Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes post-acute coronary syndrome complicated by acute heart failure.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a risk factor for heart failure (HF). Therefore, we aimed to assess the cardioprotective role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors post-ACS in patients with acute HF (AHF) and diabetes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study employing propensity score matching. This study involved patients with diabetes admitted with ACS complicated by AHF, defined as either new clinical HF requiring diuretics during the index admission or having an ejection fraction (EF) of <40%. The study population was divided into two groups; (1) SGLT2 inhibitor users and (2) SGLT2 inhibitor non-users. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the outcomes. Results: A total of 465 patients (93% male; mean age, 55 ± 10 years) were included in this study. Using a 1 : 1 propensity score matching, 78 patients were included per arm with an absolute standardized difference of <0.1 for all baseline characteristics. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors resulted in lower composite outcomes of ACS, HF hospitalization, and all-cause mortality at 1 month and 12 months [1 month: 2.6% vs. 11.5%, HR = 0.20 (0.04-0.94), p = 0.041; 12 months: 14.1% vs. 23.1%, HR = 0.46 (0.22-0.99), p = 0.046]. Conclusion: The findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors may confer cardioprotective effects in ACS-induced AHF, thereby widening the spectrum for indications of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Syncope following Pfizer BioNTech (bnt162b2) vaccination unmasking Brugada syndrome.

The Brugada syndrome is an uncommon inherited condition associated with increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Different triggers including fever are well known to precipitate the Brugada pattern on electrocardiogram. We report a patient who presents with syncope, two days after the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine due to fever-related unmasking of Brugada syndrome.

Acute myocarditis following administration of BNT162b2 vaccine.

The wide use of vaccines was linked with rare but serious complications in adults, causing a global concern. Here, we describe a young male patient, who presented with acute myocarditis, three days after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine.

Do the selection criteria of internal medicine residency program predict resident performance?

BACKGROUND: Well-performing physician reflects the success of the residency program in selecting the best candidates for training. This study aimed to evaluate the selection criteria, mainly the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) results and applicants' status as international or locally trained applicants, used by the medical education department and the internal medicine residency program in Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar to predict the residents' performance during their training. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for three batches of graduates who started residency training in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Each group completed 4 years of training. The USMLE Step 2 CK status of the applicant, in-training exam (ITE) scores, formative evaluation scores, Arab Board written and clinical exams pass rate, and other indicators were analyzed. Statistical analysis included chi squares and independent t-test to identify associations. Multivariable analyses were conducted using logistic and linear regressions to test for adjusted associations. RESULTS: The study included 118 (81 international/37 locally trained applicants) internal medicine residents. The ITE score correlated positively with the USMLE Step 2 CK score (r = 0.621, r = 0.587, r = 0.576, r = 0.571, p < 0.001) over the 4 years of training and among the international compared with locally trained applicants (p < 0.001). The rate of passing part 1 and 2 written exam of the Arab Board was higher in international than in local applicants, whereas clinical Arab Board exam and formative evaluation were not associated with any criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Higher USMLE Step 2 CK score correlated with better performance on ITE but not with other performance indicators, whereas international applicants did better in both ITE and Arab Board written exam than local applicants. These variables may provide reasonable predictors of well-performing physicians.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) might be associated with underlying hematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, the association between AIHA and chronic myelogenous leukemia is extremely unusual. SUMMARY: We reviewed case reports and series of 54 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who developed autoimmune hemolysis between 1952 and 2018. Almost all the patients were in the chronic phase and were classified into transplant and non-transplant groups. The onset of autoimmune hemolysis was earlier in the transplant group and required second- and third-line therapy to control it. The etiology of hemolysis is poorly understood but attributed in the transplant group to immune reconstitution, viral infections, or CML relapse. On the other hand, it is thought to be related in the non-transplant group to CML medications, especially interferon. Key Messages: Although AIHA is uncommon in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, it should be in the differential diagnosis list for those who develop a sudden drop in hemoglobin without a bleeding source.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia After Relapse of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is one of the differential diagnoses for anemia in patients with lymphoproliferative neoplasia, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, who experience sudden drop in hemoglobin. The association between autoimmune hemolytic anemia and chronic myeloid leukemia on the contrary is unusual. Here we present a patient with a background of chronic myeloid leukemia treated previously with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, then developed autoimmune hemolysis simultaneously with chronic myeloid leukemia relapse. Hemolysis was treated with steroids with good response.