CD161 expression defines new human γδ T cell subsets.

γδ T cells are a highly versatile immune lineage involved in host defense and homeostasis, but questions remain around their heterogeneity, precise function and role during health and disease. We used multi-parametric flow cytometry, dimensionality reduction, unsupervised clustering, and self-organizing maps (SOM) to identify novel γδ T cell naïve/memory subsets chiefly defined by CD161 expression levels, a surface membrane receptor that can be activating or suppressive. We used middle-to-old age individuals given immune blockade is commonly used in this population. Whilst most Vδ1+subset cells exhibited a terminal differentiation phenotype, Vδ1- subset cells showed an early memory phenotype. Dimensionality reduction revealed eight γδ T cell clusters chiefly diverging through CD161 expression with CD4 and CD8 expression limited to specific subpopulations. Comparison of matched healthy elderly individuals to bronchiectasis patients revealed elevated Vδ1+ terminally differentiated effector memory cells in patients potentially linking this population with chronic proinflammatory disease.

Brief Report: Polymorphisms in CAMKK2 may Influence Domain-Specific Neurocognitive Function in HIV+ Indonesians Receiving ART.

BACKGROUND: Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders remain prevalent and are characterized by neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. METHODS: We explore associations between neurocognitive impairment in HIV+ Indonesians and 17 polymorphisms in adjacent genes involved in inflammation and neuronal growth/repair pathways, P2X4R and CAMKK2. HIV+ Indonesians (n = 59) who had received ART for 12 months were assessed to derive Z-scores for the attention, fluency, memory, executive, and motor speed domains relative to local control subjects. These were used to determine total cognitive scores. RESULTS: No alleles of P2X4R displayed significant associations with neurocognition in bivariate or multivariable analyses. In CAMKK2, rs2686344 influenced total cognitive scores in bivariate analyses (P = 0.04). Multivariable linear regression modeling independently associated rs2686344 with higher executive function Z-scores (P = 0.05) after adjusting for CD4 T-cell counts (adjusted R2 = 0.103, model P = 0.034), whereas rs1653588 associated with lower and rs1718120 (P = 0.05) with higher fluency Z-scores (P = 0.05) after adjusting for education and log10 HIV RNA copies/mL (adjusted R2 = 0.268, model P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in CAMKK2 may influence neurocognitive outcomes in specific domains in HIV+ Indonesians receiving ART for 12 months.

Polymorphisms in P2X4R and CAMKK2 may affect TNFα production: Implications for a role in HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.

Polymorphisms in P2X4R and CAMKK2 associate with susceptibility to HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) - a condition likely mediated by TNFα. As single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of CAMKK2, and a neighbouring gene P2X4R, mark susceptibility to HIV-SN in South Africans living with HIV, we examined the relationship between P2X4R and CAMKK2 genotypes and TNFα production. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 129 healthy donors were stimulated with killed Escherichia coli, and concentrations of soluble TNFα were assessed. Their DNA was genotyped for 22 SNPs in P2X4R and CAMKK2. Three SNPs within P2X4R and two SNPs within CAMKK2 influenced concentrations of TNFα, but these SNP did not associate with risk for HIV-SN. This incongruence may reflect differences in P2X4R haplotypes present in Africans and Europeans. However some CAMKK2 haplotypes were found in both populations, so CAMKK2 polymorphisms may impact upon HIV-SN via effects of the protein on pathways other than TNFα.

Polymorphisms in IL10 may alter CD4 T-cell counts in Indonesian HIV patients beginning antiretroviral therapy.

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in upstream regulatory regions. Here we address the effects of five SNP (rs1518111, rs3021094, rs3024491, rs1800872 and rs1800871) on CD4 T-cell counts in Indonesian HIV patients assessed before ART and over 12months on treatment. Heterozygosity at rs1518111 or rs1800872 associated with low CD4 T-cell counts at all time points. Both alleles were carried in two haplotypes. Haplotype 21122 (present in 30% of participants) associated with low CD4 T-cell counts, whereas 21222 (in 6% of participants) did not. Hence untyped SNP(s) tagged by 21122 may depress CD4 T-cell counts. The association with heterozygosity suggests synergy with an allele from a haplotype lacking rs1518111 and/or rs1800872.

Susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease is influenced by rs1518111 in IL10.

Although exposure to potentially pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) via soil and domestic water supplies is common, pulmonary infection and disease are confined to a small proportion of older individuals. Previously, alleles of a polymorphism in IL10 (rs1800896) were associated with NTM disease and we demonstrated elevated production of IL-10 by blood leukocytes from patients with pulmonary NTM. Here seven additional polymorphisms in IL10 were investigated in a larger cohort of Caucasian controls and patients with pulmonary NTM disease. This demonstrated a significant association between pulmonary NTM disease and one polymorphism (rs1518111) in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1800896.

A haplotype spanning P2X7R, P2X4R and CAMKK2 may mark susceptibility to pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease.

Despite widespread exposure to potentially pathogenic mycobacteria present in the soil and in domestic water supplies, it is not clear why only a small proportion of individuals contract pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. Here, we explore the impact of polymorphisms within three genes: P2X ligand gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R), P2X ligand gated ion channel 4 (P2X4R) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 beta (CAMKK2) on susceptibility. Thirty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in NTM patients (n = 124) and healthy controls (n = 229). Weak associations were found between individual alleles in P2X7R and disease but were not significant in multivariate analyses adjusted to account for gender. Haplotypes spanning the three genes were derived using the fastPHASE algorithm. This yielded 27 haplotypes with frequencies >1% and accounting for 63.3% of the combined cohort. In univariate analyses, seven of these haplotypes displayed associations with NTM disease above our preliminary cut-off (p ≤ 0.20). When these were carried forward in a logistic regression model, gender and one haplotype (SH95) were independently associated with the disease (model p < 0.0001; R 2  = 0.05). Examination of individual alleles within these haplotypes implicated P2X7R and CAMKK2 in pathways affecting pulmonary NTM disease.

Characterization of a Drinking Water Distribution Pipeline Terminally Colonized by Naegleria fowleri.

Free-living amoebae, such as Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Vermamoeba spp., have been identified as organisms of concern due to their role as hosts for pathogenic bacteria and as agents of human disease. In particular, N. fowleri is known to cause the disease primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) and can be found in drinking water systems in many countries. Understanding the temporal dynamics in relation to environmental and biological factors is vital for developing management tools for mitigating the risks of PAM. Characterizing drinking water systems in Western Australia with a combination of physical, chemical and biological measurements over the course of a year showed a close association of N. fowleri with free chlorine and distance from treatment over the course of a year. This information can be used to help design optimal management strategies for the control of N. fowleri in drinking-water-distribution systems.

Review: Environmental mycobacteria as a cause of human infection.

Pulmonary infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are recognized as a problem in immunodeficient individuals and are increasingly common in older people with no known immune defects. NTM are found in soil and water, but factors influencing transmission from the environment to humans are mostly unknown. Studies of the epidemiology of NTM disease have matched some clinical isolates of NTM with isolates from the patient's local environment. Definitive matching requires strain level differentiation based on molecular analyses, including partial sequencing, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, repetitive element (rep-) PCR and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of large restriction fragments. These approaches have identified hospital and residential showers and faucets, hot-tubs and garden soil as sources of transmissible pathogenic NTM. However, gaps exist in the literature, with many clinical isolates remaining unidentified within environments that have been tested, and few studies investigating NTM transmission in developing countries. To understand the environmental reservoirs and transmission routes of pathogenic NTM, different environments, countries and climates must be investigated.