Co-design of a Community-based Rehabilitation Program to Decrease Musculoskeletal Disabilities in a Mayan-Yucateco Municipality.

BACKGROUND: Chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases are an important cause of disability in the Mayan community of Chankom in Yucatán, Mexico. OBJECTIVE: To understand a community-based participatory research (CBPR) strategy implemented in Chankom to design a community-based rehabilitation (CBR) program for people living with MSK diseases. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive thematic analysis from an ethnographic work conducted in Chankom, during the implementation of a CBPR strategy from 2014 to 2017. RESULTS: Four main themes describe the main processes that formed our CBPR strategy: 1) forming and maintaining an alliance between academic and community members, 2) prioritizing community needs, 3) integrating local and global knowledge and 4) shared-decision-making. This CBPR strategy allowed the design of a CBR program formed by six main interventions: 1) health services coordination, 2) personal support, 3) community venous blood sampling services, 4) community specialized services, 5) health promotion, and 6) health transportation services. CONCLUSIONS: Co-designing a CBR program for people living with chronic MSK diseases in Chankom was possible through an extensive community engagement work structured around four main processes, including the essential principles of CBPR. The designed CBR program includes culturally sensitive interventions aimed at improving the quality, availability, accessibility, and acceptability of health care services. Moreover, the program mainly addressed the "health" component of the World Health Organization-CBR matrix, suggesting a need for a new CBPR cycle after it is implemented and evaluated in the future.

Maternal diet in pregnancy and acute leukemia in infants: a case-control study in Mexico City.

Introduction: Epidemiological studies around the world on acute leukemia (AL) and risk factors in infants are scarce. Infant AL has been proposed to originate in utero, which facilitates its study by establishing a short exposure time in pregnant women to environmental and dietary factors that could contribute to the risk of or protection against leukemia. We hypothesized that maternal diet during pregnancy may be an important factor involved in AL in offspring. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study from 2010 to 2019 on maternal diet during pregnancy in nine high-specialty public hospitals of different health institutions that diagnose and offer treatment to children with AL in Mexico City. Cases (n=109) were children ≤24 months of age with de novo diagnosis of AL, and controls (n=252) were children obtained in hospitals from second-level medical care matched for age, sex, and health institution. Maternal diet during pregnancy was obtained by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between food groups and infant AL. Potential confounders were assessed by constructing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with Dagitty software in which adjusted options were identified for the construction of unconditional logistic regression models. Results: Cases were slightly predominantly female (52.3%). The years of education of the mother in cases and controls was 0-9 on average, and those who reported smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol during pregnancy did so at a low frequency. Regarding the mother's diet, the main findings were that the consumption of allium vegetables during pregnancy was inversely associated with AL for medium and high consumption (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.46; P-trend< 0.001). In contrast, the high consumption of high-fat dairy products had a positive association with AL (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.30-4.34; P-trend<0.001). No association was found between consumption of topoisomerase II inhibitor foods during pregnancy and AL. Conclusion: The results suggest that maternal intake during pregnancy of allium vegetables, specifically garlic, is inversely associated with the development of AL in children ≤24 months old. On the other hand, consumption of high-fat dairy products is positively associated with AL in children ≤24 months old.

Isometric strength of upper limb muscles in youth using hand-held and hand-grip dynamometry.

The present study aimed to determine the isometric strength profile of the upper limb muscles of children and adolescents between 7-15 years of age. Furthermore, to (a) identify the age at which differences in strength are observed between sexes; to (b) determine the age range at which significant progression of strength could be observed; and (c) identify the role of each muscle on the total upper limb strength. Cross-sectional study that evaluated the isometric strength of nine muscle groups of the upper limb of 243 Chilean children, split into 9 age groups, separated by 1-year intervals. For this, hand-held dynamometry and hand-grip dynamometry were used. A two-factor analysis of variance for the maximum isometric strength and a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis were performed. From 11 years of age, wrist flexors were the first muscle group that revealed a significant difference in isometric strength in favor of boys (P=0.0143). In boys, the narrowest and earliest age range in the progression of isometric strength was 10 to 12 years for wrist flexors (P=0.0392). Shoulder flexors was the main factor that explained the performance of the total upper limb strength (R 2=0.742; P<0.001). The most progressive isometric strength development occurred from age 10 years in the ventral and distal muscles of the upper limb; and from this age the boys begin to present a greater isometric strength than girls. In addition, the isometric strength of shoulder flexors explained the higher total upper limb strength performance.

Dual U-Net-Based Conditional Generative Adversarial Network for Blood Vessel Segmentation with Reduced Cerebral MR Training Volumes.

Segmenting vessels in brain images is a critical step for many medical interventions and diagnoses of illnesses. Recent advances in artificial intelligence provide better models, achieving a human-like level of expertise in many tasks. In this paper, we present a new approach to segment Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF-MRA) images, relying on fewer training samples than state-of-the-art methods. We propose a conditional generative adversarial network with an adapted generator based on a concatenated U-Net with a residual U-Net architecture (UUr-cGAN) to carry out blood vessel segmentation in TOF-MRA images, relying on data augmentation to diminish the drawback of having few volumes at disposal for training the model, while preventing overfitting by using regularization techniques. The proposed model achieves 89.52% precision and 87.23% in Dice score on average from the cross-validated experiment for brain blood vessel segmentation tasks, which is similar to other state-of-the-art methods while using considerably fewer training samples. UUr-cGAN extracts important features from small datasets while preventing overfitting compared to other CNN-based methods and still achieve a relatively good performance in image segmentation tasks such as brain blood vessels from TOF-MRA.

Effect of regulatory interventions on agomelatine use in Spain: A multiple intervention time-series analysis in a nationwide electronic healthcare record database.

BACKGROUND: Liver injury is an important identified risk for agomelatine and several measures were put in place to prevent and minimize such risk. The study aims to assess the impact of four interventions on the incidence of agomelatine use, particularly among patients aged ≥75 in Spain between 2011 and 2018. METHODS: Quasi-experimental interrupted time-series analysis to examine data from a nationwide electronic healthcare record database (BIFAP). Quarterly cumulative incidence of agomelatine use per 100 000 patients was calculated and the impact of four regulatory interventions was quantified. RESULTS: The incidence of agomelatine use decreased by 85% and 87% from first quarter 2011 to last quarter 2018 in patients below and above 75 years old, respectively. Regulatory actions taken were not associated with an immediate and significant falling level of use or slope. The incidence was less than expected 6 months after the first and third intervention for patients below and above 75 years old, and more than expected after the second and fourth intervention for both populations, though these analyses were underpowered to observe significant results. The downward trend became less pronounced, reaching a residual level of use, which remained stable in the last segment of the study period. CONCLUSION: New users of agomelatine decreased throughout the study period, starting before interventions took place. The effect of specific interventions might be masked by the progressive decrease tendency, constant over the study period. The effects of external factors that might overlap, unintended consequences, and issues concerning statistical modeling in situations where rates are already falling, should be considered when interpreting the results.

Socioeconomic status and physical activity during elementary school student recess / Nível socioeconômico e atividade física durante o recreio de crianças do ensino fundamental / Nivel socioeconómico y actividad física durante el recreo de niños de la enseñanza fundamental

ABSTRACT Introduction The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the level of physical activity (PA) at school has not been studied at length. Objective To describe the association between SES and the intensity of physical activity during recess in elementary school children as well as the space dedicated to physical activity. Methods A total of 212 children (110 boys and 102 girls) who were enrolled in the fourth, fifth and sixth grade of elementary school at the time participated in this study. The subjects were divided into 4 levels according to the marginalization index (MI). The geographical location of the schools and the available area were calculated using Google Maps Pro (GMP) software.1 Physical activity level was measured using accelerometry.2 Comparisons of different levels of PA with respect to marginalization indices and sex were investigated using one-way analysis of variance. The association between health variables and PA was determined through the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Results indicated that the level and intensity of PA during recess are associated with socioeconomic status and the social marginalization index, as well as sex, age, and infrastructure. Conclusion The higher the level of social marginalization, the lower the level of PA and the smaller the space dedicated to PA. Level of Evidence III; Comparative retrospective study.

RESUMO Introdução A associação entre o nível socioeconômico (NSE) e o nível de atividade física (AF) no âmbito escolar tem sido pouco estudada. Objetivo Descrever a associação entre o NSE e a intensidade da AF durante o recreio em crianças de ensino fundamental e também o espaço dedicado à atividade física. Métodos Participaram 212 crianças (110 meninos e 102 meninas) que, na ocasião do estudo, estavam no quarto, quinto e sexto ano do ensino fundamental. O número de sujeitos foi dividido em quatro níveis de acordo com o índice de marginalização (IM). A localização geográfica das escolas e a área disponível foram calculadas com o software Google Maps Pro (GMP).1 O nível de atividade física foi medido por acelerometria.2 As comparações dos diferentes níveis de AF com relação aos índices de marginalização e sexo foram analisadas por variância unidirecional. A associação entre as variáveis de saúde e a AF foi determinada pela correlação de Pearson. Resultados Os resultados indicaram que o nível e a intensidade de AF durante o recreio estão associados ao nível socioeconômico e ao índice de marginalização social, bem como a sexo, idade e infraestrutura. Conclusões Quanto maior foi o nível de marginalização social, menor o espaço para praticar e o nível de AF. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Introducción La asociación entre el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y el nivel de actividad física (AF) en el ámbito escolar ha sido poco estudiada. Objetivo Describir la asociación entre el NSE y la intensidad de la AF durante el recreo en niños de enseñanza fundamental y también el espacio dedicado a la actividad física. Métodos Participaron 212 niños (110 niños y 102 niñas) que, en la ocasión del estudio, estaban en cuarto, quinto y sexto año de la enseñanza fundamental. El número de sujetos fue dividido en cuatro niveles de acuerdo con el índice de marginalización (IM). La localización geográfica de las escuelas y el área disponible fueron calculadas con el software Google Maps Pro (GMP).1 El nivel de actividad física fue medido por acelerometría.2 Las comparaciones de los diferentes niveles de AF con relación a los índices de marginalización y sexo fueron analizadas por variancia unidireccional. La asociación entre las variables de salud y la AF fue determinada por la correlación de Pearson. Resultados Los resultados indicaron que el nivel y la intensidad de AF durante el recreo están asociados al nivel socioeconómico y al índice de marginalización social, bien como a sexo, edad e infraestructura. Conclusiones Cuanto mayor sea el nivel de marginalización social, menor será el espacio para practicar y el nivel de AF. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo comparativo.

Drug utilization study on immediate release Fentanyl in Spain. Prevalence, incidence, and indication.

PURPOSE: We aimed to characterize the trends of immediate release fentanyl (IRF) use in Spain between 2012 and 2017 and indication for its use. IRF drugs are rapid-acting opioids approved to treat breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) in patients already receiving maintenance opioid therapy for chronic cancer pain. A substantial increase in consumption of IRF has been observed with emerging cases of abuse and dependence, most of them in noncancer patients. METHODS: An ecological descriptive consumption study with aggregated data from drug dispensed by community pharmacies and reimbursed by the National Health System in which Defined Daily Doses per 10 000 inhabitants (DID) were calculated and a retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Research in Primary Care in which participants entered the cohort study after 1 year with the Primary Care Practitioners were performed. Annual prevalence and incidence rate of IRF use were estimated by sex and calendar year. Potential indication was also assessed. RESULTS: IRF use in Spain increased from 2.1 DID in 2012 to 3.8 DID in 2017. The incidence rate and prevalence increased in 53% and 74%, respectively. Patients without previous cancer or BCTP diagnosis represented 27% of incident users, predominantly women. Half of patients with noncancer-related diagnosis had a musculoskeletal disorder linked to the first IRF prescription. CONCLUSIONS: National consumption and new IRF users in Spain increased over the study period and one quarter of patients did not have a BTCP or cancer diagnosis registered in their clinical record.

Scaling left ventricular mass in adolescent female soccer players.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of chronological age (CA), skeletal maturation, training experience and concurrent body size descriptors, to inter-individual variance in left ventricular mass (LVM) among female adolescent soccer players. METHODS: The sample included 228 female soccer players 11.8-17.1 years. Training experience defined as years of participation in competitive soccer (range 2-9 years), was obtained by interview. Stature, body mass and skinfolds (triceps, medial calf) were measured. Fat mass was estimated; Fat-free mass was derived. LVM was assessed by echocardiography. Skeletal maturity status was as the difference of skeletal age (SA, Fels method) minus CA. RESULTS: Fat-free mass was the most prominent single predictor of LVM (R2 = 36.6%). It was associated with an allometric coefficient close to linearity (k = 0.924, 95%CI: 0.737 to 1.112). A significant multiplicative allometric model including body mass, fat-free mass, CA, training experience and skeletal maturity status was also obtained (R = 0.684; R2 = 46.2%). CONCLUSION: Stature has limitations as a valid size descriptor of LVM. Body mass, fat-free mass, training experience, CA, body mass and skeletal maturity status were relevant factors contributing to inter-individual variability in LVM.

Analysis of Ethanol Dehydration using Membrane Separation Processes.

After the biomass pretreatment and fermentation processes, the purification step constitutes a major task in bioethanol production processes. The use of membranes provides an interesting choice to achieve high-purity bioethanol. Membrane separation processes are generally characterized by low energy requirements, but a high capital investment. Some major design aspects for membrane processes and their application to the ethanol dehydration problem are addressed in this work. The analysis includes pervaporation and vapor permeation methods, and considers using two types of membranes, A-type zeolite and amorphous silica membrane. The results identify the best combination of membrane separation method and type of membrane needed for bioethanol purification.

Revealing Grain-Boundary-Induced Degradation Mechanisms in Li-Rich Cathode Materials.

Despite their high energy densities, Li- and Mn-rich, layered-layered, xLi2MnO3·(1 - x)LiTMO2 (TM = Ni, Mn, Co) (LMR-NMC) cathodes require further development in order to overcome issues related to bulk and surface instabilities such as Mn dissolution, impedance rise, and voltage fade. One promising strategy to modify LMR-NMC properties has been the incorporation of spinel-type, local domains to create "layered-layered-spinel" cathodes. However, precise control of local structure and composition, as well as subsequent characterization of such materials, is challenging and elucidating structure-property relationships is not trivial. Therefore, detailed studies of atomic structures within these materials are still critical to their development. Herein, aberration corrected-scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) is utilized to study atomic structures, prior to and subsequent to electrochemical cycling, of LMR-NMC materials having integrated spinel-type components. The results demonstrate that strained grain boundaries with various atomic configurations, including spinel-type structures, can exist. These high energy boundaries appear to induce cracking and promote dissolution of Mn by increasing the contact surface area to electrolyte as well as migration of Ni during cycling, thereby accelerating performance degradation. These results present insights into the important role that local structures can play in the macroscopic degradation of the cathode structures and reiterate the complexity of how synthesis and composition affect structure-electrochemical property relationships of advanced cathode designs.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Epidemiology in Children From 2 Socioeconomic Regions in Mexico: 20-Year Registry (1996-2015).

PURPOSE: We analyzed the epidemiologic characteristics of different types of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), excluding Burkitt Lymphoma, in 2 Mexican regions with different socioeconomic status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this surveillance study, we analyzed the incidence rates (cases per million children/year) of different types of NHL according to the ICCC3, registered in 1996-2015, from 2 different socioeconomic regions in Mexico: central and southern, with higher and lower status, respectively. RESULTS: The principal NHL subgroups were precursor (IIb1), mature B cell (IIb2), mature T/NK cell, and no other specification (NOS; 42.3%, 15.8%, 14.1%, and 27.8%, respectively). In both regions, the overall incidence rates were similar (central=5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6-6.1 vs. southern=6.3, 95% CI, 4.6-8.4); also, there were no differences by types (precursor cell LNH, 2.3 vs. 2.5; mature B cell, 0.9 vs. 0.8; mature T/NK cells, 0.8 vs. 0.8; and NOS, 1.4 vs. 2.3). In both regions, a decreasing trend was found (central= -0.17%, 95% CI, -0.03 to -0.3, P=0.04; southern= -0.32%, 95% CI, -0.07 to -0.57, P=0.02), with major reduction of NHL NOS from 1996 to 2000. In both regions, men predominated (2.1:1). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status did not influence the incidence rates of NHL. In this study, we found a reduction of NHL NOS, possibly due to better typing.

Clinical Infections by Herpesviruses in Patients Treated with Valproic Acid: A Nested Case-Control Study in the Spanish Primary Care Database, BIFAP.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of clinical infections by herpesviruses in patients exposed to valproic acid (VPA). We performed a case-control study nested in a primary cohort selected from the Spanish primary care population-based research database BIFAP (Base de datos para la Investigación Farmacoepidemiológica en Atención Primaria) over the period 2001-2015. The events of interest were those diseases caused by any herpesviruses known to infect humans. For each case, up to 10 controls per case matched by age, gender, and calendar date were randomly selected. A conditional logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Current use of VPA was associated with a trend towards a reduced risk of clinical infections by herpesviruses as compared with non-users (OR 0.84; CI 95% 0.7-1.0; p = 0.057). Among current users, a trend to a decreased risk with treatment durations longer than 90 days was also observed. The results show a trend to a reduced risk of clinical infection by herpesviruses in patients exposed to VPA. These results are consistent with those in vitro studies showing that, in cultured cells, VPA can inhibit the production of the infectious progeny of herpesviruses. This study also shows the efficient use of electronic healthcare records for clinical exploratory research studies.

La seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en una comunidad indígena de México / Food and nutritional security in an indigenous community of Mexico

FUNDAMENTOS: la seguridad alimentaria involucra diversos factores, desde enfermedades metabólicas hasta técnicas de agricultura sustentable que aseguran la producción de alimentos inocuos. MÉTODOS: se analizaron seis estudios relacionados con la salud y nutrición de la población realizados entre 2014 a 2017 en comunidad indígena de San Luis Potosí. RESULTADOS: se identificó la participación de 292 hogares, las madres se dedican al hogar y los padres son jornaleros, el ingreso promedio mensual por familia es de $1522,7 y el gasto en alimentos de $804,3. Todos los grupos de edad presentan malnutrición, tienen dieta poco diversa alta en carbohidratos. Presentan estrategias para obtener alimentos como regalos de terceros, intercambio o pedir dinero prestado. Los hogares se encuentran en inseguridad alimentaria, sufren de experiencias de hambre y ayunos prolongados. CONCLUSIONES: la comunidad indígena es vulnerable a presentar inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional por su bajo ingreso económico. Es importante garantizar la autosuficiencia alimentaria familiar y promover en consumo de dietas variadas basadas en la producción de alimentos locales

BACKGROUND: Food security involve different factors, since metabolic diseases to sustainable agriculture techniques that ensure the production of safe food. METHODS: Six studies related to the health and nutrition carried out between 2014 and 2017 in an indigenous community of San Luis Potosí were analyzed. RESULTS: Was identified the participation of 292 households, women are dedicated to homework and man are day laborers, the average monthly income was in $1522,7 and the food expenditure in $804,3 per family. All age groups presented malnutrition, have a little diverse diet high in carbohydrates. Present strategies to obtain food as gifts from third parties, exchange or borrow money. Households are in food insecurity, suffer hunger experiences andprolonged fast. CONCLUSIONS: The indigenous community is vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity due to its low economic income. It is important to guarantee family food self-sufficiency and promote the consumption of varied diets based on local food production

Map-Assisted Generation of Procedure and Intervention Encoding (Magpie): An Innovative Approach for ICD-10-PCS Coding.

ICD-10-PCS coding is challenging because of the large number of codes, non-intuitive terms and paucity of the ICD-10-PCS index. We previously repurposed the richer ICD-9-CM procedure index for ICD-10-PCS coding. We have developed the MAGPIE tool based on the repurposed ICD-9-CM index with other lexical and mapping resources. MAGPIE helps the user to identify SNOMED CT and ICD-10-PCS codes for medical procedures. MAGPIE uses three innovative search approaches: cascading search (SNOMED CT to ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-PCS), hybrid lexical and map-assisted matching, and semantic filtering of ICD-10-PCS codes. Our evaluation showed that MAGPIE found the correct SNOMED CT code and ICD-10-PCS table in 70% and 85% of cases respectively, without any user intervention. MAGPIE is available online from the NLM website: magpie.nlm.nih.gov.

Overweight and obesity as predictors of early mortality in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Mexico City has one of the highest incidences and mortality rates of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the world and a high frequency of early relapses (17%) and early mortality (15%). Otherwise, childhood overweight and obesity are reaching epidemic proportions. They have been associated with poor outcomes in children with ALL. The aim of present study was to identify if overweight and obesity are predictors of early mortality and relapse in Mexican children with ALL. METHODS: A multicenter cohort study was conducted. ALL children younger than 15 years old were included and followed-up during the first 24 months after diagnosis. Overweight and obesity were classified according World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Early mortality and early relapses were the main outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1070 children were analyzed. Overweight/obesity at diagnosis were predictors of early mortality (WHO: HR = 1.4, 95%CI:1.0-2.0; CDC: HR = 1.6, 95%CI:1.1-2.3). However, no associations between overweight (WHO: HR = 1.5, 95%CI:0.9-2.5; CDC: HR = 1.0; 95% CI:0.6-1.6) and obesity (WHO: HR = 1.5, 95%CI:0.7-3.2; CDC: HR = 1.4; 95%CI:0.9-2.3) with early relapse were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obese patients embody a subgroup with high risk of dying during leukemia treatment.

Identification and Characterization of Novel Fusion Genes with Potential Clinical Applications in Mexican Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer worldwide. Mexico City has one of the highest incidences and mortality rates of this cancer. It has previously been recognized that chromosomal translocations are important in cancer etiology. Specific fusion genes have been considered as important treatment targets in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The present research aimed at the identification and characterization of novel fusion genes with potential clinical implications in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The RNA-sequencing approach was used. Four fusion genes not previously reported were identified: CREBBP-SRGAP2B, DNAH14-IKZF1, ETV6-SNUPN, ETV6-NUFIP1. Although a fusion gene is not sufficient to cause leukemia, it could be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Notably, these new translocations were found in genes encoding for hematopoietic transcription factors which are known to play an important role in leukemogenesis and disease prognosis such as IKZF1, CREBBP, and ETV6. In addition, they may have an impact on the prognosis of Mexican pediatric patients with ALL, with the potential to be included in the current risk stratification schemes or used as therapeutic targets.

Correction to: socioeconomic inequalities in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia insured by social security in Mexico: a study of the 2007-2009 cohorts.

Following publication of the original article [1], the author reported her name has been erroneously spelled as Blanca E. Pelcastre. The full name is Blanca E. Pelcastre-Villafuerte.

Socioeconomic inequalities in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia insured by social security in Mexico: a study of the 2007-2009 cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Although acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 5 years survival in minors has reached 90%, socioeconomic differences have been reported among and within countries. Within countries, the difference has been related to the socioeconomic status of the parents, even in the context of public health services with universal coverage. In Mexico, differences in the mortality of children with cancer have been reported among sociodemographic zones. The Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), the country's main social security institution, has reported socioeconomic differences in life expectancy within its affiliated population. Here, the socioeconomic inequalities in the survival of children (< 15 years old) enrolled in the IMSS were analyzed. METHODS: Five-year survival data were analyzed in cohorts of patients diagnosed with ALL during the period 2007-2009 in the two IMSS networks of medical services that serve 7 states of the central region of Mexico. A Cox proportional risk model was developed and adjusted for the socioeconomic characteristics of family, community of residence and for the clinical characteristics of the children. The slope of socioeconomic inequality of the probability of dying within five years after the diagnosis of ALL was estimated. RESULTS: For the 294 patients studied, the 5 years survival rate was 53.7%; the median survival was 4.06 years (4.9 years for standard-risk diagnosis; 2.5 years for high-risk diagnosis). The attrition rate was 12%. The Cox model showed that children who had been IMSS-insured for less than half their lives had more than double the risk of dying than those who had been insured for their entire lives. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in the survival of children with ALL associated with family income, educational and occupational level of parents. However, we found a relevant gradient related social security protection: the longer children's life insured by social security, the higher their probability of surviving ALL was. These results add evidence of the effectiveness of social security, as a mechanism of wealth redistribution and a promoter of social mobility. Extending these social security benefits to the entire Mexican population could promote better health outcomes.