Wild soybean salt tolerance metabolic model: Assessment of storage protein mobilization in cotyledons and C/N balance in the hypocotyl/root axis.

Salt stress has become one of the main factors limiting crop yield in recent years. The post-germinative growth is most sensitive to salt stress in soybean. In this study, cultivated and wild soybeans were used for an integrated metabonomics and transcriptomics analysis to determine whether wild soybean can resist salt stress by maintaining the mobilization of stored substances in cotyledons and the balance of carbon and nitrogen in the hypocotyl/root axis (HRA). Compared with wild soybean, the growth of cultivated soybean was significantly inhibited during the post-germinative growth period under salt stress. Integrating analysis found that the breakdown products of proteins, such as glutamate, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine, increased significantly in wild soybean cotyledons. Asparagine synthase and fumarate hydratase genes and genes encoding HSP20 family proteins were specifically upregulated. In wild soybean HRA, levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, citric acid, and succinic acid increased significantly, and the glutamate decarboxylase gene and the gene encoding carbonic anhydrase in nitrogen metabolism were significantly upregulated. The metabolic model indicated that wild soybean enhanced the decomposition of stored proteins and the transport of amino acids to the HRA in cotyledons and the GABA shunt to maintain carbon and nitrogen balance in the HRA to resist salt stress. This study provided a theoretical basis for cultivating salt-tolerant soybean varieties and opened opportunities for the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis in roots of wild soybean seedlings in response to low-phosphorus stress.

Introduction: Plants undergo divergent adaptations to form different ecotypes when exposed to different habitats. Ecotypes with ecological adaptation advantages are excellent germplasm resources for crop improvement. Methods: his study comprehensively compared the differences in morphology and physiological mechanisms in the roots of two different ecotypes of wild soybean (Glycine soja) seedlings under artificially simulated low-phosphorus (LP) stress. Result: The seedlings of barren-tolerant wild soybean (GS2) suffered less damage than common wild soybean (GS1). GS2 absorbed more phosphorus (P) by increasing root length. In-depth integrated analyses of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the formation process of the ecological adaptability of the two different ecotypes wild soybean from the perspective of gene expression and metabolic changes. This study revealed the adaptation process of GS2 from the perspective of the adaptation of structural and molecular metabolism, mainly including: (1) Enhancing the metabolism of phenolic compounds, lignin, and organic acid metabolism could activate unavailable soil P; (2) Up-regulating genes encoding pectinesterase and phospholipase C (PLC) specifically could promote the reuse of structural P; (3) Some factors could reduce the oxidative damage to the membranes caused by LP stress, such as accumulating the metabolites putrescine and ascorbate significantly, up-regulating the genes encoding SQD2 (the key enzyme of sulfolipid substitution of phospholipids) substantially and enhancing the synthesis of secondary antioxidant metabolite anthocyanins and the AsA-GSH cycle; (4) enhancing the uptake of soil P by upregulating inorganic phosphate transporter, acid phosphatase ACP1, and purple acid phosphatase genes; (5) HSFA6b and MYB61 are the key TFs to resist LP stress. Discussion: In general, GS2 could resist LP stress by activating unavailable soil P, reusing plant structural P, rebuilding membrane lipids, and enhancing the antioxidant membrane protection system. Our study provides a new perspective for the study of divergent adaptation of plants.

[Monthly dynamics and distribution of major cations in Iris lactea].

The study on the monthly absorption, transportation, and distribution of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Iris lactea under saline-alkali field conditions showed that the contents of test cations in I. lactea varied with months. After June, the cations contents in plant increased with growth. Root Ca2+ and Na+ contents were the highest in July, being 2.30% and 0.51%, respectively, while root K+ and Mg2+ contents were the highest in September (0.27%) and October (0.28%), respectively. Leaf Na+ content was the highest in July (0.57%), while leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were the highest in August, being 1.30%, 2.69% and 0.47%, respectively. In July and August, the selective absorption (SA) of K+ was higher than that of Na+, while the selective transport (ST) was in adverse. The cations contents in I. lactea were significantly higher than those in soil, suggesting that I. lactea had high accumulation capacity to these cations. The cations were mainly accumulated in the 0-30 cm aboveground part and 0-40 cm underground part of I. lactea, and the average contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in aboveground part were 9.11, 4.07, 0.98 and 2.27 times of those in underground part, respectively.

4,6-Dinitro-benzene-1,3-diamine.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(6)H(6)N(4)O(4), is almost planar, being stabilized by two intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Further N-H⋯O links lead to a sheet in the crystal structure.

[Chemical components of Artemisia scoparia volatile oil and its poison activity to mosquito].

The study showed that Artemisia scoparia contained 0.38% of volatile oil, in which, a total of 38 chemical components were identified, accounting for 87.53% of the substances detected,and 12 kinds of terpenoids compounds were the main components, accounting for 45.04% of the total. The oil had a high and rapid poison activity on Culex pipiens pallens larva and adult. The LC50 value for the larva was 12.5 mg x L(-1) within 2 days, and the mortality of the adult in 24 hours was 70% and 100% when the dosage was 1 and 10 microg x cm(-2).