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Objective@#Analyzing the characteristics of consonant errors in children with functional dysarthria in different age groups and the effect of speech training provides a reference for clinical treatment. @*Methods @#This study followed medical ethics, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. Speech data from 388 patients with functional dysarthria were retrospectively studied. They were divided into two groups at the age of 6, namely, the preschool group (4-6 years old) of 226 patients and the school age group (6-13 years old, including 6 years old) of 162 patients. The characteristics of consonant pronunciation errors from four aspects were analyzed: average number of errors, pronunciation location, pronunciation method, and error type. One-on-one speech training was conducted, with a training frequency of once a week and once for 30 minutes. The training method was carried out in the order of phoneme training, syllable training, vocabulary training, sentence training, and short text and conversation training. The effects of speech training in the two groups were compared. @*Results@#Analysis by pronunciation location: both age groups had the highest frequency of errors in tongue tip posterior sounds; the school age group had the lowest error frequency for labiodental consonants, and the preschool group had the lowest error frequency for bilabial consonants. According to the analysis of pronunciation mode, both age groups had the highest error frequency of aspirated affricate and the lowest error frequency of nasal sound. Analysis by error type: both age groups are mainly characterized by substitution and omission. Compared with the preschool group, most consonants of patients in the school group tend to improve in terms of pronunciation location, pronunciation mode, and error types. Compared with the preschool group, the two types of errors-palatalization and lateralization-increased in frequency in the school group, but the trend of increased lateralization was not statistically significant. After 6.7 and 5.5 sessions of speech training, the pronunciation of the preschool group and the school-age group significantly improved; the cure rate of the school-age group was 84.9% (118/139), and that of the preschool group was 77.1% (91/118). There was no statistically significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups.@*Conclusion@# Functional dysarthria may improve with age, but it may not completely self-heal. Children of different age groups can achieve good treatment results through scientific and reasonable speech training.
RESUMEN
Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) exports 3Na(+) and imports 2K(+) at the expense of the hydrolysis of 1ATP under physiological conditions. In the absence of K(+), it can mediate electroneutral Na(+)/Na(+) exchange. In the electroneutral Na(+)/Na(+) exchange mode, NKA produces a transient current containing fast, medium and slow components in response to a sudden voltage step. These three components of the transient current demonstrate the sequential release of Na(+) ions from three binding sites. Our data from oocytes provide further experimental support for the existence of these components. Oligomycin is an NKA inhibitor that favors the 2Na(+)-occluded state without affecting the conformational state of the NKA. We studied the effects of oligomycin on both K(+)-activated currents and transient currents in wild-type Bufo NKA and a mutant form of Bufo NKA, NKA: G813A. Oligomycin blocked almost all of the K(+)-activated current, although the three components of the transient current showed different sensitivities to oligomycin. The oligomycin-inhibited charge movement measured using a P/4 protocol had a rate coefficient similar to the medium transient component. The fast component of the transient current elicited by a short voltage step also showed sensitivity to oligomycin. However, the slow component was not totally inhibited by oligomycin. Our results indicate that the second and third sodium ions might be released to the extracellular medium by a mechanism that is not shared by the first sodium ion.
