Triglyceride profiling in adipose tissues from obese insulin sensitive, insulin resistant and type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals.

BACKGROUND: Lipid intermediates produced during triacylglycerols (TAGs) synthesis and lipolysis in adipocytes interfere with the intracellular insulin signaling pathway and development of insulin resistance. This study aims to compare TAG species and their fatty acid composition in adipose tissues from insulin sensitive (IS), insulin resistant (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) obese individuals. METHODS: Human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 64 clinically characterized obese individuals during weight reduction surgery. TAGs were extracted from the adipose tissues using the Bligh and Dyer method, then were subjected to non-aqueous reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and full scan mass spectrometry acquisition and data dependent MS/MS on LTQ dual cell linear ion trap. TAGs and their fatty acid contents were identified and compared between IS, IR and T2DM individuals and their levels were correlated with metabolic traits of participants and the adipogenic potential of preadipocyte cultures established from their adipose tissues. RESULTS: Data revealed 76 unique TAG species in adipose tissues identified based on their exact mass. Analysis of TAG levels revealed a number of TAGs that were significantly altered with disease progression including C46:4, C48:5, C48:4, C38:1, C50:3, C40:2, C56:3, C56:4, C56:7 and C58:7. Enrichment analysis revealed C12:0 fatty acid to be associated with TAGs least abundant in T2DM whereas C18:3 was found in both depleted and enriched TAGs in T2DM. Significant correlations of various adipose tissue-derived TAG species and metabolic traits were observed, including age and body mass index, systemic total cholesterol, TAGs, and interleukin-6 in addition to adipogenic potential of preadipocytes derived from the same adipose tissues. CONCLUSION: Pilot data suggest that adipose tissues from obese IR and T2DM individuals exhibit TAG-specific signatures that may contribute to their increased risk compared to their IS counterparts. Future experiments are warranted to investigate the functional relevance of these specific lipidomic profiles.

Comparison of Rosenbaum pupillometry card using red and blue light to Colvard and Iowa pupillometers.

PURPOSE: To compare four scotopic pupil measuring techniques to determine whether a statistically significant difference exists among the techniques for each observer or between the observers for each technique. METHODS: Cross-sectional study performed on 200 eyes of 100 healthy individuals. Two observers performed pupillometry four times per pupil using the Rosenbaum card with red light, Rosenbaum card with blue light, Iowa pupillometer, and Colvard pupillometer. All measurements were recorded in scotopic conditions with each examiner masked to the other's results. RESULTS: Both examiners measured mean pupil diameters > 6.0 mm for all modalities except the Colvard device whose mean measurements were the smallest. The Iowa pupillometer and Rosenbaum card with red light produced the largest pupil measurements and were the most similar for both observers. The mean pupil diameter obtained by observer 1 was smaller compared with observer 2 while using the Rosenbaum card with blue light, but this was not significant (P = .2574). The mean pupil diameter obtained by observer 1 was larger compared with observer 2 while using the Colvard pupillometer and this was statistically different after adjusting for eye color (P = .0370). The mean pupil diameters of blue irides and brown irides are significantly higher than the measurements obtained for hazel irides (P = .0271 and P = .0445, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the complex interaction among observer, pupillometry technique, and iris color, one cannot compare the four techniques to each other with the same observer, nor can one compare the two observers irrespective of the technique.

Novel delivery method to reduce endothelial injury in descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: To present a novel technique to deliver the endothelial graft in small incision Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) and to compare graft trauma between forceps delivery and the novel technique. DESIGN: Laboratory investigation with an interventional case report. METHODS: Ten pairs of human donor corneas were sectioned using an automated microkeratome system (Moria ALTK System, Antony, France). The recipient model was prepared by creating a 3 mm clear corneal wound in another human donor cornea. For each pair of corneas, one endothelial graft underwent single-fold delivery with forceps, while the other was delivered with the novel cartridge based technique. Each graft was stained with 0.25% trypan blue and 0.2% alizarin red, and digital photomicrographs were taken. A proportion of graft injury was calculated and differences were analyzed. Subsequently, a patient requiring DSAEK underwent the modified novel insertion technique. RESULTS: After insertion, the mean proportion of graft endothelial injury from forceps delivery through the ex vivo model was 26.02% (n = 10, standard deviation [SD] +/- 14.85%). The mean proportion of graft endothelial injury from cartridge delivery was 9.85% (n = 10, SD +/- 4.33%). The median difference between the two methods was -13%, representing less endothelial injury with the cartridge. This difference was statistically significant (P = .006). The patient who underwent DSAEK with this technique had improved visual acuity and a clear graft at five months. CONCLUSIONS: In our surgical model, inserting an endothelial graft through a small corneal wound using a novel cartridge-based technique created significantly less endothelial damage than with forceps insertion. Clinically, this technique was performed without complication.