Models of spatial analysis for vector-borne diseases studies: A systematic review.

Background and Aim: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) constitute a global problem for humans and animals. Knowledge related to the spatial distribution of various species of vectors and their relationship with the environment where they develop is essential to understand the current risk of VBDs and for planning surveillance and control strategies in the face of future threats. This study aimed to identify models, variables, and factors that may influence the emergence and resurgence of VBDs and how these factors can affect spatial local and global distribution patterns. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was designed based on identification, screening, selection, and inclusion described in the research protocols according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guide. A literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SciELO using the following search strategy: Article type Original research, Language: English, Publishing period: 2010-2020, Search terms: Spatial analysis, spatial models, VBDs, climate, ecologic, life cycle, climate variability, vector-borne, vector, zoonoses, species distribution model, and niche model used in different combinations with "AND" and "OR." Results: The complexity of the interactions between climate, biotic/abiotic variables, and non-climate factors vary considerably depending on the type of disease and the particular location. VBDs are among the most studied types of illnesses related to climate and environmental aspects due to their high disease burden, extended presence in tropical and subtropical areas, and high susceptibility to climate and environment variations. Conclusion: It is difficult to generalize our knowledge of VBDs from a geospatial point of view, mainly because every case is inherently independent in variable selection, geographic coverage, and temporal extension. It can be inferred from predictions that as global temperatures increase, so will the potential trend toward extreme events. Consequently, it will become a public health priority to determine the role of climate and environmental variations in the incidence of infectious diseases. Our analysis of the information, as conducted in this work, extends the review beyond individual cases to generate a series of relevant observations applicable to different models.

Estandarización de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (qPCR) para la detección de strongyloides stercoralis en muestras de materia fecal / Standardization of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the detection of strongyloides stercoralis in stool samples

Introducción: el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis se realiza de rutina en los laboratoriosclínicos; sin embargo, su detección se dificulta debido a la baja excreción parasitaria y la baja sensibilidad de las pruebas parasitológicas empleadas. Objetivo:diseñar y estandarizar una PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) para la detección de ADN de Strongyloides stercoralis en muestras de materia fecal. Materiales y métodos: se establecieron las condiciones de qPCR y se evaluaron: a) la especificidadanalítica mediante análisis BLASTn de secuencias obtenidas de muestras positivas para Strongyloides stercoralis, b) sensibilidad analítica mediante dilucionesseriadas de muestras que contenían larvas de Strongyloides stercoralis y c) la ocurrencia de reacciones cruzadas con otros parásitos e inhibidores de la amplificación. Resultados: se amplificó un fragmento de 101 pb del gen 18S del ARN ribosomal. El valor de Ct osciló entre 23 y 29, tomando un Ct ≤35 como el punto de corte para muestras positivas. El análisis BLASTn de las secuencias obtenidas mostró un porcentaje de identidad del 98% con secuencias 18S del ARN ribosomal de Strongyloides stercoralis reportadas en la NCBI. El límite inferiorde detección de la qPCR fue 0,9 ng/μL. No se evidenció reacción cruzada con Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Uncinarias, Hymenolepis nana, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis e Iodamoeba bütschlii. No se detectaron inhibidores en las muestras de materia fecal. Conclusiones: la sensibilidad y la especificidad analítica de la qPCR comparado con el examen directo de heces son del 100%; sin embargo, aún no es posible interpretar su utilidad clínica.

Introduction: the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is performing routinely in clinical laboratories; however, its detection is difficult due to low parasitic excretion and low sensitivity of the parasitological tests employed. Objective: to design and standardize a real-time PCR (qPCR) for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis DNA in stool samples. Materials and methods: qPCR conditions were established and it were assessed: a) analytical specificity by BLASTn analysis of sequences obtained from samples positive for Strongyloides stercoralis, b) analytical sensitivity by serial dilutions of samples containing Strongyloides stercoralislarvae and c) the occurrence of cross-reactions with other parasites and amplification inhibitors. Results: a 101 bp fragment of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified. The value of Ct ranged from 23 and 29, with a Ct value ≤35 as a cut-off point for positive samples. BLASTn analysis of the obtained sequences showed an identity percentage of 98% with 18S ribosomal RNA sequences of Strongyloides stercoralis reported in the NCBI. The qPCR lower limit of detection was 0.9 ng/ μL. There was no cross-reaction with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuristrichiura, Uncinarias, Hymenolepis nana, Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis, and Iodamoeba bütschlii. No inhibitors were detected in the stool samples. Conclusion: the sensitivity and analytical specificity of qPCR compared to direct examination of feces are 100%; however, it is still not possible to interpret their clinical utility.

Assessing bovine babesiosis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and 3 to 9-month-old cattle in the middle Magdalena region, Colombia

Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.

Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns.

BACKGROUND: The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated. METHODS: The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. RESULTS: Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis. CONCLUSION: Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.

Role of rumen ciliated protozoa in the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid: A review / Papel de los protozoos ciliados ruminales en la síntesis de ácido linoleico conjugado: Revisión / Papel dos protozoários ciliados no rúmem para a síntese de ácido linoléico conjugado: Uma Revisão

Traditionally, ruminal ciliate protozoa have been studied with respect to the metabolism of dietary nutrients. Their role has focused on their predatory behavior, the paradigm of its retention in the rumen, and its apparent limited flow to the duodenum. On the other hand, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Vaccenic Acid (VA) are important because of their nutritional value. This review aims to characterize the biological alternatives used by rumen ciliate protozoa for the production of CLA, highlighting three aspects: 1) rumen protozoa are involved only in the initial stage of biohydrogenation to produce CLA isomers, 2) desaturation by protozoa has not been reported, while endogen synthesis by desaturation of VA in mammary glands and fatty tissues has been demonstrated as the main route of CLA in ruminants, 3) even though incorporation of VA and cis9, trans11-CLA in protozoa structure is related with CLA production, this is only important when protozoa flow from rumen to duodenum, producing 30 to 43% of CLA and a 40% of VA, respectively. It is concluded that rumen protozoa are fundamental in the lipid metabolism of ruminants.

Tradicionalmente, los protozoos ciliados ruminales han sido estudiados en relación con el metabolismo de nutrientes de la dieta suministrada al rumiante. Particularmente, su papel ha sido cuestionado debido a sus características predadoras, aunado al paradigma de la retención de los protozoos en el rumen y el aparente limitado flujo al duodeno por reciclaje de la proteína microbiana. De otro lado, los ácidos linoleico conjugado (CLA) y vacénico (VA) son dos productos de gran interés nutricional. Estas dos situaciones han generado interés en la investigación de esta representativa población de la microbiota ruminal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar, a partir de la literatura científica, las alternativas biológicas utilizadas por los protozoos ciliados del rumen para la producción de CLA. Nosotros encontramos que: 1) los protozoos ruminales sólo participan en la parte inicial de la biohidrogenación, la “isomerización de ácidos grasos insaturados”, generando isómeros de CLA, 2) la desaturación en protozoos, no se demostró en estudios, y queda claro que la síntesis endógena por desaturación de VA, en glándula mamaria y tejidos grasos se establece como el mayor recurso de CLA en el rumiante, 3) aun cuando la incorporación de VA y cis9, trans11-CLA en la estructura de los protozoos está relacionada con la producción de CLA, esta sólo es importante hasta cuando se da el flujo de protozoos del rumen a duodeno donde son responsables del 30 al 43% del CLA y 40% del VA. Se concluye, que los protozoos ruminales son trascendentales en el metabolismo lipídico de rumiantes.

Tradicionalmente, os protozoários ciliados no rúmen têm sido estudados em relação ao metabolismo dos nutrientes na dieta fornecida ao ruminante. Em particular, o seu papel tem sido questionado devido às suas características predatórias, combinado com o paradigma da retenção de protozoários no rúmem e ao aparente fluxo limitado para o duodeno através da reciclagem da proteína microbiana. Por outro lado, o ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e o vacenico (VA) são dois produtos de grande interesse nutricional. Estas duas situações têm gerado interesse na investigação dessa representativa população da microbiota ruminal. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as alternativas biológicas utilizadas pelos protozoários ciliados do rúmem para a produção de CLA a partir da literatura científica. Nós encontramos que: 1) os protozoários ruminais só participam na parte inicial da biohidrogenação: a isomerização “de ácidos graxos insaturados”, gerando isômeros do CLA. 2) até hoje, não tem sido demonstrado a desaturação em protozoários e fica claro que a síntese endógena por desaturação do VA na glândula mamária e tecido adiposo se estabelece como a maior fonte de CLA no ruminante. 3) embora a incorporação de VA e cis9, trans11-CLA na estrutura do protozoário está relacionada com a produção de CLA, ésta só é importante ate quando há fluxo de protozoários do rúmem para o duodeno onde são responsáveis do 30 ate 43% do CLA e 40% do VA. A conclusão é que os protozoários ruminais são transcendentais no metabolismo lipídico dos ruminantes.