Mechanisms of inflammation modulation by different immune cells in hypertensive nephropathy.

Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a chronic inflammatory disease. Persistent hypertension leads to lesions of intrarenal arterioles and arterioles, luminal stenosis, secondary ischemic renal parenchymal damage, and glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Studying the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy is a prerequisite for diagnosis and treatment. The main cause of HTN is poor long-term blood pressure control, but kidney damage is often accompanied by the occurrence of immune inflammation. Some studies have found that the activation of innate immunity, inflammation and acquired immunity is closely related to the pathogenesis of HTN, which can cause damage and dysfunction of target organs. There are more articles on the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy, while there are fewer studies related to immunity in hypertensive nephropathy. This article reviews the mechanisms by which several different immune cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate blood pressure and renal damage in HTN. It mainly focuses on immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines and inhibitors. However, further comprehensive and large-scale studies are needed to determine the role of these markers and provide effective protocols for clinical intervention and treatment.

Fire acupuncture for anti-LGI1 antibody autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.

Autoimmune encephalitis, a class of encephalitis, is clinically characterized by multifocal or diffuse brain injury, including aberrant mental behavior, convulsions, and near-event memory impairment. In this article, we describe a female patient with autoimmune encephalitis who tested positive for leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibodies and had hippocampal inflammatory edema in the lesion area. During the first 3 months of her illness, the patient primarily experienced memory loss, the onset of rigid twitching in her extremities that lasted for 1 min while in remission, and incontinence. After gamma globulin administration, methylprednisolone shock, and other symptomatic therapies during hospitalization, the patient's psychiatric symptoms and seizures improved considerably; however, she did not fully recover her memory. After receiving fire acupuncture for 6 months, the patient's understanding, orientation, and calculation skills improved considerably. Her memory and mental state were also improved at the follow-up visit. In this case, the use of fire acupuncture for the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis resulted in favorable outcomes with important benefits for conditions affecting the central nervous system; however, more convincing data are required to support the effectiveness of this treatment method.

[Origin and relationship of jing-well points and Shixuan (EX-UE 11)].

Both the twelve jing-well points and Shixuan (EX-UE 11) are the commonly used first-aid points. These two kinds of acupoints are located closely and similar in function, hence, they are often confused in application. In order to explore the origin of their location and theory as well as their relationship, the relevant data were retrieved. It has been found that the relationship between jing-well points and Shixuan (EX-UE 11) is traced at the earliest time to Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classics). It is believed that the jing-well points refer to the starting points or the ending points of the twelve regular meridians and Shixuan (EX-UE 11) are located at the crossing sites of yin-yang related meridians of the regular meridians. These two kinds of acupoints are interconnected, share the same source and are also different from each other. Qiduan (EX-LE 12) is also named as foot-Shixuan. Shixuan (EX-UE 11) and Qiduan (EX-LE 12) can be regarded as the same category, just like jing-well points. In clinical practice, the jing-well points are generally selected in treatment of internal diseases, local diseases and those on the running course of meridians. They can be used separately in treatment. Shixuan (EX-UE 11) is the first option, or combined with Qiduan (EX-LE 12) in the emergent treatment of tense syndrome and syncope. The jing-well points and Shixuan (EX-UE 11) are different even though sharing the same origin. They are mutually benefited and supplemented with each other in clinical practice.

[Acupuncture strategy for Bu-yi in Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor].

This article focuses on the Bu-yi (the disease has not been cured after treatment) recorded in the Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor and discusses four aspects, including acupuncture feasibility, acupuncture treatment transformation, acupuncture point selection and acupuncture treatment principles. We hope to explain the virtual acupuncture in the Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor from a deeper level and provide new ideas for clinical acupuncture treatment.

[Exploration into the simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture].

Four controversial types of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture and their possible meanings were summarized to explore several key elements of reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture, in addition, the simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture was classified by single factor. It is concluded that the definition of simplex reinforcing-reducing manipulation of acupuncture should try not to include other non-manipulative elements. According to single factor, it can be divided into: needle-oriented reinforcing-reducing manipulation, twisting reinforcing-reducing manipulation, lifting and interpolating reinforcing-reducing manipulation, fast and slow reinforcing-reducing manipulation, breathing reinforcing-reducing manipulation, opening and closing reinforcing-reducing manipulation. In addition, after considering the effect and principle of number reinforcing-reducing manipulation, it can be considered.

[The effects of DR2 on myocardial ischemic postconditioning and its underlying mechanisms].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of dopamin receptors-2 (DR2) on myocardial ischemic postconditioning and explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The myocardial ischemic postconditioning (PC) model was established in cultured primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes which were then randomly assigned in the following groups: Nomial control group, Isehemia/reperfusion (L'R) group, PC (ischemic postconditioning) group, PC + Bro (Bromocriptine, a DB2 antagonist) group, PC + Hal (Haloperidol, a DB2 repressor) and PC + Hal + Bro groups. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in cell medium were analyzed by colorunetry. The cell ultrastructure changes were observed by transmission electron microscope. The cell apoptosis was analyzed using flowcytometiy. The protein expression level of D112 and activity of p-p38 and p-JNK were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the nonnal control group, hR increased the protein expression level of DB2, enhanced LDH activity and MDA content, promoted cell injury and apoptosis, decreased SOD activity, up-regulated the activity of p-p38 and p-JNK. Compared with the hR group, although PC further increased the expression of DR2 protein, it decreased LDH activity and MDA content, cell injury and apoptosis, increased SOD activity, down-regulated activity of p-p38 and p-JNK. Bromocriptine treatment further enhanced PC-induced canlioprotective effect, yet Hal addition attenuated this enhancing effect exerted by bromocriptine. CONCLUSION: The activation of DB2 is involved in the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through down-regulating the activity of p-p38 and p-JNK.

The two-dimensional coordination polymer poly[diaqua(µ2-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)-µ4-sulfato-µ3-sulfato-dicadmium(II)].

In the title coordination polymer, [Cd2(SO4)2(C13H8N4)(H2O)2]n, there are two crystallographically independent Cd(II) centres with different coordination geometries. The first Cd(II) centre is hexacoordinated by four O atoms of four sulfate ligands, one water O atom and one N atom of a 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (IP) ligand, giving a distorted octahedral coordination environment. The second Cd(II) centre is heptacoordinated by four O atoms of three sulfate ligands, one water O atom and two N atoms of one chelating IP ligand, resulting in a distorted monocapped anti-trigonal prismatic geometry. The symmetry-independent Cd(II) ions are bridged in an alternating fashion by sulfate ligands, forming one-dimensional ladder-like chains which are connected through the IP ligands to form two-dimensional layers. These two-dimensional layers are linked by interlayer hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

A three-dimensional cadmium(II) coordination polymer: poly[[[µ-4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine-κ(2)N:N](µ-3,3'-thiodipropionato-κ(3)O,O':O)cadmium(II)] monohydrate].

In the title coordination polymer, {[Cd(C6H8O4S)(C13H14N2)]·H2O}n, the Cd(II) atom displays a distorted octahedral coordination, formed by three carboxylate O atoms and one S atom from three different 3,3'-thiodipropionate ligands, and two N atoms from two different 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine ligands. The Cd(II) centres are bridged through carboxylate O atoms of 3,3'-thiodipropionate ligands and through N atoms of 4,4'-(propane-1,3-diyl)dipyridine ligands to form two different one-dimensional chains, which intersect to form a two-dimensional layer. These two-dimensional layers are linked by S atoms of 3,3'-thiodipropionate ligands from adjacent layers to form a three-dimensional network.

Poly[µ7-sulfanediyldiacetato-disilver(I)].

In the title coordination polymer, [Ag2(C4H4O4S)], each AgI cation is four-coordinated by three of the four carboxylate O atoms and the S atom from symmetry-related sulfanediyldiacetate ligands, thus defining a distorted tetrahedral geometry at the metal centre. The AgI cations are bridged by sulfanediyldiacetate groups, leading to a two-dimensional layer structure. These layers are interconnected via Ag-S bonds to form a three-dimensional coordination polymer network overall.

[Analysis on effect of endoscopic nasal cavity surgery expansion in 108 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic nasal cavity enlarging surgery for the alleviation of nasal obstruction. METHODS: One hundred and eight patients with deviation of the nasal septum (DNS) and chronic hypertrophic rhinitis (CHR) were included in this study. Individualized operations were performed. DNS patients were treated by three line tension relaxing correction or nasal septum plasty. CHR patients were treated by inferior turbinate out fracture in combination with plasma radiofrequency ablation for reducing the volume of nasal soft tissue, sub-mucoperiosteal partial resection of the inferior turbinate or partial inferior turbinectomy. RESULTS: All patients were followed for 3-12 months after surgery with an effective improvement in 97.2%. Symptoms of headache or complications of rhinitis sicca were not found. CONCLUSIONS: Being careful to keep the physiological function of nasal mucosa, the integrity of the nasal septum, appropriate expansion of the nasal cavity volume, and restore ventilation with bilateral symmetry of the nasal cavity, satisfactory relief of nasal obstruction can be achieved.

Bis-(1H-benzimidazole-κN)bis(4-methyl-benzoato-κO,O')cobalt(II).

In the title mononuclear complex, [Co(C(8)H(7)O(2))(2)(C(7)H(6)N(2))(2)], the Co(II) atom is coordinated by four carboxylate O atoms from two 4-methyl-benzoate ligands and two N atoms from two benzimidazole ligands in an octa-hedral coordination geometry. The molecules are assembled via inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions into a three-dimensional network.

Poly[[µ(2)-aqua-aqua-(µ(3)-3,5-dinitro-salicylato)barium(II)] monohydrate].

In the title coordination polymer, {[Ba(C(7)H(2)N(2)O(7))(H(2)O)(2)]·H(2)O}(n), the Ba(II) atom is ten-coordinated by seven O atoms from four 3,5-dinitro-salicylatate ligands, two µ(2)-bridging aqua ligands and one water mol-ecule. The coordination mode is best described as a bicapped square-anti-prismatic geometry. The 3,5-dinitrosalicylatate ligands bridge three Ba atoms. Centrosymmetrically related dinuclear barium units, with a Ba⋯Ba separation of 4.767 (5) Å, form infinite chains, which are further self-assembled into a supra-molecular network through inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between O atoms of 3,5-dinitro-salicylatate ligands and water mol-ecules.

Poly[aqua-(µ(2)-oxalato)(4-oxidopyri-din-ium)erbium(II)].

The title complex, [Er(C(5)H(5)NO)(C(2)O(4))(H(2)O)](n), is a new erbium polymer based on oxalate and 4-oxidopyridinium ligands. The Er(II) center is coordinated by six O atoms from three oxalate ligands, one O atom from a 4-oxidopyridinium ligand and one water mol-ecule, and displays a distorted square-anti-prismatic coordination geometry. The oxalate ligands are both chelating and bridging, and link Er(II) ions, forming Er-oxalate layers in which the attached water and 4-oxidopyridinium units point alternately up and down. A mirror plane passes through the Er atom, one C, the oxide O and two oxalate O atoms. The layers are assembled into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network via inter-molecular hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances of 3.587 (2) Šbetween parallel pyridinium rings]. Both the water mol-ecule and the 4-oxidopyridinium ligand are disordered over two sites in a 1:1 ratio.

Diaqua-bis(benzyl-oxyacetato)copper(II).

In the title mononuclear complex, [Cu(C(9)H(9)O(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], the Cu(II) ion, located on an inversion center, is hexa-coordinated by four O atoms from two benzyl-oxyacetate ligands [Cu-O = 1.9420 (14) and 2.2922 (14) Å] and two water mol-ecules [Cu-O = 2.0157 (15) Å] in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into layers parallel to the bc plane.

Diaqua-bis[2-(benzyl-oxy)acetato]cobalt(II).

In the mononuclear title complex, [Co(C(9)H(9)O(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], each Co(II) atom is located on an inversion center and is hexa-coordinated by four O atoms from two benzyl-oxyacetate ligands [Co-O bond lengths = 2.0487 (9) and 2.1090 (9) Å] and two water mol-ecules [Co-O bond length = 2.0873 (9) Å] in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance between phenyl rings = 3.692 (2) Å] link the mol-ecules into a supra-molecular structure.

µ-Aqua-κO:O-di-µ-4-methyl-benzoato-κO:O'-bis-[(4-methyl-benzoato-κO)(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')nickel(II)].

In the title dinuclear complex, [Ni(2)(C(8)H(7)O(2))(4)(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)], each Ni(II) atom is six-coordinated by three carboxylate O atoms from three 4-methyl-benzoate ligands, two N atoms from two 1,10-phenanthroline ligands, and one µ(2)-bridging aqua ligand. The dimeric complex is located on a crystallographic twofold axis and each Ni atom displays a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. The crystal structure is stabilized via intra-molecular hydrogen bonding of the bridging water mol-ecule and the uncoordinated carboxyl-ate O atoms, and by C-H⋯O and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances between neighbouring phenanthroline ring systems and between the benzene ring of a 4-methyl-benzoate unit and a phenanthroline ring system are 3.662 (2) and 3.611 (3) Å, respectively].

Tetra-aqua-(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')magnesium(II) bis-[(2,4-dichloro-phen-yl)acetate].

In the mononuclear title complex, [Mg(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(4)](C(8)H(5)Cl(2)O(2))(2), each Mg(II) ion is hexa-coordinated by two N atoms from a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand [Mg-N = 2.233 (2) Å] and four water mol-ecules [Mg-OW = 2.033 (2) and 2.043 (1) Å] in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. A twofold rotation axis passes through the Mg atom. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are linked by inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.804 (2) Å] into layers parallel to the ac plane.

Erratum: Poly[aqua-(µ(2)-oxalato)(4-oxidopyri-din-ium)erbium(II)]. Corrigendum.

The chemical name in the title, the formula and the scheme of the paper by Gu, Hao, Song, Lin & Ma [Acta Cryst. (2008), E64, m649-m650] are corrected.[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808009380.].

Poly[[mu-aqua-bis(mu-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetato)barium(II)] monohydrate].

In the title coordination polymer, {[Ba(C8H5Cl2O3)2(H2O)].H2O}n, each Ba(II) atom is nine-coordinated by six carboxylate O atoms and one ether O atom from five symmetry-related 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ligands, and by two O atoms from water molecules, thus defining a distorted tricapped trigonal prism. The Ba(II) ions are bridged by bidentate water molecules and by tridentate and tetradentate 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate groups, leading to a two-dimensional layer structure. The crystal structure is further stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions within each layer.