Emotion-behavior decoupling in individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

Failure in translating emotional salience into effortful behavior is thought to be a core feature of anhedonia and avolition in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ), but little is known about emotion-behavior coupling in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, we compared emotion-behavior correspondence in participants with SCZ, BD, and MDD. Forty-two participants with SCZ, 44 participants with MDD, 43 participants with BD, and 43 healthy controls were recruited. A computerized anticipatory and consummatory pleasure task was used to evaluate emotion-behavior correspondence. Clinical ratings of negative symptoms and self-report anhedonia questionnaires were also administered. We found that participants with SCZ, MDD, and BD exhibited different levels of negative symptoms and self-reported anhedonia, as well as emotion-behavior decoupling. In SCZ participants, both desirable and undesirable images elicited lower correspondence between self-reported liking and behavior. In MDD and BD participants, undesirable images elicited lower emotion-behavior correspondence under both direct stimulus presentation and representation conditions, whereas deficits in emotion-behavior coupling under desirable conditions were only observed when stimuli were present. Taken together, emotion-behavior decoupling showed both common and unique patterns in participants with SCZ, MDD, and BD, and showed some associations with negative symptoms and anhedonia across the combined clinical sample. This finding may be helpful for early identification and the development of novel interventions for different psychiatric diagnoses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Tris(dibenzoyl-methanido-κO,O')[(6R,8R)-(-)-7,7-dimethyl-3-(2-pyrid-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-6,8-methano-isoquinoline-κN,N']terbium(III).

In the title compound, [Tb(C(15)H(11)O(2))(3)(C(17)H(18)N(2))], the 7,7-dimethyl-3-(2-pyrid-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-6,8-methano-iso-quin-oline (L(RR)) ligand coordinates to Tb(III) through the two N atoms of the heterocycle. The metal centre is also chelated by three deprotonated 1,3-diphenyl-propane-1,3-dione (dbm) ligands, forming enanti-omerically pure [Tb(dbm)(3)L(RR)]. The Tb(III) atom is located in a distorted square anti-prism of eight coordinating atoms (six O and two N atoms).

(S)-5-Hexyl-1-[(S)-2-hydr-oxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-4-meth-oxy-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-one.

The title compound, C(19)H(27)NO(3), was obtained by the reaction of (3S,7aR)-7a-hexyl-7-meth-oxy-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-pyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazol-5(7aH)-one and triethyl-silane using titanium(IV) chloride as catalyst. In the mol-ecule, the phenyl and dihydro-pyrrolone rings form a dihedral angle of 83.8 (1)°. O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions lead to the formation of a chain parallel to the a axis.

Benzoyl-methyl 4-chloro-benzoate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(15)H(11)ClO(3), contains three mol-ecules, A, B, and C. Mol-ecules A and B are aligned edge-to-face, whereas mol-ecules B and C are aligned almost parallel to each other. The crystal structure displays C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distances of 3.960 (4), 3.971 (4) and 3.971 (4) for mol-ecules A, B and C, respectively] parallel-displaced inter-actions, and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

(4S)-Benzyl 4-isopropyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxyl-ate.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(17)NO(4), obtained by the reaction of N-benzoxycarbonyl-l-valine, paraformaldehyde and 4-methyl-benzene-sulfonic acid, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating linear chains parallel to the a axis. C-H⋯π inter-actions of stacked benzene rings also provide stability for the crystal structure.

Benzoyl-methyl pyridine-4-carboxyl-ate.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(11)NO(3), isolated from the reaction of 2-bromo-1-phenyl-ethanone and pyridine-4-carboxylic acid using triethyl-amine as a base to deprotonate the organic acid, the mol-ecular packing is stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions involving the phenyl and pyridine rings. The C-C-O-C torsion angle for the linkage between the two carbonyl groups is -80.8 (2)°, and the planes of the phenyl and pyridyl rings form a dihedral angle of 65.8 (1)°.

(S)-1,5-Dibenzyl-3-tert-butyl-imidazol-idin-4-one.

The title compound, C(21)H(26)N(2)O, was obtained as an unexpected by-product when attempting to prepare (S)-2-benzyl-N-tert-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxamide from (S)-2-benzyl-amino-N-tert-butyl-3-phenyl-propanamide and dimethoxy-methane. The mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating linear chains parallel to the b axis. C-H⋯π inter-actions provide further stability for the crystal structure. The planes of the two phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 84.1 (1)°. The absolute configuration was known from the starting material.

(1S,3S,4S)-tert-Butyl N-[1-benzyl-3-hydr-oxy-5-phenyl-4-(picolinamido)pent-yl]carbamate.

The title compound, C(29)H(35)N(3)O(4), was obtained by the reaction of (2S,4S,5S)-tert-butyl N-(4-amino-1-benzyl-3-hydr-oxy-5-phenyl-pent-yl)carbamate and picolinic acid using oxalyl chloride as a chlorinating reagent to activate the carboxyl group. In the crystal structure there are two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit, which are aligned edge-to-face. In one mol-ecule, the pyridyl ring forms a dihedral angle of 22.0 (1)° with the phenyl ring of the terminal benzyl group and 14.3 (1)° with the other phenyl ring; in the other mol-ecule, the corresponding angles are 12.1 (1) and 10.6 (1)°, respectively. The packing is stabilized by inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

3',6'-Bis(diethyl-amino)-3H-spiro-[2-benzo-thio-phene-1,9'-xanthene]-3-thione.

The title compound, C(28)H(30)N(2)OS(2), was obtained by thio-nation of 3',6'-bis-(diethyl-amino)-3H-spiro-[isobenzofuran-1,9'-xan-thene]-3-one with 2,4-bis-(p-methoxy-phen-yl)-1,3-dithia-diphos-phetane disulfide (Lawesson's reagent). The planes of the two benzene rings of the xanthene system are inclined at a dihedral angle of 17.4 (1)°, and the plane of the dithio-phthalide group and the planes through the two benzene rings of the xanthene system make dihedral angles of 80.2 (1) and 82.8 (1)°, respectively.