Disease burden of COPD attributable to PM2.5 in China, Japan and South Korea from 1990 to 2019: a comparative study based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

OBJECTIVE: We hope to reveal the changing trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) burden attributable to particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and its age, period and cohort effects in China, Japan and Korea. DESIGN: We analysed the trend of COPD disease burden attributable to PM2.5 from 1990 to 2019 based on the latest Global Burden of Disease Database (GBD 2019) using JoinPoint model and analysed the effect of age, period and cohort on COPD burden attributable to PM2.5 in China, Japan and Korea from 1990 to 2019 using age-period-cohort model (model). SETTING: GBD data from 1990 to 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Data were publicly available and individuals were not involved. MAIN OUTCOMES: Outcomes included the age standardised mortality rate (ASMR), the age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY), average annual per cent change (AAPC), net drift, local drift, longitudinal age curves, period (cohort) rate ratios, age (period, cohort) bias coefficient. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the ASMR of COPD attributable to PM2.5 in China (AAPC=-5.862), Japan (AAPC=-1.715) and Korea (AAPC=-1.831) showed a downward trend. The age-standardised DALY of COPD attributable to PM2.5 in China (AAPC=-5.821), Japan (AAPC=-1.39) and Korea (AAPC=-1.239) showed a downward trend. Mortality of COPD attributable to PM2.5 increased slowly with age in Korea and Japan. Mortality of COPD attributable to PM2.5 in China decreased after rising (95% CI: 404.66 to 466.01). Mortality of COPD attributable to PM2.5 decreased over time in China and Korea, while it increased in Japan from 2015 to 2019. In China and Japan, mortality of COPD attributable to PM2.5 was approximately lower the later the birth, while in Korea it decreased after an increase (95% CI: 2.13 to 2.40) in the 1900-1910. CONCLUSIONS: Most COPD burden attributable to PM2.5 is on the decline; COPD mortality attributable to PM2.5 both increased with age and decreased with time and cohort. Countries with high burden should develop targeted measures to control PM2.5.

Investigation of myocardial dysfunction using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in a genetic positive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Chinese family.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported four heterozygous missense mutations of MYH7, KCNQ1, MYLK2, and TMEM70 in a single three-generation Chinese family with dual Long QT and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes for the first time. However, the clinical course among the family members was various, and the potential myocardial dysfunction has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic characteristics in a genetic positive Chinese family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and further to explore the association between myocardial dysfunction and electric activity, and the identified mutations. METHODS: A comprehensive echocardiogram - standard two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography - and electrocardiogram were obtained for members in this family. RESULTS: As previously reported, four missense mutations - MYH7-H1717Q, KCNQ1-R190W, MYLK2-K324E, and TMEM70-I147T - were identified in this family. The MYH7-H1717Q mutation carriers had significantly increased left ventricular mass indices, elevated E/e' ratio, deteriorated global longitudinal stain, but enhanced global circumferential and radial strain compared with those in non-mutation patients (all p<0.05). The KCNQ1-R190W carriers showed significantly prolonged QTc intervals, and the MYLK2-K324E mutation carriers showed inverted T-waves (both p<0.05). However, the TMEM70-I147T mutation carriers had similar echocardiography and electrocardiographic data as non-mutation patients. CONCLUSIONS: Three of the identified four mutations had potential pathogenic effects in this family: MYH7-H1717Q was associated with increased left ventricular thickness, elevated left ventricular filling pressure, and altered myocardial deformation; KCNQ1-R190W and MYLK2-K324E mutations were correlated with electrocardiographic abnormalities reflected in long QT phenotype and inverted T-waves, respectively.

The Cumulative Effects of the MYH7-V878A and CACNA1C-A1594V Mutations in a Chinese Family with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

AIMS: We investigated the pathogenesis of MYH7-V878A and CACNA1C-A1594V mutations in a Chinese family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), echocardiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) examinations of members of a Chinese family were followed by exon and boarding intron analyses of 96 genes in the proband using second-generation sequencing. We confirmed the mutations by bidirectional Sanger sequencing in the members and in 300 healthy controls. RESULTS: We detected MYH7-V878A and CACNA1C-A1594V mutations in this family. The members with both mutations showed inverted T-waves and ST-segment depression in ECG recordings, severe left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in echocardiography, and myocardial fibrosis in CMR; subject II-11 did not show late gadolinium enhancement. Among those with only the MYH7-V878A mutation, subject III-7 showed abnormal ECG recordings, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis, and subjects II-13 and III-15 showed some abnormal repolarization, borderline LV wall thickness, and normal CMR findings. Those with only the CACNA1C-A1594V mutation showed nearly normal readings in all examinations. The members with both mutations displayed more severe LV hypertrophy and elevated LV filling pressure than those with 1 or no mutation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of MYH7-V878A and CACNA1C-A1594V mutations may have a cumulative effect.

SbHKT1;4, a member of the high-affinity potassium transporter gene family from Sorghum bicolor, functions to maintain optimal Na⁺ /K⁺ balance under Na⁺ stress.

In halophytic plants, the high-affinity potassium transporter HKT gene family can selectively uptake K⁺ in the presence of toxic concentrations of Na⁺. This has so far not been well examined in glycophytic crops. Here, we report the characterization of SbHKT1;4, a member of the HKT gene family from Sorghum bicolor. Upon Na⁺ stress, SbHKT1;4 expression was more strongly upregulated in salt-tolerant sorghum accession, correlating with a better balanced Na⁺ /K⁺ ratio and enhanced plant growth. Heterogeneous expression analyses in mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that overexpressing SbHKT1;4 resulted in hypersensitivity to Na⁺ stress, and such hypersensitivity could be alleviated with the supply of elevated levels of K⁺, implicating that SbHKT1;4 may mediate K⁺ uptake in the presence of excessive Na⁺. Further electrophysiological evidence demonstrated that SbHKT1;4 could transport Na⁺ and K⁺ when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The relevance of the finding that SbHKT1;4 functions to maintain optimal Na⁺ /K⁺ balance under Na⁺ stress to the breeding of salt-tolerant glycophytic crops is discussed.

[Analysis on the pharmic chemical component of cerebral cell active factor].

The contents of amino acids, vitamins and chemical elements were determined by LC-60A Shimadzu and P-E3030 made in USA. Results show that drug has 18 kinds of amino acids, 3 kinds of vitamins (not complete) and 20 kinds of chemical elements. The results can provide the referential data for improving the mixture method and clinical administration.