Visual Sensor with Host-Guest Specific Recognition and Light-Electrical Co-Controlled Switch.

Perception of UV radiation has important applications in medical health, industrial production, electronic communication, etc. In numerous application scenarios, there is an increasing demand for the intuitive and low-cost detection of UV radiation through colorimetric visual behavior, as well as the efficient and multi-functional utilization of UV radiation. However, photodetectors based on photoconductive modes or photosensitive colorimetric materials are not conducive to portable or multi-scene applications owing to their complex and expensive photosensitive components, potential photobleaching, and single-stimulus response behavior. Here, a multifunctional visual sensor based on the "host-guest photo-controlled permutation" strategy and the "lock and key" model is developed. The host-guest specific molecular recognition and electrochromic sensing platform is integrated at the micro-molecular scale, enabling multi-functional and multi-scene applications in the convenient and fast perception of UV radiation, military camouflage, and information erasure at the macro level of human-computer interaction through light-electrical co-controlled visual switching characteristics. This light-electrical co-controlled visual sensor based on an optoelectronic multi-mode sensing system is expected to provide new ideas and paradigms for healthcare, microelectronics manufacturing, and wearable electronic devices owing to its advantages of signal visualization, low energy consumption, low cost, and versatility.

Tumor immunotherapy resistance: Revealing the mechanism of PD-1 / PD-L1-mediated tumor immune escape.

Tumor immunotherapy, an innovative anti-cancer therapy, has showcased encouraging outcomes across diverse tumor types. Among these, the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway is a well-known immunological checkpoint, which is significant in the regulation of immune evasion by tumors. Nevertheless, a considerable number of patients develop resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, rendering it ineffective in the long run. This research focuses on exploring the factors of PD-1/PD-L1-mediated resistance in tumor immunotherapy. Initially, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is characterized by its role in facilitating tumor immune evasion, emphasizing its role in autoimmune homeostasis. Next, the primary mechanisms of resistance to PD-1/PD-L1-based immunotherapy are analyzed, including tumor antigen deletion, T cell dysfunction, increased immunosuppressive cells, and alterations in the expression of PD-L1 within tumor cells. The possible ramifications of altered metabolism, microbiota, and DNA methylation on resistance is also described. Finally, possible resolution strategies for dealing with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy resistance are discussed, placing particular emphasis on personalized therapeutic approaches and the exploration of more potent immunotherapy regimens.

Recent advances in optical aptasensors for biomarkers in early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 90% of all primary liver cancers and is one of the main malignant tumor types globally. It is essential to develop rapid, ultrasensitive, and accurate strategies for the diagnosis and surveillance of HCC. In recent years, aptasensors have attracted particular attention owing to their high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and low production costs. Optical analysis, as a potential analytical tool, offers the advantages of a wide range of targets, rapid response, and simple instrumentation. In this review, recent progress in several types of optical aptasensors for biomarkers in early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of HCC is summarized. Furthermore, we evaluate the strengths and limitations of these sensors and discuss the challenges and future perspectives for their use in HCC diagnosis and surveillance.

Femtosecond Laser Modification of Silica Optical Waveguides for Potential Bragg Gratings Sensing.

The optimum femtosecond laser direct writing of Bragg gratings on silica optical waveguides has been investigated. The silica waveguide has a 6.5 × 6.5 µm2 cross-sectional profile with a 20-µm-thick silicon dioxide cladding layer. Compared with conventional grating inscribed on fiber platforms, the silica planar waveguide circuit can realize a stable performance as well as a high-efficiency coupling with the fiber. A thin waveguide cladding layer also facilitates laser focusing with an improved spherical aberration. Different from the circular fiber core matching with the Gaussian beam profile, a 1030-nm, 400-fs, and 190-nJ laser is optimized to focus on the top surface of the square silica waveguide, and the 3rd-order Bragg gratings are inscribed successfully. A 1.5-mm long uniform Bragg gratings structure with a reflectivity of 90% at a 1548.36-nm wavelength can be obtained. Cascaded Bragg gratings with different periods are also inscribed in the planar waveguide. Different reflection wavelengths can be realized, which shows great potential for wavelength multiplexing-related applications such as optical communications or sensing.

GBDT-Based Fall Detection with Comprehensive Data from Posture Sensor and Human Skeleton Extraction.

Since fall is happening with increasing frequency, it has been a major public health problem in an aging society. There are considerable demands to distinguish fall down events of seniors with the characteristics of accurate detection and real-time alarm. However, some daily activities are erroneously signaled as falls and there are too many false alarms in actual application. In order to resolve this problem, this paper designs and implements a comprehensive fall detection framework on the basis of inertial posture sensors and surveillance cameras. In the proposed system framework, data sources representing behavior characteristics to indicate potential fall are derived from wearable triaxial accelerometers and monitoring videos of surveillance cameras. Moreover, the NB-IoT based communication mode is adopted to transmit wearable sensory data to the Internet for subsequent analysis. Furthermore, a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) classifier-based fall detection algorithm (GBDT-FD in short) with comprehensive data fusion of posture sensor and human video skeleton is proposed to improve detection accuracy. Experimental results verify the good performance of the proposed GBDT-FD algorithm compared to six kinds of existing fall detection algorithms, including SVM-based fall detection, NN-based fall detection, etc. Finally, we implement the proposed integrated systems including wearable posture sensors and monitoring software on the Cloud Server.

[Intraocular lens power calculation after corneal refractive surgery].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effective method for the calculation of intraocular lens power retrospectively from post-LASIK cases. METHODS: It was a retrospective case series. 40 eyes of 28 patients (14 male and 14 Female) had the Phacoemulsification post-LASIK in HongKong Sanitorium & Hospital; the age ranged from 41.00 to 69.00 years ages, (50.68 +/- 6.56) years. LASIK was done from January, 1997 to April, 2005. Phacoemulsification was done from October, 2000 to September, 2005. RESULTS: Average axial length was (28.06 +/- 1.98) mm (rang from 24.28 to 31.96 mm). The initial refraction power (Spherical Equivalent, SE) before LASIK was from -3.13 to -18.00 D, (-10.44 +/- 3.93) D. K value pre-LASIK was 41.40 to 46.90 D, (43.57 +/- 1.47) D. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) preLASIK was 20/20 in 19 eyes, 20/25 in 10 eyes, 20/30 in 7 eyes and 20/40 in 4 eyes. The refraction power of 6 months post-LASIK (SE) was -2.83 to +1.25 D, (-0.32 +/- 0.95) D. The refraction power pre-phaco (SE) was -5.75 to +1.13 D, (-2.35 +/- 2.16) D. The calculated K1 (KpreLASIK-RpostLASIK + RpreLASIK) was 27.60 to 40.70 D, (34.62 +/- 3.56) D. The K from the IOLmaster (K2) was 32.39 to 43.53 D, (38.04 +/- 2.45) D. The target refraction of K1 was -3.69 to 0.61 D, (-1.32 +/- 1.00) D, the target refraction of K2 was -3.67 approximately 3.95 D, (-0.60 +/- 1.84) D. There was significant difference between these two target refraction, (t = -2.40, P = 0.02). The refraction power of post-phaco (> 3 months) was -4.50 to +1.75 D, (-1.10 +/- 1.51) D. The BCVA post-Phaco was 20/20 in 20 eyes, 20/25 in 9 eyes, 20/30 in 5 eyes and 20/40 in 6 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The formula used in the study for the calculation of intraocular lens power is accurate and effective.