxwt as the weighted average of redox potentials. We applied generalized additive models (GAM) to investigate the impacts of Ox and Oxwt on FeNO levels, respectively. We fitted the same models for the influence of O3 and NO2 individually and jointly on FeNO levels to compare the result of Ox and Oxwt. RESULTS: Oxwt were significantly linked with FeNO levels. The impact was robustest in current day after exposure, and were closely linked with the adjustment of PM2.5. A 10 µg m-3 increase in average Oxwt concentrations was linked to 0.88 (95% CI: -1.46, 3.28) increase, whereas a 10 µg m-3 increase in average Ox concentration was linked to 0.62 (95% CI: -0.79, 2.07) increase in FeNO. In two-pollutant models, an increase of 10 µg m-3 in average O3 concentrations with adjustment of NO2 was associated with 0.57 (95% CI: -1.26, 2.01) increase in FeNO. The impact estimates of Ox and Oxwt were statistically significant among males, non-smoking and elders who age above 65 years old. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrated that Oxwt is used as a better indicator of atmospheric oxidative capacity as a proxy of O3 and NO2 in further epidemiological studies.

Short-term effect of air pollution on asthma patient visits in Shanghai area and assessment of economic costs.

BACKGROUNDS: Shanghai, in China, is one of the highest incidence cities for asthma morbidity. However, few studies have systemically explored the association of ambient air pollutants and asthma patients with economic costs. OBJECTIVES: The study researched the link of short-term ambient air pollutants exposure and asthma patients in Shanghai. Furthermore, the economic cost was also assessed. METHODS: We applied the generalized addictive model (GAM) to analyze the association between ambient air pollutants and asthma patients with economic costs assessment. RESULTS: We investigated a total of 7200 asthma patient visits (inhabitant in Shanghai). A 10 µg m-3 increase in the current day concentrations of SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, O3 and PM2.5 corresponded to increase of 3.79% [95% CI: 0.84%, 6.83%], 0.27% [95% CI: 0.14%, 0.40%], 0.63% [95% CI: - 0.81%, 2.10%], 1.11% [95% CI: 0.38%, 1.85%], 0.23% [95% CI: 0.31%, 078%] and 1.27% [95% CI: 0.29%, 2.26%] in daily asthma patient visits. In economic cost level, the economic cost of asthma patients were attributed to ambient air pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, O3 and PM2.5) with 197 million USD losses per year. Among, the economic cost of asthma patient visits were attributed to SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, O3 and PM2.5 with 101.30, 7.46, 17.15, 30.18, 6.39 and 34.50 million USD loss per year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to SO2, CO, NO2, PM10, O3 and PM2.5 were linked to asthma patient visits increase in Shanghai areas. The economic cost of asthma patient visits were attributed to ambient air pollutants (SO2, CO, O3, PM10, NO2 and PM2.5) with 197 million USD losses per year. The study strengthen our fundamental comprehending of impacts of ambient air pollutants on human health and economy burden.

Particle Size Distributions of Oxidative Potential of Lung-Deposited Particles: Assessing Contributions from Quinones and Water-Soluble Metals.

Redox-active species in ambient particulate matter (PM) cause adverse health effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human respiratory tract. However, respiratory deposition of these species and their relative contributions to oxidative potential (OP) have not been described. Size-segregated aerosols were collected during haze and nonhaze periods using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor sampler at an urban site in Shanghai to address this issue. Samples were analyzed for redox-active species content and PM OP. The average dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of haze samples was approximately 2.4-fold higher than that of nonhaze samples and significantly correlated with quinone and water-soluble metal concentrations. The size-specific distribution data revealed that both water-soluble OPvDTT (volume-normalized OP quantified by DTT assay) and OPmDTT (mass-normalized OP) were unimodal, peaking at 0.56-1 and 0.1-0.32 µm, respectively, due to contributions from accumulation-mode quinones and water-soluble metals. We further estimated that transition metals (mainly copper and manganese) contributed 55 ± 13% of the DTT activity while quinones accounted for only 8 ± 3%. Multiple-path particle dosimetry calculations estimated that OP deposition in the pulmonary region was mainly from accumulation-mode transition metals despite quinones having the highest DTT activity. This behavior is primarily attributed to the efficiency of deposition of transition metals in the pulmonary region being approximately 1.2-fold greater than that of quinones. These results reveal that accumulation-mode transition metals are significant contributors to the OP of deposited water-soluble particles in the pulmonary region of the lung.

Air pollutants and asthma patient visits: Indication of source influence.

BACKGROUND: Sources of air pollutants are significant factors for adverse health effect. Few current studies explored the linking of sources influence and ambient pollutants to asthma patient visits in Shanghai, China. OBJECTIVES: This study explored the associations between short-term exposures to ambient pollutants and asthma morbidity with terrestrial and marine source influence in Shanghai. METHODS: Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to explore the association of daily patient visits and ambient pollutants. These analyses were calculated in R statistical software in mgcv package. PSCF modeling was used to locate potential source areas contributing to the concentrations of pollutants. RESULTS: We found that per IQR of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO in terrestrial source were associated with an increase of 6.63% (95% CI: -0.27% to 14%), 6.48% (95% CI: 0.06% to 13.3%), 1.68% (95% CI: -2.68% to 6.24%), 2.81% (95% CI: -1.42% to 7.22%), -0.60% (95% CI: -5.94% to 5.04%) and 16.6% (95% CI: 8.68% to 25.2%), respectively in asthma patient visits. Per IQR of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO in marine source were associated with an increase of 5.34% (95% CI: 0.42% to 10.5%), 3.84% (95% CI: 0.08% to 7.74%), 3.21% (95% CI: -0.92% to 7.52%), 2.58% (95% CI: -1.02% to 6.30%), 1.42% (95% CI: -3.10% to 6.15%) and 8.81% (95% CI: 2.56% to 15.4%). The PSCF show all of the pollutants except O3 mainly come from terrestrial during observation. We also found that all of the pollutants except NO2 displayed the highest effect in the spring for relative risk of asthma morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Ambient air pollutants that cause an increase in asthma patient visits, such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO are mainly produced from terrestrial sources, while O3 is primarily from marine sources. The association of ambient pollutants and asthma patient visits is closely related with seasons, especially with spring. PM2.5 and CO are major air pollutants increasing the relative risk of asthma patient visits in Shanghai.

Highly selective removal of Zn(II) ion from hot-dip galvanizing pickling waste with amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nano-adsorbent.

Amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nano-adsorbent was used as a novel sorbent to highly selective removal of Zn(II) ion from hot-dip galvanizing pickling waste in the presence of Fe(II). These hot-dip galvanizing pickling waste mainly contain ZnCl2 and FeCl2 in aqueous HCl media. The properties of this magnetic adsorbent were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and BET surface area measurements. Various factors influencing the adsorption of Zn(II) ion such as initial concentration of metal ions, the amount of adsorbent, pH value of the solutions, the concentration of coexisting iron ion were investigated by batch experiments. The results indicated that the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed the Freundlich model with maximum adsorption capacities for Zn(II) to 169.5mg/g. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 5±0.1 and Fe(II) interferences had no obvious influence. This work provides a potential and unique technique for zinc ion removal from hot-dip galvanizing pickling waste.

Two polymorphs of cobalt(II) imidazolate polymers synthesized solvothermally by using one organic template N,N-dimethylacetamide.

Two structurally different polymorphs of cobalt(II) imidazolate frameworks are solvothermally synthesized by using N,N-dimethylacetamide as a template: The polymorph 6 (a = 9.797 (4) angstroms, b = 15.301(6) angstroms, c =14.902(6) angstroms, beta = 98.904(6) degrees, monoclinic, P21/n) shows structures of silicate CaAl2Si2O8 with CrB4 topology, while polymorph 7 (a = 15.173(4) angstroms, b = 15.173(4) angstroms, c = 19.089(5) angstroms, Pbca) shows CaGa2O4-related topological structures. In addition, the 7' (a = 15.9712(18) angstroms, b = 15.9253(19) angstroms, c = 18.475(2) angstroms, Pbca), a compound isostructural with 7, is synthesized by using cyclohexanol as a template. Thus, these cobalt(II) imidazolate polymers are reminiscent of the zeolite syntheses in that not only the same topological structure can be synthesized by using the different organic templates, but also different topological structures can be synthesized by using the same organic template.