Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis in Korea: A Nationwide Survey.

Background/Aims: : Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a leading cause of emergency hospitalization. We present the current diagnostic and therapeutic status of AP as revealed by analysis of a large multicenter dataset. Methods: : The medical records of patients diagnosed with AP between 2018 and 2019 in 12 tertiary medical centers in Korea were retrospectively reviewed. Results: : In total, 676 patients were included; of these, were 388 (57.4%) males, and the mean age of all patients was 58.6 years. There were 355 (52.5%), 301 (44.5%), and 20 (3.0%) patients with mild, moderate, and severe AP, respectively, as assessed by the revised Atlanta classification. The most common etiologies of AP were biliary issues (41.6%) and alcohol consumption (24.6%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (6.8%). The etiology was not identified in 111 (16.4%) patients at the time of initial admission. The overall mortality rate was 3.3%, increasing up to 45.0% among patients with severe AP. Notably, 70.0% (14/20) of patients with severe AP and 81.5% (154/189) of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome had received <4 L per day during the initial 24 hours of admission. Only 23.8% (67/281) of acute biliary pancreatitis patients underwent cholecystectomy during their initial admission. In total, 17.8% of patients experienced recurrent attacks during follow-up. However, none of the patients with acute biliary pancreatitis experienced recurrent attacks if they had undergone cholecystectomy during their initial admission. Conclusions: : This study provides insights into the current status of AP in Korea, including its etiology, severity, and management. Results: reveal disparities between clinical guidelines and their practical implementation for AP treatment.

Clinical Outcomes of Secondary Duodenal Self-Expandable Metallic Stenting for Duodenal Stent Dysfunction in Patients with Malignant Duodenal Obstruction: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Background/Aims: Malignant duodenal obstruction has become more common with the development of palliative therapies.The outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastrojejunostomy (EUS-GJ) are comparable to those of surgical gastrojejunostomy or duodenal stenting. However, EUS-GJ is technically challenging. Duodenal self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement is popular; however, obstructions are common. Duodenal SEMS obstruction can be managed with the insertion of a second SEMS in a stent-in-stent manner. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes of secondary duodenal SEMS placement in patients with malignant duodenal obstruction. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent secondary duodenal stent insertion for duodenal stent dysfunction between January 2016 and December 2021. The primary outcome was stent patency. The secondary outcomes were clinical success, factors associated with dysfunction, patient survival, and adverse events. Results: A total of 109 patients were included. The mean age was 64.4±11.2 years, and 63 patients (57.8%) were male. Ninety-two patients (84.4%) had pancreaticobiliary cancer. Clinical success was achieved in 94 cases (86.2%). Twenty-three patients experienced stent dysfunction with 231 days of median stent patency (95% confidence interval [CI], 169 to not available). After a multivariable Cox hazard analysis of stent patency, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.81; p=0.010) and the first stent patency ≥6 months (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.95; p=0.050) remained significant associated factors. Adverse events occurred in five patients (4.6%). Conclusions: Secondary duodenal stent insertion is a viable option for first duodenal stent obstruction. Further comparative studies involving surgery or EUS-GJ for obstructed duodenal stents are warranted.

Safety and efficacy of remimazolam versus propofol during endoscopic ultrasound: A multicenter randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Propofol, a widely used sedative in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, is associated with cardiorespiratory suppression. Remimazolam is a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative with rapid onset and minimal cardiorespiratory depression. This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of remimazolam and propofol during endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) procedures. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled study was conducted between October 2022 and March 2023 in patients who underwent EUS procedures. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remimazolam or propofol as a sedative agent. The primary endpoint was cardiorespiratory adverse events during the procedure, including desaturation, respiratory depression, hypotension, and tachycardia. Secondary endpoints included the time to achieve sedation, recovery time, quality of sedation, pain at the injection site, and satisfaction of both the endoscopists and patients. RESULTS: Four hundred patients enrolled in the study: 200 received remimazolam (10.8±7.7 mg) and 200 received propofol (88.0±49.1 mg). For cardiorespiratory adverse events, the remimazolam group experienced fewer occurrences than the propofol group (8.5% vs. 16%, p=0.022). There was a non-significant trend toward less oxygen desaturation (1.0% vs 3.5%, p= 0.09), respiratory depression (0.5% vs 1.5%, p= 0.62), hypotension (2.5% vs 5.5%, p=0.12) and tachycardia (4.5% vs 5.5%, p=0.68) with remimazolam than with propofol. Remimazolam showed a shorter induction time than propofol, while maintaining comparable awakening and recovery times. Injection site pain was significantly lower in the remimazolam group than in the propofol group. The remimazolam group demonstrated a significantly higher quality of sedation and satisfaction scores than the propofol group, as evaluated by both endoscopists and patients. CONCLUSION: Remimazolam was superior to propofol in terms of safety and efficacy during EUS examinations.

Comparison of long-term outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and choledochoduodenostomy for distal malignant biliary obstruction: a multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD), classified as choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) and hepaticogastrostomy (HGS), is a feasible and effective alternative for distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) in failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. However, the preferred technique for better outcomes has not yet been evaluated. Objectives: We compared the long-term outcomes between the techniques. Design: Retrospective comparative study. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients who underwent EUS-CDS or EUS-HGS with transmural stent placement for distal MBO between 2009 and 2022. The primary outcome was the stent patency. The secondary outcomes were technical and clinical success, adverse events (AEs) of each technique, and independent risk factors for stent dysfunction. Results: In all, 115 patients were divided into EUS-CDS (n = 56) and EUS-HGS (n = 59) groups. Among them, technical success was achieved in 98.2% of EUS-CDS and 96.6% of EUS-HGS groups. Furthermore, clinical success was 96.4% in EUS-CDS and 88.1% in EUS-HGS groups, without significant difference (p = 0.200). The mean duration of stent patency for EUS-CDS was 770.3 days while that for EUS-HGS was 164.9 days (p = 0.010). In addition, the only independent risk factor for stent dysfunction was systematic treatment after EUS-BD [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval 0.238 (0.066-0.863), p = 0.029]. The incidence of stent dysfunction of EUS-HGS was higher than EUS-CDS (35.1% versus 18.2%, 0.071), despite no significant differences even in late AEs. Conclusion: In distal MBO, EUS-CDS may be better than EUS-HGS with longer stent patency and fewer AEs. Furthermore, systematic treatment after EUS-BD is recommended for the improvement of stent patency.

Removal of intrahepatic bile duct stone could reduce the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A single-center retrospective study in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic duct (IHD) stones are among the most important risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma (CCC). Approximately 10% of patients with IHD stones develop CCC; however, there are limited studies regarding the effect of IHD stone removal on CCC development. AIM: To investigate the association between IHD stone removal and CCC development. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 397 patients with IHD stones at a tertiary referral center between January 2011 and December 2020. RESULTS: CCC occurred in 36 of the 397 enrolled patients. In univariate analysis, chronic hepatitis B infection (11.1% vs 3.0%, P = 0.03), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9, 176.00 vs 11.96 II/mL, P = 0.010), stone located in left or both lobes (86.1% vs 70.1%, P = 0.042), focal atrophy (52.8% vs 26.9%, P = 0.001), duct stricture (47.2% vs 24.9%, P = 0.004), and removal status of IHD stone (33.3% vs 63.2%, P < 0.001) were significantly different between IHD stone patients with and without CCC. In the multivariate analysis, CA19-9 > upper normal limit, carcinoembryonic antigen > upper normal limit, stones located in the left or both lobes, focal atrophy, and complete removal of IHD stones without recurrence were independent factors influencing CCC development. However, the type of removal method was not associated with CCC risk. CONCLUSION: Complete removal of IHD stones without recurrence could reduce CCC risk.

Survival benefit of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced ampulla of Vater cancer.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no standard adjuvant therapy for patients with resected ampulla of Vater (AoV) cancer. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with advanced AoV cancer who underwent curative resection. METHODS: This single-centered, retrospective study included 29 patients with advanced AoV cancer who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2006 and 2018. The impact of CCRT on advanced AoV cancer was analyzed. RESULTS: The 1-, 3-, and 5-yr recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates for patients with advanced AoV cancer were 82.8%, 48.3%, and 40.8%, respectively, and the overall survival (OS) rates were 89.7%, 62.1%, and 51.7%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion was found to be a significant risk factor for RFS and OS in patients with advanced AoV cancer in the univariate analysis, whereas T stage and lymph node metastasis were significantly associated with OS in the multivariate analysis. Compared to the patients who did not receive adjuvant CCRT, those who received adjuvant CCRT did not show statistically significant improvements in the RFS and OS, although they had a significantly lower average age and significantly higher platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant CCRT did not improve survival outcomes in patients with advanced AoV cancer. These findings contribute to existing knowledge on the effectiveness of CCRT in this patient population and provide important insights for clinical decision-making.

Clinical impact of ampulla of Vater cancer subtype classification based on immunohistochemical staining.

BACKGROUND: The histological subtype is an important prognostic factor for ampulla of Vater (AoV) cancer. This study proposes a classification system for the histological subtyping of AoV cancer based on immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and its prognostic significance. METHODS: Seventy-five AoV cancers were analyzed for cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK20, and causal-type homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) expression by IHC staining. We differentiated the subtypes (INT, intestinal; PB, pancreatobiliary; MIX, mixed; NOS, not otherwise specified) into classification I: CK7/CK20, classification II: CK7/CK20 or CDX2, classification III: CK7/CDX2 and examined their associations with clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: Classifications I, II, and III subtypes were INT (7, 10, and 10 cases), PB (43, 37, and 38 cases), MIX (13, 19, and 18 cases), and NOS (12, 9, and 9 cases). Significant differences in disease-free survival among the subtypes were observed in classifications II and III using CDX2; the PB and NOS subtype exhibited shorter survival time compared with INT subtype. In classification III, an association was revealed between advanced T/N stage, poor differentiation, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), the PB and NOS subtypes, and recurrence risk. In classification III, the subtypes differed significantly in T/N stage and LVI. Patients with the PB subtype had advanced T and N stages and a higher incidence of LVI. CONCLUSIONS: Classification using CDX2 revealed subtypes with distinct prognostic significance. Combining CK7 and CDX2 or adding CDX2 to CK7/CK20 is useful for distinguishing subtypes, predicting disease outcomes, and impacting the clinical management of patients with AoV cancer.

Quality indicators of endoscopic ultrasound in the pancreatobiliary system: a brief review of current guidelines.

Since its development, the use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the pancreas and the biliary tract has become increasingly important. The accuracy of EUS varies depending on the experience of the endoscopist. Hence, quality control measures using appropriate indicators are required to reduce these variations. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy have announced the EUS quality indicators. Here, we reviewed the quality indicators of the EUS procedure in the current published guidelines.

Clinicopathological characteristics of extrahepatic biliary neuroendocrine neoplasms in the gallbladder, extrahepatic biliary tract, and ampulla of Vater: A single-center cross-sectional study.

Backgrounds/Aims: In 2019, the grading and staging system for neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) was significantly changed. In this study, we report the clinicopathological characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with extrahepatic biliary NENs who underwent curative resection with or without adjuvant treatment. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a database of 16 patients who developed NENs, neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and mixed endocrine non-endocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) after curative resection. Among them, eight patients had ampulla of Vater (AoV) tumors, and eight patients had non-AoV tumors. Results: G1 and G2 were more frequently observed in the AoV group than in the non-AoV group (12.5% and 62.5%, respectively). In contrast, NEC and MiNEN were more common in the non-AoV group (50.0%). High Ki-67 index (> 20%) and perineural invasion (PNI) were more frequently observed in the non-AoV group. Advanced age (> 65 years), mitotic count > 20 per 2 mm2, and Ki-67 index > 20% were strongly correlated with patient survival (p = 0.018, 0.009, and 0.044, respectively). Advanced age (> 65 years) and mitotic count > 20 per 2 mm2 were significantly correlated with disease recurrence (p = 0.033 and 0.010, respectively). Conclusions: AoV and non-AoV tumors had significant differences in the histologic grade, Ki67, and PNI. Patients with non-AoV tumors had an increased risk for survival and recurrence than those in the AoV group. For extrahepatic biliary NENs, early detection of tumors, adequate surgery, and aggressive adjuvant treatment for high-risk patients are important to achieve long-term survival and prevent disease recurrence.

Clinical significance of C-reactive protein-to-prealbumin ratio in predicting early recurrence in resectable pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE: Resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a high risk of recurrence after curative resection; despite this, the preoperative risk factors for predicting early recurrence remain unclear. This study therefore aimed to identify preoperative inflammation and nutrition factors associated with early recurrence of resectable PDAC. METHODS: From March 2021 to November 2021, a total of 20 patients who underwent curative resection for PDAC were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the risk factors for early recurrence within 1 year by univariate and multivariate analyses using Cox hazard proportional regression. The cutoff values for predicting recurrence were examined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: In our univariate and multivariate analyses, C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP-albumin ratio, and CRP-prealbumin ratio, as well as sex and age, were significant independent prognostic factors for early recurrence in PDAC. However, known inflammatory factors (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios), nutritional factors (albumin, prealbumin, ferritin, vitamin D), and inflammatory-nutritional factors (Glasgow Prognostic Score, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, albumin-bilirubin) showed no association with early recurrence. In addition, using cutoff values by ROC curve analysis, a high preoperative CRP level of >5 mg/L, as well as high CRP-to-albumin (>5.3) and CRP-to-prealbumin (>1.3) ratios showed no prognostic value. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that inflammatory and perioperative nutritional factors, especially CRP-to-prealbumin ratio, have significant associations with early recurrence after curative resection in resectable PDAC. Therefore, for such patients, a cautious approach is needed when inflammation and poor nutritional status are present.

Risk Factors for Early- and Late-Onset Cholecystitis after Y-Configured Metal Stent Placement in Patients with Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction: A Single-Center Study.

This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of early- (within 7 days of placement) and late-onset (after 7 days of placement) cholecystitis after Y-configured metal stent placement. Between June 2005 and August 2020, 109 patients who had been treated with Y-configured metal stents for malignant hilar obstruction were enrolled in the study. We retrospectively analyzed the potential risk factors for post-stent cholecystitis. The presence of diabetes (p = 0.042), the length of the common part of the Y-stent (p = 0.017), filling of the gallbladder with contrast medium during the procedure (p = 0.040), and tumor invasion of the cystic duct accompanied by filling the gallbladder with contrast medium during metal stent placement (p = 0.001) were identified as important risk factors. In cases of late-onset cholecystitis, stent obstruction (p = 0.004) and repeated endoscopic procedures due to stent malfunction (p = 0.024) were significant risk factors. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, significant risk factors were the length of the common part of the Y-stent (p = 0.032) in early-onset cholecystitis and stent obstruction (p = 0.007) in late-onset cholecystitis. This study demonstrated that early-onset cholecystitis may occur in patients according to the length of the common portion of the Y-stent. In contrast, late-onset cholecystitis may occur in patients with stent obstruction.

Postoperative delirium after cholecystectomy in older patients: A retrospective study.

Backgrounds/Aims: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication that increases mortality and morbidity in older patients. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of post-cholecystectomy delirium in older patients. Methods: This retrospective study included 201 patients aged > 75 years who underwent cholecystectomy for acute or chronic cholecystitis between January 2016 and December 2019. Patients were divided into the POD (n = 21) and non-POD (n = 180) groups, and their demographic features and clinical results were compared. Results: The mean patient age was 78.88 years; the female/male ratio was 44.8%/55.2%. Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 93.5% of patients. The univariate analysis showed that lower body mass index (BMI), immobilized admission status, neuropsychiatric disease history, preoperative intervention (percutaneous drainage), high C-reactive protein, hypoalbuminemia, neutrophilia, hypo-/hyperkalemia, and longer operative time were more frequently observed in the POD group. The multivariate analysis showed that lower BMI (odds ratio [OR], 2.796; p = 0.024), neuropsychiatric disease history (OR, 3.019; p = 0.049), hyperkalemia (OR, 5.972; p = 0.007), and longer operative time (OR, 1.011; p = 0.013) were significant risk factors for POD. Conclusions: POD was associated with inflammation degree, general condition, poor nutritional status, electrolyte imbalance, and stressful conditions. Recognizing risk factors requiring multidisciplinary team approaches is important to prevent and treat POD.

Efficacy of a Newly Developed Guidewire for Selective Biliary Cannulation: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Various guidewires are used for biliary cannulation, and each one has its own characteristics affecting its effectiveness. This study aimed to measure the basic properties and evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed 0.025-inch guidewire for selective biliary cannulation. METHODS: A total of 190 patients at five referral hospitals were randomly allocated to undergo selective biliary cannulation using the newly developed guidewire (NGW group, n = 95) or a conventional guidewire (CGW group, n = 95). The primary outcome was the selective biliary cannulation rate in naïve papillae. The secondary outcome was to measure the NGW basic properties, compare them with those of the CGW, and analyze the importance of basic property differences. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in the baseline characteristics. The primary outcome (75.8% vs. 84.2%, p = 0.102) and adverse event rate (6.3% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.374) were similar in both groups. However, compared with the CGW group, the NGW group showed a higher number of ampulla contacts (2.58 vs. 2.02, p = 0.011) and longer cannulation time (216.5 vs. 135.1 s, p = 0.016). Furthermore, the NGW group had higher maximum friction (34.6 ± 1.34 vs. 30.2 ± 4.09), lower stiffness, and better elastic resiliency. In the multivariate analysis, a curved-tip GW (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.62, p = 0.002) and normal papillary shape (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.17-0.86, p = 0.021) were contributing factors for successful selective biliary cannulation. CONCLUSIONS: The NGW group had high friction and low stiffness, characteristics affecting biliary cannulation. Clinically, the NGW group had similar success and adverse event rates as the CGW, but they showed a higher number of ampulla contacts and longer cannulation time.

Comparison of Two Types of Guidewires for Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: There is insufficient information regarding the optimal guidewire for managing malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO). Therefore, a newly designed 0.025-inch guidewire was compared with the conventional 0.035-inch guidewire for selective cannulation of both intrahepatic ducts (IHDs) in patients with MHBO. Methods: Patients were randomly enrolled into the curved type newly designed 0.025-inch guidewire group (0.025 group) or the curved type conventional 0.035-inch guidewire group (0.035 group). The primary outcome was the selective cannulation rate of IHD. If the assigned guidewire failed to pass the stricture within 5 min, the crossover guidewire was selected. If the crossover guidewire failed to cross the stricture within the next 5 min, it was judged as a failed selective cannulation of both IHDs. Results: A total of 90 patients were enrolled (0.025 group, n = 47; 0.035 group, n = 43). There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the groups regarding sex, age, BMI, obstruction level, and clinical presentation. Four patients (8.5%) in the 0.025 group the cannulation of the IHD failed and the conventional 0.035-inch guidewire was substituted in a second attempt; the 0.035-inch guidewire failed to cross the stricture in all four patients. In the 0.035 group, eleven patients (25.6%) failed to achieve selective cannulation of IHD, and the 0.025-inch guidewire was substituted; the newly designed 0.025-inch guidewire crossed the stricture in ten of these (10/11, 90.9%). The selective cannulation rate of IHD was significantly higher in the 0.025 group (95.1% vs. 85.5%, p = 0.043). Conclusions: The 0.025 group exhibited a higher success rate for selective cannulation of both IHDs in MHBO than did the 0.035 group.

The efficacy of low-dose CT with deep learning image reconstruction in the surveillance of incidentally detected pancreatic cystic lesions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose CT (LDCT) with deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) for the surveillance of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) compared with standard-dose CT (SDCT) with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR-V). METHODS: The study enrolled 103 patients who underwent pancreatic CT for follow-up of incidentally detected PCLs. The CT protocol included LDCT in the pancreatic phase with 40% ASIR-V, DLIR at medium (DLIR-M) and high levels (DLIR-H), and SDCT in the portal-venous phase with 40% ASIR-V. The overall image quality and conspicuity of PCLs were qualitatively assessed using five-point scales by two radiologists. The size of PCLs, presence of thickened/enhancing walls, enhancing mural nodules, and main pancreatic duct dilatation were reviewed. CT noise and cyst-to-pancreas contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were analyzed using the chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA, and t-test. Additionally, interobserver agreement was analyzed using the kappa and weighted-kappa statistics. RESULTS: The volume CT dose-indexes in LDCT and SDCT were 3.0 ± 0.6 mGy and 8.4 ± 2.9 mGy, respectively. LDCT with DLIR-H showed the highest overall image quality, the lowest noise, and the highest CNR. The PCL conspicuity in LDCT with either DLIR-M or DLIR-H was not significantly different from that in SDCT with ASIR-V. Other findings depicting PCLs also revealed no significant differences between LDCT with DLIR and SDCT with ASIR-V. Moreover, the results revealed good or excellent interobserver agreement. CONCLUSION: LDCT with DLIR has a comparable performance with SDCT for the follow-up of incidentally detected PCLs.

Efficacy Analysis of Suprapapillary versus Transpapillary Self-Expandable Metal Stents According to the Level of Obstruction in Malignant Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction.

Background/Aims: The use of a self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) is recommended for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Stent-related adverse events might differ according to the position of the stent through the ampulla of Vater (AOV). We retrospectively evaluated SEMS patency and adverse events according to the position of the SEMS. Methods: In total, 280 patients who underwent endoscopic SEMS placement due to malignant distal biliary obstruction were analyzed retrospectively. Suprapapillary and transpapillary SEMS insertions were performed on 51 patients and 229 patients, respectively. Results: Between the suprapapillary group (SPG) and transpapillary group (TPG), the stent patency period was not significantly different (median [95% confidence interval]: 107 days [82.3 to 131.7] vs 120 days [99.3 to 140.7], p=0.559). There was also no significant difference in the rate of adverse events. In subgroup analysis, the stent patency for an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV was found to be significantly shorter than that for an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV in the SPG (64 days [0 to 160.4] vs 127 days [82.0 to 171.9], p<0.001) and TPG (87 days [52.5 to 121.5] vs 130 [97.0 to 162.9], p<0.001). Patients with an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV in both groups had a higher percentage of duodenal invasion (SPG: 40.0% vs 4.9%, p=0.002; TPG: 28.6% vs 2.9%, p<0.001) than patients with an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV. Conclusions: The SPG and TPG showed similar results in terms of stent patency and rate of adverse events. However, patients with an MBO located within 2 cm from the AOV had a higher percentage of duodenal invasion with shorter stent patency than those with an MBO located more than 2 cm from the AOV, regardless of stent position.

HER2 status based on breast cancer guidelines as a useful prognostic marker of T2 gallbladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION: T2 gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the only stage showing a survival benefit after complete surgical resection, but recurrence rates remain high. Although human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has emerged as a therapeutic target, its role in T2 GBC remains unclear. This study investigated the status and prognostic impact of HER2 expression on T2 GBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HER2 expression and amplification were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), respectively, in 90 patients with T2 GBC who underwent radical cholecystectomy. We evaluated HER2 status according to the breast and gastric cancer guidelines and analyzed the effect of relevant prognostic factors on survival. RESULTS: HER2 positive status was observed in 11.11% (10/90) and 8.89% (8/90) of cases based on gastric and breast cancer guidelines, respectively. Poor differentiation and a higher level of perineural invasion were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival (DFS). Old age, male sex, presence of lymph node metastasis, poor differentiation, high levels of perineural invasion, and HER2 positivity based on breast cancer guidelines were identified as independent prognostic factors of overall survival (OS). Patients with HER2-positive T2 GBC according to breast cancer guidelines had worse OS. CONCLUSIONS: HER2 positivity based on breast- but not gastric-cancer guidelines was associated with poorer survival. These results provide a criterion for the evaluation of HER2 and a rationale for therapeutic strategies targeting HER2 in T2 GBC.

Revised Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Pancreatobiliary Association for Acute Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis can range from a mild, self-limiting disease requiring no more than supportive care, to severe disease with life-threatening complications. With the goal of providing a recommendation framework for clinicians to manage acute pancreatitis, and to contribute to improvements in national health care, the Korean Pancreatobiliary Association (KPBA) established the Korean guidelines for acute pancreatitis management in 2013. However, many challenging issues exist which often lead to differences in clinical practices. In addition, with newly obtained evidence regarding acute pancreatitis, there have been great changes in recent knowledge and information regarding this disorder. Therefore, the KPBA committee underwent an extensive revision of the guidelines. The revised guidelines were developed using the Delphi method, and the main topics of the guidelines include the following: diagnosis, severity assessment, initial treatment, nutritional support, convalescent treatment, and the treatment of local complications and necrotizing pancreatitis. Specific recommendations are presented, along with the evidence levels and recommendation grades.

Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance image for malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: the importance of size of enhancing mural nodule within cyst.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical significance of enhancing mural nodules ≥ 5 mm by comparing the diagnostic performance of high-risk stigmata for diagnosing the malignant IPMN between the international consensus guideline (ICG) 2012 and 2017 in pancreatic magnetic resonance image (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we reviewed preoperative pancreatic MRI with surgically confirmed IPMNs between May 2009 and April 2021. High-risk stigmata, defined by ICG 2012 and ICG 2017, associated with malignant IPMN were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. We calculated and compared the sensitivity and specificity of ICG 2012 and ICG 2017 for diagnosing malignant IPMNs. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare ICG 2012 to ICG 2017. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients (43 men and 30 women; mean age, 69 years; standard deviation, 8 years) with 34 malignant IPMNs and 39 benign IPMNs were included. Among high-risk stigmata, enhancing mural nodule ≥ 5 mm, and MPD diameter ≥ 10 mm were the significant predictor of malignant IPMN, in multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.001 for all). For the diagnosis of malignant IPMN, the specificity of ICG 2017 for enhancing mural nodules ≥ 5 mm as the high-risk stigmata was significantly higher than that of ICG 2012 (87.2% vs. 64.1%, P = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference in sensitivity between the two guidelines (94.1% vs. 97.1%, P = 1.0). The comparison of the ROC curves showed that the diagnostic performance of ICG 2017 for malignant IPMNs (AUC, 0.91) significantly improved when compared to that of ICG 2012 (AUC, 0.81) (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: When applying enhancing mural nodule ≥ 5 mm as a high-risk stigmata, ICG 2017 provided a significantly higher specificity than ICG 2012 without a reduction in sensitivity.