Indomethacin restrains cytoplasmic nucleic acid-stimulated immune responses by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3.

The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor-IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons (IFNs), which are essential for antiviral immune responses. However, the inappropriate activation of these signaling pathways is implicated in autoimmune conditions. Here, we report that indomethacin, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits nucleic acid-triggered IFN production. We found that both DNA- and RNA-stimulated IFN expression can be effectively blocked by indomethacin. Interestingly, indomethacin also prohibits the nuclear translocation of IRF3 following cytosolic nucleic acid recognition. Importantly, in cell lines and a mouse model of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, indomethacin administration blunts self-DNA-induced autoimmune responses. Thus, our study reveals a previously unknown function of indomethacin and provides a potential treatment for cytosolic nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmunity.

Deficiency of Trex1 leads to spontaneous development of type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition, characterized by destruction of insulin-producing cells, due to the detrimental inflammation in pancreas. Growing evidences have indicated the important role of type I interferon in the development of type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Trex1-deficient rats were generated by using CRISPR-Cas9. The fasting blood glucose level of rat was measured by a Roche Accuchek blood glucose monitor. The levels of insulin, islet autoantibodies, and interferon-ß were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The inflammatory genes were detected by quantitative PCR and RNA-seq. Hematein-eosin staining was used to detect the pathological changes in pancreas, eye and kidney. The pathological features of kidney were also detected by Masson trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The distribution of islet cells, immune cells or ssDNA in pancreas was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS: In this study, we established a Trex1-deletion Sprague Dawley rat model, and unexpectedly, we found that the Trex1-/- rats spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes. Similar to human diabetes, the hyperglycemia in rats is accompanied by diabetic complications such as diabetic nephropathy and cataract. Mechanistical investigation revealed the accumulation of ssDNA and the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-ß, in Trex1 null pancreas. These are likely contributing to the inflammation in pancreas and eventually leading to the decline of pancreatic ß cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study links the DNA-induced chronic inflammation to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and also provides an animal model for type 1 diabetes studies.

Meloxicam inhibits STING phosphorylation and alleviates intracellular DNA-mediated autoimmune responses.

BACKGROUND: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is critical for cytosolic DNA-sensing and the subsequent immune responses. The inappropriate activation of this pathway leads to DNA-induced autoimmune response. Understanding the precise regulation of cGAS-STING pathway is important for developing therapeutics to treat several autoimmune diseases caused by self-DNA. RESULTS: We report that Meloxicam (MXC) inhibits intracellular DNA-, but not RNA-induced immune responses. We find that MXC inhibits the phosphorylation of STING by examining in different cells with various DNA stimulations. We further find that MXC significantly dampens the expression levels of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) by using DNA 3' repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1)-deficient cell, an experimental model for self-DNA-induced autoimmune disease. Importantly, we demonstrate that MXC could promote the survival in Trex1-/- mouse model for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, MXC, that exhibits potential effect in treating the autoimmunity caused by self-DNA.

G3BP1 Inhibition Alleviates Intracellular Nucleic Acid-Induced Autoimmune Responses.

The detection of intracellular nucleic acids is a fundamental mechanism of host defense against infections. The dysregulated nucleic acid sensing, however, is a major cause for a number of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we report that GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is critical for both intracellular DNA- and RNA-induced immune responses. We found that in both human and mouse cells, the deletion of G3BP1 led to the dampened cGAS activation by DNA and the insufficient binding of RNA by RIG-I. We further found that resveratrol (RSVL), a natural compound found in grape skin, suppressed both intracellular DNA- and RNA-induced type I IFN production through inhibiting G3BP1. Importantly, using experimental mouse models for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, an autoimmune disorder found in humans, we demonstrated that RSVL effectively alleviated intracellular nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmune responses. Thus, our study demonstrated a broader role of G3BP1 in sensing different kinds of intracellular nucleic acids and presented RSVL as a potential treatment for autoimmune conditions caused by dysregulated nucleic acid sensing.