Antibacterial efficacy of copper-based metal-organic frameworks against Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus.

The widespread and excessive use of antimicrobial drugs has resulted in a concerning rise in bacterial resistance, leading to a risk of untreatable infections. The aim of this study was to formulate a robust and efficient antibacterial treatment to address this challenge. Previous work focused on the effectiveness of the Cu-BTC metal-organic framework (MOF; BTC stands for 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) in combatting various bacterial strains. Herein, we compare the antibacterial properties of Cu-BTC with our newly designed Cu-GA MOF, consisting of copper ions bridged by deprotonated gallate ligands (H2gal2-), against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Lactobacillus bacteria. Cu-GA was synthesized hydrothermally from copper salt and naturally derived gallic acid (H4gal) and characterized for antibacterial evaluation. The gradual breakdown of Cu(H2gal) resulted in a significant antibacterial effect that is due to the release of copper ions and gallate ligands from the framework. Both copper MOFs were nontoxic to bacteria at low concentrations and growth was completely inhibited at high concentrations when treated with Cu-BTC (1500 µg for E. coli and 1700 µg for Lactobacillus) and Cu-GA (2000 µg for both bacterial strains). Furthermore, our agarose gel electrophoresis results indicate that both MOFs could disrupt bacterial cell membranes, hindering the synthesis of DNA. These findings confirm the antibacterial properties of Cu-BTC and the successful internalization of Cu2+ ions and gallic acid by bacteria from the Cu-GA MOF framework, suggesting the potential for a sustained and effective therapeutic approach against pathogenic microorganisms.

Harvesting Water from Air with High-Capacity, Stable Furan-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks.

We synthesized two isoreticular furan-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF-LA2-1(furan) and MOF-LA2-2(furan) with rod-like secondary building units (SBUs) featuring 1D channels, as sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting (LA = long arm). These aluminum-based MOFs demonstrated a combination of high water uptake and stability, exhibiting working capacities of 0.41 and 0.48 gwater/gMOF (under isobaric conditions of 1.70 kPa), respectively. Remarkably, both MOFs showed a negligible loss in water uptake after 165 adsorption-desorption cycles. These working capacities rival that of MOF-LA2-1(pyrazole), which has a working capacity of 0.55 gwater/gMOF. The current MOFs stand out for their high water stability, as evidenced by 165 cycles of water uptake and release. MOF-LA2-2(furan) is the first aluminum MOF to employ a double 'long arm' extension strategy, which is confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The MOFs were synthesized by using a straightforward synthesis route. This study offers valuable insights into the design of durable, water-stable MOFs and underscores their potential for efficient water harvesting.

Shaping the Water-Harvesting Behavior of Metal-Organic Frameworks Aided by Fine-Tuned GPT Models.

We construct a data set of metal-organic framework (MOF) linkers and employ a fine-tuned GPT assistant to propose MOF linker designs by mutating and modifying the existing linker structures. This strategy allows the GPT model to learn the intricate language of chemistry in molecular representations, thereby achieving an enhanced accuracy in generating linker structures compared with its base models. Aiming to highlight the significance of linker design strategies in advancing the discovery of water-harvesting MOFs, we conducted a systematic MOF variant expansion upon state-of-the-art MOF-303 utilizing a multidimensional approach that integrates linker extension with multivariate tuning strategies. We synthesized a series of isoreticular aluminum MOFs, termed Long-Arm MOFs (LAMOF-1 to LAMOF-10), featuring linkers that bear various combinations of heteroatoms in their five-membered ring moiety, replacing pyrazole with either thiophene, furan, or thiazole rings or a combination of two. Beyond their consistent and robust architecture, as demonstrated by permanent porosity and thermal stability, the LAMOF series offers a generalizable synthesis strategy. Importantly, these 10 LAMOFs establish new benchmarks for water uptake (up to 0.64 g g-1) and operational humidity ranges (between 13 and 53%), thereby expanding the diversity of water-harvesting MOFs.

Structural Chemistry of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a subclass of reticular structures based on tetrahedral four-connected networks of zeolites and minerals. They are composed of transition-metal ions and imidazolate-type linkers, and their pore size and shape, surface area, and functionality can be precisely controlled. Despite their potential, two questions remain unanswered: how to synthesize more diverse ZIF structures and how ZIFs differentiate from other crystalline solids. In other words, how can we use our understanding of their unique structures to better design and synthesize ZIFs? In this Review, we first summarize the methods for synthesizing a wide range of ZIFs. We then review the crystal structure of ZIFs and describe the relationship between their structure and properties using an in-depth analysis. We also discuss several important and intrinsic features that make ZIFs stand out from MOFs and discrete molecular cages. Finally, we outline the future direction for this class of porous crystals.

Calcium l-Malate and d-Tartarate Frameworks as Adjuvants for the Sustainable Delivery of a Fungicide.

Agrichemical adjuvants that combine a highly selective, efficient, and active mode of operation are critically needed to realize a more sustainable approach to their usage. Herein, we report the synthesis and full characterization of two new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), termed UPMOF-1 and UPMOF-2, that were constructed from eco-friendly Ca2+ ions and naturally occurring, low-molecular weight plant acids, l-malic and d-tartaric acid, respectively. Upon structural elucidation of both MOFs, a widely used fungicide, hexaconazole (Hex), was loaded on the structures, reaching binding affinities of -5.0 and -3.5 kcal mol-1 and loading capacities of 63% and 62% for Hex@UPMOF-1 and Hex@UPMOF-2, respectively, as a result of the formation of stable host-guest interactions. Given the framework chemistry of the MOFs and their predisposition to disassembly under relevant agricultural conditions, the sustained release kinetics were determined to show nearly quantitative release (98% and 95% for Hex@UPMOF-1 and Hex@UPMOF-2, respectively) after >500 h, a release profile drastically different than the control (>80% release in 24 h), from which the high efficiency of these new systems was established. To confirm their high selectivity and activity, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to illustrate the abilities of Hex@UPMOF-1 and Hex@UPMOF-2 to combat the known aggressive pathogen Ganoderma boninense that causes basal stem rot disease in oil palm. Accordingly, at an extremely low concentration of 0.05 µg mL-1, both Hex@UPMOF-1 and Hex@UPMOF-2 were demonstrated to completely inhibit (100%) G. boninense growth, and during a 26 week in vivo nursery trial, the progression of basal stem rot infection was completely halted upon treatment with Hex@UPMOF-1 and Hex@UPMOF-2 and seedling growth was accelerated given the additional nutrients supplied via the disassembly of the MOFs. This study represents a significant step forward in the design of adjuvants to support the environmentally responsible use of agrichemical crop protection.

The effect of MnCO3 on the gain coefficient for the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions and near-infrared emission bandwidth flatness of Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped barium zinc silicate glasses.

The roles of Mn2+ ions in the MnCO3 compound, leading to the formation of an Mn2+-Yb3+ dimer and affecting the gain coefficient for the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions and near-infrared (NIR) emission bandwidth flatness of Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ co-doped in SiO2-ZnO-BaO (SZB) barium zinc silicate glasses, were investigated in this work. The composition of all elements from the original raw materials that exist in the host glasses was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Under the excitation of a 980 nm laser diode (LD), the NIR emission of Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+-co-doped SZB glasses produced a bandwidth of about 430 nm covering the O, E, and C bands. The effects of Mn2+ ions and the Mn2+-Yb3+ dimer on the gain coefficient for the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions and bandwidth flatness of NIR emission of Er3+/Tm3+-co-doped and Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+-co-doped SZB glasses were also assigned. The optimal molar concentration of Mn2+ ions was determined such that the NIR bandwidth flatness of Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+-co-doped SZB glasses was the flattest. In addition, the role of Mn2+ ions in reducing the gain coefficient for the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions was also calculated and discussed.

ChatGPT Research Group for Optimizing the Crystallinity of MOFs and COFs.

We leveraged the power of ChatGPT and Bayesian optimization in the development of a multi-AI-driven system, backed by seven large language model-based assistants and equipped with machine learning algorithms, that seamlessly orchestrates a multitude of research aspects in a chemistry laboratory (termed the ChatGPT Research Group). Our approach accelerated the discovery of optimal microwave synthesis conditions, enhancing the crystallinity of MOF-321, MOF-322, and COF-323 and achieving the desired porosity and water capacity. In this system, human researchers gained assistance from these diverse AI collaborators, each with a unique role within the laboratory environment, spanning strategy planning, literature search, coding, robotic operation, labware design, safety inspection, and data analysis. Such a comprehensive approach enables a single researcher working in concert with AI to achieve productivity levels analogous to those of an entire traditional scientific team. Furthermore, by reducing human biases in screening experimental conditions and deftly balancing the exploration and exploitation of synthesis parameters, our Bayesian search approach precisely zeroed in on optimal synthesis conditions from a pool of 6 million within a significantly shortened time scale. This work serves as a compelling proof of concept for an AI-driven revolution in the chemistry laboratory, painting a future where AI becomes an efficient collaborator, liberating us from routine tasks to focus on pushing the boundaries of innovation.

Cobalt Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework as a Visible Light-Driven Photocatalyst for CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction.

A novel cobalt hydrogen-bonded organic framework (Co-HOF, C24H14CoN4O8) was synthesized from a mixed linker, that is, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDC) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (BPY) linkers and cobalt ion through a simple, one-pot, low-cost, and scalable solvothermal method. The Co-HOF was fully characterized using several analytical and spectroscopic techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Co-HOF exhibits high thermal and chemical stabilities compared to previously reported HOF materials. Moreover, Co-HOF shows excellent photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation due to its narrow band gap of 2.05 eV. The cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to variable epoxides was investigated to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of Co-HOF under visible light radiation and was found to produce the corresponding cyclic carbonates in yields up to 99.9%.

Lanthanide(III) (Er/Ho) coordination polymers for a photocatalytic CO2 cycloaddition reaction.

Two new isostructural carboxylate-bridged lanthanide ribbons having the chemical formula [Ln2(4-ABA)6]n [4-ABA = 4-aminobenzoate, Ln: holmium (Ho) and erbium (Er)] were synthesized by a solvothermal method and fully characterized using multiple analytical, spectroscopic, and computational techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that both lanthanide coordination polymers (Ln-CPs) exhibit linear ribbon-like structures built up by dinuclear Ln2(4-ABA)6 units and bridged by carboxylate groups. Ln-CPs showed remarkably high thermal and chemical stabilities. Ho-CP and Er-CP exhibited similar band gaps of 3.21 eV and 3.22 eV, respectively, showing their photocatalytic ability under UV light. The photocatalytic activities of Ln-CPs were examined in the CO2 cycloaddition of epoxides to cyclic carbonates under solvent-free conditions, and full conversion (yields up to 99.9%) to the product was achieved. Ln-CP photocatalysts retained the same product yields over five consecutive cycles. Additionally, the experimental magnetic studies indicated that both Ln-CP crystals are antiferromagnetic at low T, which is confirmed by density functional theory calculations.

First-principles study of SiC and GeC monolayers with adsorbed non-metal atoms.

Chemical adsorption of non-metal atoms may lead to the emergence of novel features in two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene-like XC (X = Si and Ge) monolayers with adsorbed H, O, and F atoms are investigated using spin-polarized first-principles calculations. Deeply negative adsorption energies suggest strong chemical adsorption on XC monolayers. Despite the non-magnetic nature of both host monolayer and adatom, SiC is significantly magnetized by H adsorption inducing the magnetic semiconductor nature. Similar features are observed in GeC monolayers upon adsorbing H and F atoms. In all cases, an integer total magnetic moment of 1 µB is obtained, originating mainly from adatoms and their neighbor X and C atoms. In contrast, O adsorption preserves the non-magnetic nature of SiC and GeC monolayers. However, the electronic band gaps exhibit significant reduction of the order of 26% and 18.84%, respectively. These reductions are consequences of the middle-gap energy branch generated by the unoccupied O-pz state. The results introduce an efficient approach to develop d0 2D magnetic materials to be applied in spintronic devices, as well as to widen the working region of XC monolayers in optoelectronic applications.

BioMOF-Based Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery Systems.

A variety of nanomaterials have been developed specifically for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery in cancer treatment. These materials involve both synthetic and natural nanoparticles and nanofibers of varying dimensions. The efficacy of a drug delivery system (DDS) depends on its biocompatibility, intrinsic high surface area, high interconnected porosity, and chemical functionality. Recent advances in metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have led to the achievement of these desirable features. MOFs consist of metal ions and organic linkers that are assembled in different geometries and can be produced in 0, 1, 2, or 3 dimensions. The defining features of MOFs are their outstanding surface area, interconnected porosity, and variable chemical functionality, which enable an endless range of modalities for loading drugs into their hierarchical structures. MOFs, coupled with biocompatibility requisites, are now regarded as highly successful DDSs for the treatment of diverse diseases. This review aims to present the development and applications of DDSs based on chemically-functionalized MOF nanostructures in the context of cancer treatment. A concise overview of the structure, synthesis, and mode of action of MOF-DDS is provided.

Optical band gaps and spectroscopy properties of Bi m+/Eu n+/Yb3+ co-doped (m = 0, 2, 3; and n = 2, 3) zinc calcium silicate glasses.

In this study, the indirect/direct optical band gaps and spectroscopy properties of Bi m+/Eu n+/Yb3+ co-doped (m = 0, 2, 3; and n = 2, 3) zinc calcium silicate glasses under different excitation wavelengths were investigated. Zinc calcium silicate glasses with the main compositions of SiO2-ZnO-CaF2-LaF3-TiO2 were prepared by the conventional melting method. EDS analysis was performed to determine the elemental composition existing in the zinc calcium silicate glasses. Visible (VIS)-, upconversion (UC)-, and near-infrared (NIR)-emission spectra of Bi m+/Eu n+/Yb3+ co-doped glasses were also investigated. Indirect optical band gaps and direct optical band gaps of Bi m+-, Eu n+- single-doped, and Bi m+-Eu n+ co-doped SiO2-ZnO-CaF2-LaF3-TiO2-Bi2O3-EuF3-YbF3 zinc calcium silicate glasses were calculated and analyzed. CIE 1931(x, y) color coordinates for VIS and UC emission spectra of Bi m+/Eu n+/Yb3+ co-doped glasses were determined. Besides, the mechanism of VIS-, UC-, NIR-emissions, and energy transfer (ET) processes between Bi m+ and Eu n+ ions were also proposed and discussed.

Covalent Organic Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting.

Atmospheric water harvesting using reticular materials is an innovation that has the potential to change the world. Using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for capturing water holds great promise because COFs are metal-free, stable under working conditions, and their structure can be intentionally designed to meet the requirements for this application. To promote the chemistry and use of COFs for atmospheric water harvesting, important features for synthesizing suitable water-harvesting COFs are discussed. The achievements of using COFs as water harvesters are then highlighted, showing how the water harvesting properties are related to the structural design. Finally, perspectives and research directions for further studies in COF chemistry are provided.

High-yield, green and scalable methods for producing MOF-303 for water harvesting from desert air.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent candidates for water harvesting from desert air. MOF-303 (Al(OH)(PZDC), where PZDC is 1-H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate), a robust and water-stable MOF, is a particularly promising water-harvesting sorbent that can take up water at low relative humidity and release it under mild heating. Accordingly, development of a facile, high-yield synthesis method for its production at scale is highly desirable. Here we report detailed protocols for the green, water-based preparation of MOF-303 on both gram and kilogram scales. Specifically, four synthetic methods (solvothermal, reflux, vessel and microwave), involving different equipment requirements, are presented to guarantee general accessibility. Typically, the solvothermal method takes ~24 h to synthesize MOF-303, while the reflux and vessel methods can reduce the time to 4-8 h. With the microwave-assisted method, the reaction time can be further reduced to just 5 min. In addition, we provide guidance on the characterization of MOF-303, as well as water-harvesting MOFs in general, to ensure high quality of the product in terms of its purity, crystallinity, porosity and water uptake. Furthermore, to address the need for future commercialization of this material, we demonstrate that our protocol can be employed to produce 3.5 kg per batch with a yield of 91%. MOF-303 synthesized at this large scale shows similar crystallinity and water uptake capacity compared to the respective material produced at a small scale. Our synthetic procedure is green and water-based, and can produce the MOF within hours.

A new mode of luminescence in lanthanide oxalates metal-organic frameworks.

Two lanthanide metal-organic frameworks [Ln-MOFs, Ln = Eu(III), Tb(III)] composed of oxalic acid and Ln building units were hydrothermally synthesized and fully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, their magnetic susceptibility measurements were obtained using SQUID based vibrating sample magnetometer (MPMS 3, Quantum Design). Both Ln-MOFs exhibited highly efficient luminescent property. Solid-state photoluminescence (PL) measurements revealed phosphorescence emission bands of Eu-MOF and Tb-MOF centered at 618 nm (red emission) and 550 nm (green emission) upon excitation at 396 nm and 285 nm, respectively. Eu-MOF and Tb-MOF displayed a phosphorescence quantum yield of 53% and 40%, respectively. Time-resolved PL analyses showed very long lifetime values, at 600 and 1065 ± 1 µs for Eu-MOF and Tb-MOF, respectively. Calculations performed by density functional theory indicated a charge transfer form metal centres to the ligand which was in good agreement with the experimental studies. Therefore, this new mode of highly photoluminescent MOF materials is studied for the first time which paves the way for better understanding of these systems for potential applications.

[Standardization of clinical application of mass spectrometry method for measurement of vitamin D in capillary blood of children: a multicenter study].

Objective: To establish the norms and clinical application standards of mass spectrometry method to measure vitamin D in capillary blood. Methods: Following the "Province-City-Hospital" sampling procedure, a cross-sectional sample of 1 655 healthy children under 7 years of age were recruited from 12 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities in China from November 2020 to December 2021. Both venous and capillary blood samples from the same individual were collected, for which serum 25(OH)D levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to detect the correlation and determine a correction algorithm. The agreement was analyzed using Bland-Altman plot and Kappa statistic. The sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method. Results: Venous and capillary 25(OH)D levels of 1 655 healthy children under 7 years of age were 74.25 (59.50, 92.00) and 68.75 (54.44, 86.25) nmol/L, respectively, showed a significant difference(Z=22.14, P<0.001) as well as a highly significant correlation between venous and capillary 25(OH)D levels(r=0.95, P<0.001). Linear regression analysis was then performed to determine the correction algorithm: lg(corrected capillary 25(OH)D)=0.13+0.95×lg(capillary 25(OH)D)(R2=0.90,P<0.001). The deviation between venous and corrected capillary 25(OH)D levels was (0.50±17.50) nmol/L, a difference value that did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). The cut-off values of capillary blood 25(OH)D values 30.00, 50.00, 75.00 nmol/L corresponding to venous blood 25(OH)D values were 26.59, 45.56, and 69.84 nmol/L, respectively. Good consistency was observed between venous and corrected capillary 25(OH)D levels in clinical diagnosis (Kappa value 0.68-0.81). Corrected capillary 25(OH)D showed a high clinically predictive value (area under curve 0.97-0.99,sensitivity 0.72-0.92,specificity 0.89-0.99). Conclusion: The standardized capillary HPLC-MS/MS method can be used to detect 25(OH)D levels in children clinically.

Hydrazine-Hydrazide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Water Harvesting.

We report a postsynthetic strategy and its implementation to make covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with irreversible hydrazide linkages. This involved the synthesis of three 2D and 3D hydrazine-linked frameworks and their partial oxidation. The linkage synthesis and functional group transformation-hydrazine and hydrazide-were evidenced by 15N multi-CP-MAS NMR. In addition, the isothermal water uptake profiles of these frameworks were studied, leading to the discovery of one hydrazine-hydrazide-linked COF suitable for water harvesting from air in arid conditions. This COF displayed characteristic S-shaped water sorption profiles, a steep pore-filling step below 18% relative humidity at 25 °C, and a total uptake capacity of 0.45 g g-1. We found that even small changes made on the molecular level can lead to major differences in the water isotherm profiles, therefore pointing to the utility of water sorption analysis as a complementary analytical tool to study linkage transformations.

Zeolite NPO-Type Azolate Frameworks.

Three-membered rings (3-rings) are an important structural motif in zeolite chemistry, but their formation remains serendipitous in reticular chemistry when designing zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). Herein, we report a design principle for constructing four new ZIFs, termed ZIF-1001 to -1004, from tetrahedral ZnII centers (T), benzotriazolate (bTZ), and different functionalized benzimidazolates (RbIM) that adopt a new zeolite NPO-type topology built from 3-rings. Two factors were critical for this discovery: i) incorporating the bTZ linker within the structures formed 3-rings due to a ∠(T-bTZ-T) angle of 120-130° reminiscent of the ∠(Ge-O-Ge) angle (130°) observed in germanate zeolite-type structures having 3-rings; and ii) RbIM guided the coordination chemistry of bTZ to bind preferentially in an imidazolate-type mode. This series' ability to selectively capture CO2 from high-humidity flue gas and trap ethane from tail gas during shale gas extraction was demonstrated.

[Analysis of vitamin D status among children under 7 years of age in some regions of China].

Objective: To explore current vitamin D status and influential factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among children under 7 years of age in 11 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities of China. Methods: According to the "province-city-hospital" sampling technical route, a total of 1 531 healthy children under 7 years of age were sampled from 11 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities in China by the cluster random sampling method from November 2020 to November 2021. The demographic information, family conditions, behavior and living habits and feeding behaviors were collected using unified questionnaire. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25(OH)D) levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Serum 25(OH)D<30 nmol/L was considered deficient and 30-50 nmol/L was considered insufficient. With 25(OH)D≤50 nmol/L as the dependent variable, multivariate Logistic regression was applied to analyze the association between vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency and potential influential factors. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among children under 7 years of age in 11 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities of China was 14.0% (215/1 531), 3.8% (25/664) and 21.9% (190/867) in 0-<3 and 3-<7 of age years, respectively. Compared to children aged 0-<3 years, children aged 3-<7 years had a 2.6-fold increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (OR=3.60, 95%CI 1.93-6.72, P<0.001). Frequent sunlight exposure (OR=0.46, 95%CI 0.29-0.73, P=0.001), vitamin D supplementation (sometimes, OR=0.33, 95%CI 0.21-0.51, P<0.001; daily, OR=0.20, 95%CI 0.11-0.36, P<0.001) and infant formula intake(4-7 times per weeks, OR=0.43, 95%CI 0.28-0.68, P<0.001) were protective factors for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are common among children under 7 years of age in 11 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities of China, which is affected by age, sunlight exposure, vitamin D supplementation and infant formula intake.

Metal-Organic Frameworks Can Photocatalytically Split Water-Why Not?

The opinion is provided about the stability and photocatalytic capability of metal-organic frameworks in photocatalytic overall water splitting.