RESUMEN
Objectives The objective of this review was to evaluate evidence on the structures and processes that support development of effective culturally competent practices and a healthy work environment. Culturally competent practices are a congruent set of workforce behaviours, management practices and institutional policies within a practice setting resulting in an organisational environment that is inclusive of cultural and other forms of diversity. Inclusion criteria This review included quantitative and qualitative evidence, with a particular emphasis on identifying systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials. For quantitative evidence, other controlled, and descriptive designs were also included. For qualitative evidence, all methodologies were considered. Participants were staff, patients, and systems or policies that were involved or affected by concepts of cultural competence in the nursing workforce in a healthcare environment. Types of interventions included any strategy that had a cultural competence component, which influenced the work environment, and/or patient and nursing staff in the environment. The types of outcomes of interest to this review included nursing staff outcomes, patient outcomes, organisational outcomes and systems level outcomes. Search strategy The search sought both published and unpublished literature written in the English language. A comprehensive three-step search strategy was used, first to identify appropriate key words, second to combine all optimal key words into a comprehensive search strategy for each database and finally to review the reference lists of all included reviews and research reports. The databases searched were CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Econ lit, ABI/Inform, ERIC and PubMed. The search for unpublished literature used Dissertation Abstracts International. Methodological quality Methodological quality was independently established by two reviewers, using standardised techniques from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (SUMARI) package. Discussion with a third reviewer was initiated where a low level of agreement was identified for a particular paper. Following inclusion, data extraction was conducted using standardised data extraction tools from the JBI SUMARI suite for quantitative and qualitative research. Data synthesis was performed using the JBI Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument and JBI Narrative, Opinion and Text Assessment and Review Instrument software to aggregate findings by identifying commonalities across texts. Quantitative data were presented in narrative summary, as statistical pooling was not appropriate with the included studies. Results Of the 659 identified papers, 45 were selected for full paper retrieval, and 19 were considered to meet the inclusion criteria for this review. The results identified a number of processes that would contribute to the development of a culturally competent workforce. Appropriate and competent linguistic services, and intercultural staff training and education, were identified as key findings in this review. Conclusions The review recommends that health provider agencies establish links with organisations that can address needs of culturally diverse groups of patients, include cultural competence in decision support systems and staff education as well as embed them in patient brochures and educational materials. The review also concluded that staff in-service programs consider the skills needed to foster a culturally competent workforce, and recruitment strategies that also explicitly address this need.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to evaluate evidence on the structures and processes that support development of effective culturally competent practices and a healthy work environment. Culturally competent practices are a congruent set of workforce behaviours, management practices and institutional policies within a practice setting resulting in an organisational environment that is inclusive of cultural and other forms of diversity. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review included quantitative and qualitative evidence, with a particular emphasis on identifying systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials. For quantitative evidence, other controlled, and descriptive designs were also included. For qualitative evidence, all methodologies were considered. Participants were staff, patients, and systems or policies that were involved or affected by concepts of cultural competence in the nursing workforce in a healthcare environment. Types of interventions included any strategy that had a cultural competence component, which influenced the work environment, and/or patient and nursing staff in the environment. The types of outcomes of interest to this review included nursing staff outcomes, patient outcomes, organisational outcomes and systems level outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: The search sought both published and unpublished literature written in the English language. A comprehensive three-step search strategy was used, first to identify appropriate key words, second to combine all optimal key words into a comprehensive search strategy for each database and finally to review the reference lists of all included reviews and research reports. The databases searched were CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Econ lit, ABI/Inform, ERIC and PubMed. The search for unpublished literature used Dissertation Abstracts International. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: Methodological quality was independently established by two reviewers, using standardised techniques from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (SUMARI) package. Discussion with a third reviewer was initiated where a low level of agreement was identified for a particular paper. Following inclusion, data extraction was conducted using standardised data extraction tools from the JBI SUMARI suite for quantitative and qualitative research. Data synthesis was performed using the JBI Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument and JBI Narrative, Opinion and Text Assessment and Review Instrument software to aggregate findings by identifying commonalities across texts. Quantitative data were presented in narrative summary, as statistical pooling was not appropriate with the included studies. RESULTS: Of the 659 identified papers, 45 were selected for full paper retrieval, and 19 were considered to meet the inclusion criteria for this review. The results identified a number of processes that would contribute to the development of a culturally competent workforce. Appropriate and competent linguistic services, and intercultural staff training and education, were identified as key findings in this review. CONCLUSIONS: The review recommends that health provider agencies establish links with organisations that can address needs of culturally diverse groups of patients, include cultural competence in decision support systems and staff education as well as embed them in patient brochures and educational materials. The review also concluded that staff in-service programs consider the skills needed to foster a culturally competent workforce, and recruitment strategies that also explicitly address this need.
RESUMEN
Background Treating tuberculosis (TB) with short-course chemotherapy is recommended by the World Health Organization tuberculosis program and is one of the five packages of directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) strategy. Objectives To investigate the effectiveness of short-course chemotherapy for treating new and retreatment TB patients and to assess the impact of drug resistance on its outcomes. Search strategy and selection criteria Published studies from the electronic databases such as Cochrane Library, DARE, Medline, Embase, Current Contents, CINAHL, Expanded Academic Index, PsycInfo, AustHealth and unpublished studies from Dissertation Abstract International, Index to These, Cochrane Reviewer Handbook were searched between 1993-2002. Studies addressing the treatment of patients with short-course regimen and the association between drug resistance and treatment outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Results and discussion Eleven cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Treatment with 6-month daily regimens was effective for new TB patients with success rate (percentage of cure cases and treatment completed cases) of over 80%. Implementation of 100% directly observed treatment was necessary to achieve over 80% treatment success in new cases treated with the intermittent regimen. The intermittent regimens did not work effectively for retreatment cases since success rate was only 68.5% even in the setting using 100% directly observed treatment in Peru. Short-course regimens were effective against drug-sensitive TB with the success rate of 87%; ineffective for patients with multi-drug resistance (rate of treatment failure in new cases ranged 22.3%-35.5% and rate of treatment failure in retreatment cases ranged 16.3-37.1%). Drug resistance had a negative impact on the outcome of short-course therapy and multi-drug resistance had a huge negative impact on the effectiveness of chemotherapy for TB. Conclusion The evidence suggests that the World Health Organization-targeted cure rate of 85% in new smear-positive TB cases is not achievable using the intermittent regimen and the target rate should be adjusted. DOTS-plus multi-drug resistant TB program of the world Health Organization should be adopted. However, the evidence is limited and the level of evidence was III-2.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Treating tuberculosis (TB) with short-course chemotherapy is recommended by the World Health Organization tuberculosis program and is one of the five packages of directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) strategy. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of short-course chemotherapy for treating new and retreatment TB patients and to assess the impact of drug resistance on its outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION CRITERIA: Published studies from the electronic databases such as Cochrane Library, DARE, Medline, Embase, Current Contents, CINAHL, Expanded Academic Index, PsycInfo, AustHealth and unpublished studies from Dissertation Abstract International, Index to These, Cochrane Reviewer Handbook were searched between 1993-2002. Studies addressing the treatment of patients with short-course regimen and the association between drug resistance and treatment outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eleven cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Treatment with 6-month daily regimens was effective for new TB patients with success rate (percentage of cure cases and treatment completed cases) of over 80%. Implementation of 100% directly observed treatment was necessary to achieve over 80% treatment success in new cases treated with the intermittent regimen. The intermittent regimens did not work effectively for retreatment cases since success rate was only 68.5% even in the setting using 100% directly observed treatment in Peru. Short-course regimens were effective against drug-sensitive TB with the success rate of 87%; ineffective for patients with multi-drug resistance (rate of treatment failure in new cases ranged 22.3%-35.5% and rate of treatment failure in retreatment cases ranged 16.3-37.1%). Drug resistance had a negative impact on the outcome of short-course therapy and multi-drug resistance had a huge negative impact on the effectiveness of chemotherapy for TB. CONCLUSION: The evidence suggests that the World Health Organization-targeted cure rate of 85% in new smear-positive TB cases is not achievable using the intermittent regimen and the target rate should be adjusted. DOTS-plus multi-drug resistant TB program of the world Health Organization should be adopted. However, the evidence is limited and the level of evidence was III-2.
