Orbital magnetic resonance imaging profile and clinicoradiological correlation in COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis: A single-center study of 270 patients from North India.

PURPOSE: To study the clinical profile and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in patients of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (CA-ROCM) with orbital involvement and perform a clinicoradiological correlation. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed at a tertiary care center in north India from May 2021 to June 2021. Consecutive patients with clinical, nasal endoscopic, and/or microbiological evidence of CA-ROCM underwent MRI of paranasal sinuses, orbit, and brain as per the study protocol. Orbital MRI findings were studied in detail and were correlated with clinical signs. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy patients were studied. The mean age was 48.4 (± 16.82) years. A male predilection was noted (male:female = 1.77). Orbital involvement was seen in 146 (54%) patients on clinical evaluation and in 184 (68%) patients on MRI. Unilateral orbital involvement was more common (134; 92%). The most common presenting symptom was periorbital and/or facial pain (141; 52.2%) and the most common clinical sign was periorbital edema (116; 43%). The most common MRI finding was suggestive of orbital cellulitis (160; 59%). Orbital compartment syndrome was found in 17 (6.3%) patients. The inter-rater agreement between clinical and radiological assessments to detect the involvement of infraorbital nerve and frontal nerve was found to be 85.56%, (κ 0.621) and 93.70% (κ 0.776), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of MRI to detect medial orbital wall defect were found to be 87.9%, 65%, and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Orbital imaging features of a cohort of ROCM patients have been presented with clinicoradiological correlation.

Evaluating the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the intraocular fluid of COVID-19 patients.

PURPOSE: To detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in aqueous and vitreous humor of COVID-19 patients in a pilot study. METHODS: : Consecutive patients planned for emergency ophthalmic surgeries after ocular trauma were subjected to naso-oropharyngeal RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Laboratory-confirmed cases were enrolled for the study. During surgery, 0.1 mL aqueous and vitreous each was aspirated. The vitreous tap was collected on clinical suspicion of endophthalmitis. RT-PCR test was used to detect SARS-COV-2 nucleotide in the samples. Cycle threshold (Ct) for E gene of ≤35 along with confirmatory results on one of the two target genes (RdRp or ORF1b) was considered as positive. RESULTS: : One hundred and thirty two patients were found positive on naso-oropharyngeal RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 preoperatively. Seven patients with ocular trauma were studied. The mean age was 31.8 years. There were six male and one female patient. Two patients had symptoms of mild COVID-19 disease and the rest were asymptomatic. The mean Ct value of the E gene on naso-oropharyngeal RT-PCR was 23.14 ± 4.7. Corneal and corneoscleral laceration repair was done in five patients, intracorneal wooden foreign body was removed in one patient, and injection of intravitreal antibiotics was done in one patient. Aqueous and vitreous tap was collected in 7 and 5 patients, respectively. None of the aqueous or vitreous samples was found positive for SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION: : SARS-CoV-2 was not detected by RT-PCR in aqueous or vitreous humor in this pilot study. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to further explore the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in intraocular fluids.

Massive corneal-epibulbar dermoid managed with pre-descemetic DALK and SLET.

Management of large corneal-epibulbar dermoids always poses a challenge to the surgeons due to deeper corneal involvement. Also, there is a risk of limbal stem cell deficiency and formation of pseudopterygium with larger areas of limbal involvement. We report a novel surgical technique for the management of giant corneal-epibulbar dermoid with pre-descemetic deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and simple limbal epithelial transfer (SLET).

Clinical validation of RIA-G, an automated optic nerve head analysis software.

Purpose: To clinically validate a new automated glaucoma diagnosis software RIA-G. Methods: A double-blinded study was conducted where 229 valid random fundus images were evaluated independently by RIA-G and three expert ophthalmologists. Optic nerve head parameters [vertical and horizontal cup-disc ratio (CDR) and neuroretinal rim (NRR) changes] were quantified. Disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS) staging and presence of glaucoma were noted. The software output was compared with consensus values of ophthalmologists. Results: Mean difference between the vertical CDR output by RIA-G and the ophthalmologists was - 0.004 ± 0.1. Good agreement and strong correlation existed between the two [interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.79; r = 0.77, P < 0.005]. Mean difference for horizontal CDR was - 0.07 ± 0.13 with a moderate to strong agreement and correlation (ICC 0.48; r = 0.61, P < 0.05). Experts and RIA-G found a violation of the inferior-superior NRR in 47 and 54 images, respectively (Cohen's kappa = 0.56 ± 0.07). RIA-G accurately detected DDLS in 66.2% cases, while in 93.8% cases, output was within ± 1 stage (ICC 0.51). Sensitivity and specificity of RIA-G to diagnose glaucomatous neuropathy were 82.3% and 91.8%, respectively. Overall agreement between RIA-G and experts for glaucoma diagnosis was good (Cohen's kappa = 0.62 ± 0.07). Overall accuracy of RIA-G to detect glaucomatous neuropathy was 90.3%. A detection error rate of 5% was noted. Conclusion: RIA-G showed good agreement with the experts and proved to be a reliable software for detecting glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The ability to quantify optic nerve head parameters from simple fundus photographs will prove particularly useful in glaucoma screening, where no direct patient-doctor contact is established.

A rare case of orbital lymphangioma with persistent fetal vasculature and extraorbital vascular malformations treated with intralesional bleomycin.

Orbital lymphangiomas are isolated, benign vascular malformations of childhood. We report a case of orbital lymphangioma with acute intralesional hemorrhage in a 4-year-old boy that was associated with ipsilateral persistent fetal vasculature and extraorbital vascular malformations. Complete resolution of orbital lesion was achieved with chocolate cyst aspiration and intralesional injection of bleomycin.

Optic nerve avulsion associated with central retinal artery occlusion following rotational globe injury.

Avulsion of the optic nerve head is a rare and severe complication of ocular blunt trauma. Herein, we describe a case of 16-year-old boy, who presented with a rare combination of optic nerve avulsion associated with central retinal artery occlusion, following blunt trauma with a leather ball. This report highlights the potential blinding complication following rotational injury.

An unusual case of protruding retro-orbital metallic foreign body.

A 34-year-old female presented with firecracker injury with curved metallic foreign body embedded in the left orbit and protruding out through the upper eyelid. The report highlights notable aspects in diagnosis, decision-making, and successful removal of this unusual case of retro-orbital foreign body.

Trabeculectomy in eyes with unsuspected retinoblastoma.

BACKGROUND: To report the management and clinical outcome of children with unsuspected retinoblastoma who underwent trabeculectomy surgery. METHODS: Three children who presented to us after trabeculectomy surgery were diagnosed with retinoblastoma. They were treated with enucleation of the affected eye. Histopathology of the enucleated eyeball showed tumor infiltration into the iris and the ciliary body in two cases, and massive choroidal invasion in the third case. Six cycles of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy with carboplatin, vincristine and etoposide were given. RESULTS: The follow-up ranged from 18-48 months. At last follow-up, all children were alive and well, with no local recurrence or systemic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The management of retinoblastoma with operated trabeculectomy is challenging due to risk of tumor dissemination. Timely intervention can result in good clinical outcome. Nevertheless, a meticulous posterior segment evaluation to rule out retinoblastoma in children presenting with buphthalmos or secondary glaucoma should always be considered.

Modified technique of levator plication for the correction of Marcus Gunn jaw-winking ptosis: a case series.

To conduct a study on ptotic eyelids with Marcus Gunn jaw-winking ptosis operated via a technique of modified levator plication, prospective interventional case series. Ten ptotic eyelids with Marcus Gunn jaw-winking phenomenon (MGJWP) underwent modified levator plication surgery. Postoperatively, all cases were followed up for at least 6 months. Outcome parameters included amount of ptosis correction, amount of MGJWP correction, palpebral aperture height, lid lag, and lagophthalmos. The mean amount of ptosis was 4.25 ± 0.79 mm (range of 3-6 mm), mean amount of MGJWP was 5.10 ± 2.27 mm (range 2-9 mm), and the mean levator function was 8.3 ± 2.27 mm (range of 4-12 mm). At 6 months follow-up, good correction of ptosis was seen in nine out of ten patients. Resolution of MGJWP (≤1 mm of excursion of upper eyelid with synkinetic mouth movement) was seen in three patients. Improvement in MGJWP (>1 mm of excursion of upper eyelid with synkinetic mouth movement) was seen in seven patients. The mean post-operative lagophthalmos was 0.80 ± 0.88 mm. The modified levator plication technique was effective in the treatment of MGJWP. This modified technique of levator plication is anatomically less destructive and hence more acceptable, with the added advantages of less post-operative lagophthalmos and no lid contour defects.

Orbital retinoblastoma in an adult.

PURPOSE: Retinoblastoma is usually seen in children before 5 years of age. We report an unusual case of retinoblastoma in an adult who presented to us with an orbital mass. METHODS: A 24 year-old-male presented to our centre with a history of protrusion of the right eye for 6 months, and associated loss of vision. Ultrasonography B-scan revealed an intraocular mass with calcification and MRI of the orbits showed extra-ocular spread. An incisional biopsy was taken from the orbital mass. RESULTS: On biopsy, histopathologic features and immunohistochemical stains were consistent with retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of retinoblastoma presenting as an orbital mass in adulthood and highlights the importance of considering this tumour in the differential diagnosis of an intraocular mass with orbital extension in an adult patient.