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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related morbidity and mortality have declined over time, but this increased longevity may lead to the development of other diseases, which may further manifest as the metabolic syndrome (MS). Method: To find out the point prevalence of MS in HIV positive patients, a cross-sectional prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients who approached ART plus Centre of Government Medical College and Hospital Jammu, including 50 symptomatic patients HIV negative as controls. Results: The mean age group in MS was 37.85 ± 6.61. Males consisted of 55% (110) and females consisted of 45% (90). The overall prevalence of MS was 13.5%, with prevalence in males being 16.3% and in females 10%. Patients receiving first line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed a 24% prevalence, while that of second line HAART showed a 14% prevalence. Central obesity (47.3%) was the most common component of MS followed by hyperglycemia (43.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (38.6%), and low high density cholesterol (HDL-C) level (38.6%). Out of 84 males with MS, 94% (79) males were having hypertriglyceridemia, 88% (74) were hypertensive, and 72% (60) were having FBS >=100. Out of 66 females with MS, 100% (66) females had central obesity and 88% (58) had hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C levels. Conclusion: The metabolic complications as a result of treatment with HAART leave HIV patients at a risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes in spite of improvements in morbidity and mortality. Risk factors like central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia should be taken into consideration well before to prevent the add-on effect of developing MS.
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OBJECTIVE: Published observations about cardiovascular alterations in normotensive individuals genetically predisposed to develop essential hypertension are conflicting. We tested the hypothesis that abnormalities in left ventricular mass and/or functions may be present in normotensive children of hypertensive parents. METHODS: One hundred normotensive offsprings (6 to 18 year age) of hypertensive parents (OHP) and an equal number of age- and sex-matched normotensive offsprings of normotensive parents (ONP) were studied with 2-dimensionally guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography for left ventricular (LV) dimensions, mass, and systolic and diastolic functions. RESULTS: Both the groups had similar body mass index and blood pressure levels. LV dimensions and LV mass in OHP were higher than the corresponding values in ONP but the differences were not statistically significant. LV mass in male OHP was higher than in female OHP; LV mass was also higher when the mother rather than father was hypertensive. None of these differences were statistically significant, however. LV systolic functions were normal and identical in the two subject groups. Indices of LV diastolic function (peak early filling velocity and its deceleration time and late filling velocity) were also normal and similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that children with a family history of essential hypertension have modest alterations in LV mass and these alterations might have a genetic basis separate from but possibly co-inherited with the trait of essential hypertension.