Serum Levels and Urinary Excretion of Tenascin-C and TIMP-1 in Acute Kidney Injury.

BACKGROUND: Both the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C (Tn-C) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have a role in tissue injury, inflammation, and remodeling. In this pilot study, we tried to evaluate the role of these markers in acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: A total of 52 subjects were enrolled in this study. Group 1 consisted of 27 patients with AKI (stage 1, 2, and 3), and Group 2 consisted of 25 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. Serum and urine samples (to determine Tn-C and TIMP-1) were obtained from the participants at the beginning of the study. Second samples were obtained from Group 1 patients when renal function improved (at discharge). RESULTS: Serum TIMP-1 concentrations (admission and discharge) were higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (p = 0.0001 for both comparisons). Tn-C excretion in spot urine was significantly higher in healthy controls than at the admission levels of the patient group (p = 0.036). However, TIMP-1 excretion in spot urine was lower in healthy controls than in admission and discharge levels of the patient group (p = 0.0001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that these biomarkers (especially TIMP-1) may have a role in the pathophysiology of AKI. Further studies are needed in this field.

Early effect of the fear of terrorism on a hospital's emergency department use and on the incidence of cardiovascular events: A Turkish multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, the early effect of the fear caused by terrorism on human health, especially its effect on the number of visits to medical emergency departments (EDs), has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of fear from terrorist alerts on the use of EDs and on the rate of cardiovascular (CV) and/or cerebrovascular events. SETTING: In Istanbul, Turkey, there was a terror alert on the weekend of 19 and 20 March 2016. In this multicenter retrospective study, we compared the data of patients from that weekend with those from the preceding and following weekends. PATIENTS: A total of 12 324 adult patients' records were included in this study: 4562 patients in the first weekend, 3627 patients in the second, terror alert weekend, and 4135 patients in the third weekend. MEASUREMENTS: The ED, CV, and cerebrovascular incidence rates of the above three groups were compared. RESULTS: The rate of ED use was the least in the weekend of the terror alert; the highest rate occurred during the weekend prior to it (female applications decreased more [P = 0.03]). The medical center that was the farthest from the crowded central places of the city and from the place where suicide bombing occurred was less affected by the decrease in use. CONCLUSIONS: Fear associated with terrorism may affect human health indirectly by preventing patients from reaching the necessary emergency healthcare facilities. This finding may be a pathfinder to decision-makers in such extraordinary emergency conditions. Further studies are needed in this field.

Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase can be useful markers to predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy requirement in patients with breast cancer.

AIM: The aims of this study are to evaluate the serum levels of paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) in breast cancer (BC) patients; to determine their relationship with chemotherapy requirements in BC; and to find a cut-off value to assess subjects with a higher risk of BC. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 40 BC patients and 33 age-matched healthy women were included in this study. Beside other biochemical parameters, participants' serum PON and ARE levels were determined and analyzed. RESULTS: Serum PON and ARE levels were found decreased in sera of the patients (96.44 ± 21 and 159.75 ± 15.75 U/L, respectively)compared to controls (158.39 ± 23.04 and 239.33 ± 32.98 U/L, respectively) (P = 0.001 for both). Subgroup analysis of the BC patients revealed that both serum PON and ARE levels were lower in patients who needed neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), compared to those who did not (P = 0.024 and 0.02, respectively). We determined a cut-off value of PON according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis as 131.2 U/L (sensitivity 97.5% and specificity 93.9%). CONCLUSION: BC patients have lower serum PON and ARE levels than healthy controls. Also, serum ARE levels (but not PON) were negatively correlated with body mass index in BC patients. Both serum PON and ARE levels were lower in patients who needed NAC than in patients who did not need such therapy.

Serum paraoxonase 1 activity in patients with iron deficiency anemia.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we aimed to detect paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and to compare it with healthy controls by observing the change after iron therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, 50 adult patients with IDA and 40 healthy subjects were enrolled. All patients were analyzed at the beginning and after treatment according to laboratory assessments. RESULTS: Mean paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in the iron deficiency anemia group were significantly lower than mean activities of the control group (102.4 ±19.2 U/l and 163.3 ±13.68 U/l, respectively and 157.3 ±26.4 U/l and 256.1 ±24.6 U/l, respectively; p = 0.0001 for both). Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities significantly increased after treatment for IDA (143.2 ±13.9 and 197.6 ±27.9 U/l, respectively, p = 0.0001). Mean activities after treatment with iron were significantly lower than mean activities in the control group (p = 0.002; p = 0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in patients with IDA significantly increased after treatment with iron therapy. In adults IDA may also be one of the factors associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis.

Comparison of Survival Rates, Tumor Stages, and Localization in between Obese and Nonobese Patients with Gastric Cancer.

Purpose. In this study we tried to determine the association between body-mass index (BMI), survival rate, and the stage of tumor at the time of diagnosis in patients with gastric cancer. Methods. A total of 270 gastric cancer patients' hospital records were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were grouped according to their BMI at the time of tumor diagnosis. Tumor stages at admission were compared according to their BMI values. Results. There were no differences in OS among BMI subgroups (p = 0.230). The percent of patients with stage III tumor was significantly higher in nonobese while the percent of stage IV tumor was surprisingly higher in obese patients (p was 0.011 and 0.004, resp.). Percent of patients who did not have any surgical intervention was significantly lower in overweight and obese patients than normal and/or underweight patients. Conclusions. At the time of diagnosis, obese patients had significantly higher percent of stage IV tumor than nonobese patients. Despite of that, there were no differences in survival rates among BMI subgroups. Our study results are consistent with "obesity paradox" in gastric cancer patients. We also did not find any relationship between BMI and localization of gastric tumor.

Do NSAIDs and ASA Cause More Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Elderly than Adults?

Purpose. NSAIDs and ASA may cause upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) both in adults and in elderly. There is no study that compares this increased bleeding risk between adult and elderly subjects. Methods. A total of 524 patients with UGIB were included in this study. The data of patients were, respectively, analyzed. Results. NSAIDs and ASA-associated UGIB rates were similar between <65 years (345 patients) (group 1) and ≥65 years (179 patients) (group 2) (28.4% versus 23.5%, p = 0.225 and 13% versus 19%, p = 0.071, resp.). Warfarin-associated UGIB was found significantly higher in group 2 than group 1. Elderly patients with NSAID-associated UGIB had significantly higher length of stay (LoS) and CoH than adult patients with NSAID-associated UGIB (p = 0.002 and 0.001, resp.). Elderly patients with ASA-associated UGIB had significantly higher CoH than adult patients with NSAID-associated UGIB. Conclusions. Using NSAIDs without gastroprotective drugs or using ASA with gastroprotective drugs in elderly patients is as safe as in adult patients. Not only should adding gastroprotective drugs to ASA or NSAID be based on their risk of UGIB, but the cost of hospitalization of ASA or NSAID-associated UGIB should be considered.

The relationship between glycated hemoglobin and blood glucose levels of 75 and 100 gram oral glucose tolerance test during gestational diabetes diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an important issue in terms of prevention of maternal and fetal complications. In our study we aimed to evaluate the relation of HbA1c and blood glucose levels of 75 and 50-100 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant patients who were screened for GDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The parameters of 913 pregnant women screened for GDM are evaluated retrospectively. The two steps screening with 50-100 gram OGTT were used in 576 patients. The remaining 337 patients were screened with 75 gram OGTT. RESULTS: The HbA1c levels of patients having high blood glucose (≥153 mg/dl) levels at 2(nd) hour in 75 gram OGTT were significantly higher than patients having normal blood glucose levels at 2(nd) hour of 75 gram OGTT (P=0.038). Correlation analyses showed no significant relation between any blood glucose level of 100 gram OGTT and HbA1c level. Whereas in 75 gram OGTT 1(st) and 2(nd) hour blood glucose levels were found to have a significant relation with A1c levels (P=0.001, P=0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: HbA1c may be used as an important tool in the diagnosis of GDM. But due to the variation of HbA1c in pregnant women and there is not an absolute cut-off level for A1c, it may be more reliable to evaluate HbA1c level together with the blood glucose levels in OGTT.

Comparison of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare the cardiovascular risk factors that might be associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. METHODS: Fifty hemodialysis and 50 peritoneal dialysis patients who had been receiving dialysis therapy for at least one year were included in the study. Venous blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting, and serum glucose, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and homocysteine levels were measured. The presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery was evaluated by carotid Doppler ultrasound. These data were analyzed by Student's t test, the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. RESULTS: No difference was found between the hemodialysis (n=50) and peritoneal dialysis (n=50) patient groups regarding mean age, gender distribution, body mass index or dialysis duration (p=0.269, 0.683, 0.426, and 0.052, respectively). LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen and homocysteine levels were significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis patients (p=0.006, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). In patients with diabetes mellitus (n=17) who were undergoing renal replacement therapy, LDL-cholesterol and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher than in patients without diabetes mellitus who were undergoing renal replacement therapy (p=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION: In our study, cardiovascular risk factors (especially LDL-cholesterol) were more frequent in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients.

Comparison of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients

OBJECTIVE:In this study, we aimed to compare the cardiovascular risk factors that might be associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.METHODS:Fifty hemodialysis and 50 peritoneal dialysis patients who had been receiving dialysis therapy for at least one year were included in the study. Venous blood samples were taken after 12 hours of fasting, and serum glucose, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and homocysteine levels were measured. The presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery was evaluated by carotid Doppler ultrasound. These data were analyzed by Student’s t test, the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate.RESULTS:No difference was found between the hemodialysis (n=50) and peritoneal dialysis (n=50) patient groups regarding mean age, gender distribution, body mass index or dialysis duration (p=0.269, 0.683, 0.426, and 0.052, respectively). LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen and homocysteine levels were significantly higher in peritoneal dialysis patients (p=0.006, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). In patients with diabetes mellitus (n=17) who were undergoing renal replacement therapy, LDL-cholesterol and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher than in patients without diabetes mellitus who were undergoing renal replacement therapy (p=0.001 and 0.004, respectively).CONCLUSION:In our study, cardiovascular risk factors (especially LDL-cholesterol) were more frequent in peritoneal dialysis patients than in hemodialysis patients.

Renal biopsy in the elderly: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: Aging population has been increasing worldwide. So the number of elderly patients presenting with kidney disease has also been increasing. In this retrospective study, we assessed biopsy results of elderly patients and their clinical presentations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Native renal biopsy results of 98 elderly patients (≥65 years) were analyzed. These 98 patients consisted of 56 males (57.1 %) and 42 females (42.9 %) with a mean age of 70.59 ± 5.31 years (65-88 years). RESULTS: The clinical presentations of our elderly patients were nephritic syndrome (n = 45), acute kidney injury (n = 35), nephrotic syndrome (n = 33), chronic kidney disease (n = 32) and combined nephritic and nephrotic syndrome (n = 14). In patients with nephritic syndrome, the most common diagnosis was crescentic GN (17.8 % type 3 and 13.3 % types 1 and 2). Crescentic GN was also the most frequent among patients with acute kidney injury (37.1 %), while membranous nephropathy was the major histopathological diagnosis in chronic kidney disease patients. In nephrotic syndrome, the most common histopathological diagnosis was AA amyloidosis. None of the patients had a major life-threatening complication. CONCLUSION: Biopsies in the elderly are as safe as in the general population. Renal biopsy should be performed to provide an accurate diagnosis and initiate specific treatment in elderly patients.

Relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and vitamin D in patients with metabolic syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome is a systemic disorder and manifests as a group of conditions including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and coronary artery disease. The importance of epicardial adipose tissue has been proven through recognition of its contribution to inflammation by pro-inflammatory cytokine discharge. Several investigations have been performed on vitamin D receptors in different tissues. In this study, epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) and the levels of vitamin D were measured and compared with a healthy control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 84 patients who had metabolic syndrome without diabetes and 64 healthy individuals were enrolled into the study. In all patients, the EATT was calculated by ecocardiography and the level of serum 25 (OH) vitamin D was measured. RESULTS: It was observed that EATT in patients with metabolic syndrome increases significiantly compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001). No significant difference between patients and control group was found for the levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D (P = 0.507). There was no correlation between 25 (OH) vitamin D and EATT (P = 0.622). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that EATT increased in patients with metabolic syndrome. In contradiction to literature; the levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D was not found to be high in patients with metabolic syndrome. Any significant correlation was not found between EATT and 25 (OH) vitamin D levels. Further studies with a larger patient population are required to assess the relationship.

Mean platelet volume in patients with biliary and non-biliary acute pancreatitis.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a systemic inflammatory disease. We aimed to detect whether there was a change of mean platelet volume (MPV) level on onset and remission patients with biliary and non-biliary acute pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our emergency service patients diagnosed with biliary and nonbiliary AP were analyzed retrospectively. Laboratory results measured in onset and remission were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Total number of patients enrolled in our study was 331 (177 female). 194 cases were classified as biliary and 137 were as non-biliary AP. Average age and numbers of female patients of biliary cases were higher than that of nonbiliary cases. Initial MPV values were lower than remission values in all patients with AP. In biliary group initial MPV was 8.42 ± 1.04 and remission value was 8.71 ± 1.12. In nonbiliary group initial MPV was 8.07 ± 1.02 and remission value was 8.4 ± 1.06. In both groups on onset had lower mean MPV levels than those in remission (P = 0.0001 both of them). CONCLUSIONS: MPV values were higher than initial values in remission period in patients both of groups. MPV was lower in non-biliary AP group than biliary AP group that can be an indicator of early-onset infection.

Utility of peripheral blood parameters in predicting breast cancer risk.

PURPOSE: We aimed to study the inflammatory parameters of complete blood count in breast cancer cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study covered 178 breast cancer patients and 107 age and body mass index matched healthy women. Complete blood count parameters, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/ lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and MPV/platelet were analyzed. RESULTS: The leukocyte, neutrophil and neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio were higher in the patient group (p values 0.001, 0.0001 and 0.0001, respectively) while haemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in the control group (p=0.0001 for both). Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated neutrophils and platelet distribution width (PDW) (OR: 0.627, 95%CI: 0.508-0.774, p=0.001 and OR: 1.191 95%CI: 1.057-1.342 p=0.003) were independent variables for predicting breast cancer. The cut- off value for the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was 2.56. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study results, neutrophil levels as part of complete blood count may be used as an independent predictor of breast cancer risk.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients at High Risk for Nephropathy After Contrast Exposure.

Contrast medium-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is associated with morbidity and mortality, but the long-term outcomes of patients who do not develop CI-AKI remain unknown. We assessed clinical end points during long-term follow-up in patients at high risk for nephropathy who did not develop CI-AKI. Patients (n = 135) with impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate: 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were divided into 2 groups according to contrast media (CM) exposure. The primary end point of this study was a composite outcome measure of death or renal failure requiring dialysis. Multivariate analyses identified CM exposure to be independently associated with major adverse long-term outcomes (hazard ratio: 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-6.52; P = .018). Even when CM exposure does not cause CI-AKI in patients with impaired renal function, in the long term, primary end points occur more frequently in patients exposed to CM than in those with no CM exposure.

Comparison of insulin resistance in the various stages of chronic kidney disease and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared predialysis and dialysis patients with the controls in terms of insulin resistance and evaluated the association with inflammation that is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 134 non-diabetic patients with controls (n=33), predialysis (n=29) and dialysis patient group (n=72) were included in the study. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, albumin, CRP (C-reactive protein) and homocysteine plasma levels were simultaneously analyzed in all the patients. HOMA-IR index was calculated to show existence of insulin resistance. RESULTS: Mean insulin and HOMA-IR index values were found to be higher in the predialysis and dialysis patient groups than in the control group (p=0.019, p=0.014; respectively). When three groups were compared in terms of C-peptide levels; these values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the predialysis patients than in controls (p=0.017) and in the dialysis group than in the predialysis patients and controls (p=0.0001, p=0.0001; respectively). CRP and homocysteine levels were found to be statistically higher (p=0.0001, p=0.0001; respectively), while albumin levels were significantly lower (p=0.0001) in the dialysis patient group. CONCLUSION: In our study, we demonstrated that insulin resistance was higher in patients in the various stages of chronic kidney disease compared to healthy population. We found that insulin resistance, C-peptid and inflammation related cardiovascular risk factors increased.

Prognostic importance of fibroblast growth factor-23 in dialysis patients.

Introduction. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the correlation of FGF-23 levels with bone-mineral metabolism, anemia, and the treatment in dialysis patients. Methods. Eighty-nine patients with similar age, gender, dialysis duration, and dialysis adequacy who were receiving hemodialysis replacement therapy for at least 6 months were included in the study. Serum iron, iron binding capacity, ferritin, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Htc), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), intact parathormone (iPTH), and FGF-23 levels were studied. In addition, active vitamin D and phosphate binders calcimimetic therapies that patients have received in the last 6 months were recorded. Results. It was determined that there was a positive correlation between serum FGF-23 values and PTH values (P < 0, 01) and Ca∗P values (P < 0, 01). A positive correlation was found between serum FGF-23 values and Ca values at a rate of 24,6% (P < 0, 05) and between P values at a rate of 59,1% (P < 0, 01). A positive correlation was determined between serum FGF-23 values and hemoglobin (Hb) values (P < 0, 05) and hematocrit (Htc) values (P < 0, 05). In multivariate analysis, no significant correlation was found between serum FGF-23 levels and Hb and Htc. Conclusion. The effects of high serum FGF-23 levels on different parameters may be correlated with the development of refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Duodenal biopsy for diagnosis of renal involvement in amyloidosis.

Amyloidosis results from extracellular deposition of a fibrillary protein in various organs, and renal biopsy is the best, but a complicated tool for diagnosis. Therefore, alternative biopsy sites have been proposed with varying degrees of sensitivity. We aimed to find the most appropriate biopsy site in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in whom renal biopsy is contraindicated or unavailable. 42 patients (29 male; mean age 46 ± 16 y) with CKD in whom amyloidosis was suspected as the underlying etiology on clinical grounds, but renal biopsy was not available (Group I), and 36 patients (25 male; mean age 40 ± 16 y) with CKD in whom renal biopsy revealed AA-amyloidosis (Group II) were investigated. Upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) endoscopies were performed and multiple biopsies from gingiva, esophagus, antrum, duodenum and rectum were obtained. In Group I, no amyloidosis was detected in gingival and GIT biopsies among 13 patients. In the remaining 29 patients AA-amyloidosis was detected in various sites with the following frequencies: duodenum 100%, rectum 83%, antrum 79%, esophagus 44% and gingiva 29%. In Group II, frequency of amyloid deposition was 97% in duodenum, 76% each in antrum and rectum, 59% in esophagus and 32% in gingival mucosa. In conclusion, duodenal biopsy is sensitive for diagnosing amyloidosis in CKD patients, and highly correlates with renal amyloidosis.

Acute renal failure: a common manifestation of leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic leptospires and may vary in degree from an asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal illness. Sixteen patients (all males; aged 40+/-17 years) with leptospirosis were admitted to Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital between July 1998 and August 2003 and were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, occupation, clinical presentation, laboratory features, seasonal distribution of the disease, diagnostical approach, and prognostic factors were evaluated. Eleven patients were cured with no complication; four patients died of hepatic and/or renal failure. Eight patients presented with acute renal failure; seven of them needed dialytic support. One patient developed chronic renal failure and had to undergo regular hemodialysis. All deceased patients (aged 61+/-7 years) were anuric at admission and their serum bilirubin changed between 39-44 mg/dL (mean 41.3+/-2.2 mg/dL). Cured patients ranged in age from 14-62 years (34+/-14 years) and their serum bilirubin levels ranged from 9-35 mg/dL (23.1+/-11.4 mg/dL). Crystalline penicillin G 12 million U/day was administered to all patients. Six patients also received hepatic coma treatment. This study emphasizes that leptospirosis presenting with renal failure is a severe disease, and mortality is frequently related to delays in diagnosis due to lack of clinical understanding. The association of acute renal failure and jaundice should lead the clinician to suspect leptospirosis. We concluded that old age, oliguria/anuria, high serum bilirubin levels (>36 mg/dL), and high serum potassium levels might be risk factors that increase mortality in leptospirosis.

Combination of pentoxifylline with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors produces an additional reduction in microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti proteinuric effect of pentoxifylline in diabetic patients, we prospectively studied in 25 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria and normal renal function the impact of combining pentoxifylline with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on urinary albumin excretion and compared the results with those obtained in a control group of 25 type 2 diabetic patients treated with lisinopril only. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria (31 males and 19 females, aged between 47-73 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received lisinopril 10 mg/day, while group B was given lisinopril 10 mg/day and pentoxifylline 600 mg/day for nine months. There were no significant differences between serum creatinine, HbA1c, blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in both groups (p > 0.05). RESULTS: Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, HbA1c levels did not change significantly during the study. Urinary albumin excretion decreased from 228 +/- 28 to 148 +/- 15 mg/day in group A (p < 0.05). In group B urinary albumin excretion decreased from 219 +/- 26 to 128 +/- 12 mg/day (p < 0.05). Pentoxifylline and lisinopril combination caused a significant additional reduction in urinary albumin excretion when compared to lisinopril regimen (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the combination of pentoxifylline with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with persistent microalbuminuria causes a significant reduction in urinary albumin excretion and this effect seems independent from blood pressure and glycemic control.