RESUMEN
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a metabolite of carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and appears in milk of dairy animals on ingestion of feed contaminated with AFB1. It has been reported to have affinity towards milk proteins, the exact mechanism of which is still unknown. In the present study, ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics is utilized to understand AFM1 interaction with milk proteins. The second order derivative spectra of the spectral window 1700-1600 cm-1 confirms the affinity of AFM1 towards milk proteins. The results of principal component analysis suggested that spectral window of 1700-1600 cm-1 is informative and provides an indication of the conformational changes brought by AFM1 in the secondary structure of milk proteins. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05587-x.
RESUMEN
According to the results of this study, the paper strip biosensor can detect pesticide at very low concentration like fungicide, organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, and herbicide group ranges from 1 to 10, 1-50, 250-500, 1-50, and 1 µg/L, respectively in animal feed, water, milk and soil. This is a significant improvement from the previous study, which found that the paper strip biosensor could only detect pesticide levels of up to 500 or 1000 µg/L. A total of 436 samples were collected from the dairy farm, including 58 samples of green feed, 54 samples of dry feed, 45 samples of concentrated feed, 41 samples of fermented feed, 49 samples of manure, 54 samples of soil, and 86 samples of milk. PSA (Primary Secondary Amine) and MgSO4 (1:2 ratio) were used to remove pigments from dairy farm samples to prevent the enzyme-pesticide interaction leading to colour development on the strip, which was successfully achieved. Using a strip-based test and an optimized extraction protocol, pesticides were detected in 38.49% in the samples. Limit of Detection of 15 pesticides from the organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, neonicotinoid, pyrethroid, ryanoid, strobilurins, and triazole groups recommended for use in dairy farms were evaluated in feed/fodder. Pesticides were being detected in various dairy farm matrices using the newly developed test. The developed technology can be used as a semi-quantitative test for pesticides monitoring in the dairy farm as well as for screening of primary produce under field condition for organic certification of various food/feed commodities.
