RESUMEN
Weeds reduce yield in soybeans (Glycine max) through incompletely defined mechanisms. The effects of weeds on the soybean transcriptome were evaluated in field conditions during four separate growing seasons. RNASeq data were collected from six biological samples of soybeans growing with or without weeds. Weed species and the methods to maintain weed-free controls varied between years to mitigate treatment effects, and to allow detection of general soybean weed responses. Soybean plants were not visibly nutrient- or water-stressed. We identified 55 consistently downregulated genes in weedy plots. Many of the downregulated genes were heat shock genes. Fourteen genes were consistently upregulated. Several transcription factors including a PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-like gene (PIF3) were included among the upregulated genes. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated roles for increased oxidative stress and jasmonic acid signaling responses during weed stress. The relationship of this weed-induced PIF3 gene to genes involved in shade avoidance responses in Arabidopsis provide evidence that this gene may be important in the response of soybean to weeds. These results suggest that the weed-induced PIF3 gene will be a target for manipulating weed tolerance in soybean.
Asunto(s)
Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Malezas/fisiología , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN/métodos , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ontología de Genes , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genes de Plantas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Motivos de Nucleótidos/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Glycine max/anatomía & histología , Glycine max/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación hacia Arriba/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The small intestinal epithelium has an impressive ability to adapt to changes resulting from loss of length or alteration in dietary load. We sought to determine the potential influence of dietary protein absorption on growth and development. We hypothesized that a complex protein diet would improve growth over that of an elemental diet. METHODS: Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent worm with a rudimentary intestinal tube lined by enterocytes that function remarkably similar to humans, we measured daily growth, intestinal peptide, and amino acid transporter expression and intestinal proteolysis to compare the effects of a complex protein diet to a diet containing only amino acids. RESULTS: Nematodes raised on a complex protein diet grew to adulthood faster than those raised solely on amino acids, which did not require an overall change in intestinal peptide or amino acid transporter expression. Despite no overall change in transporter expression, a shift in location of peptide transporter expression was noted between diets that corresponded to decreased rate of intestinal proteolysis seen in the complex protein-fed group. CONCLUSIONS: A complex protein diet stimulates in an altered pattern of intestinal peptide transporter expression and intestinal proteolytic activity that results in improved growth compared with a diet of elemental amino acids. This improved growth appears to be the result of increased efficiency of a smaller number of enterocytes. These data might be useful in targeting intestinal rehabilitation therapies for short bowel syndrome and other risk factors for intestinal failure.
