Advancing Novel Strategies against Post-surgical Tendon Adhesion Bands, Exploring New Frontiers.

Current interest in adhesion formation stems from its global impact on the function and quality of life, spanning a spectrum of subtle impairments to significant disabilities, based on the affected area and the extent of adhesion. Yet therapeutic agents are restricted to prophylactic anti-inflammatories, revision surgeries, and biological and physical techniques, none of which grant a decent outcome. Recent advancements in tissue- engineered biomaterials, drug delivery systems, and fabricating technologies such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and weaving or braiding demonstrate potential for improved outcomes. However, none of the mentioned methods have reliable outcomes, thus this study aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of tendon adhesion and post-surgical adhesion band formation (PSAB), with a closer look at inflammatory pathways stimulating the process. This article consolidates information on diverse therapeutic and prophylactic methods and cutting-edge technologies, aiming to provide a comprehensive update on this topic, and providing researchers an avenue for new and innovative ideas for further investigations.

Niosomes as a Promising Therapeutic Approach against Colorectal Cancer: A Focus on the Delivery of Chemotherapeutics and Natural Products.

Nanotechnology has emerged as an effective approach to cancer treatment, including Colorectal Cancer (CRC). While conventional treatments, such as chemotherapeutic agents, are used to manage CRC, their efficacy can be improved using drug delivery systems that enhance their bioavailability and reduce side effects. Niosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, have shown promise as biocompatible vehicles that can transport hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. This can result in reduced drug dosage and increased efficacy. This review examines the use of niosomal formulations as a delivery platform for treating CRC and provides practical insights into their clinical applications.

Personalized Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease: Insights into FDA-Approved Interventions and Clinical Pharmacogenetics.

Cardiovascular diseases place a considerable burden on global health systems, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Current approaches to detecting and treating Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) often focus on symptomatic management and are initiated after the disease has progressed. Personalized medicine, which tailors medical interventions to individual characteristics, has emerged as a promising strategy for improving cardiovascular health outcomes. This article provides an overview of personalized medicine in the context of CVD, with a specific emphasis on FDA-approved interventions. It explores the potential benefits, challenges, and future directions of personalized medicine in cardiovascular disorders. By reviewing the advancements in this field, this article underscores the importance of early detection, intervention, and innovative treatment options in reducing the impact of CVD on individuals and society.

The therapeutic impact of programmed death - 1 in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common type of newly diagnosed cancer. Metastatic spread and multifactorial chemoresistance have limited the benefits of current therapies. Hence, it is imperative to identify new therapeutic agents to increase treatment efficacy. One of CRC's most promising immunotherapeutic targets is programmed death-1 (PD-1), a cell surface receptor that regulates immune responses. In this paper, we provide an overview of the therapeutic impact of PD-1 in the treatment of CRC. Cancer cells can exploit the PD-1 pathway by upregulating its programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) ligand to evade immune surveillance. The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 inhibits T cell function, leading to tumor immune escape. PD-1 inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Clinical trials evaluating PD-1 inhibitors in advanced CRC have shown promising results. In patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors characterized by high mutation rates and increased immunogenicity, PD-1 blockade has demonstrated remarkable efficacy. As a result, pembrolizumab and nivolumab have received accelerated approval by regulatory authorities for the treatment of MSI-H/dMMR metastatic CRC. Additionally, combination approaches, such as combining PD-1 inhibitors with other immunotherapies or targeted agents, are being explored. Despite the success of PD-1 inhibitors in CRC, challenges still exist. Immune-related adverse events can occur and require close monitoring. In conclusion, PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated significant therapeutic impact, particularly in patients with MSI-H/dMMR tumors.

The Therapeutic Application of Hydrogen in Cancer: The Potential and Challenges.

Hydrogen therapy has emerged as a possible approach for both preventing and treating cancer. Cancers are often associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Hydrogen, with its unique physiological functions and characteristics, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, making it an attractive candidate for cancer treatment. Through its ability to mitigate oxidative damage, modulate inflammatory responses, and sustain cellular viability, hydrogen demonstrates significant potential in preventing cancer recurrence and improving treatment outcomes. Preclinical studies have shown the efficacy of hydrogen therapy in several cancer types, highlighting its ability to enhance the effectiveness of conventional treatments while reducing associated side effects. Furthermore, hydrogen therapy has been found to be safe and well-tolerated in clinical settings. Nonetheless, additional investigations are necessary to improve a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying hydrogen's therapeutic potential and refine the administration and dosage protocols. However, further clinical trials are still needed to explore its safety profile and capacity. In aggregate, hydrogen therapy represents an innovative and promising treatment for several malignancies.

Wortmannin Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Suppressing the PI3K/AKT Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant contributor to mortality, often exacerbated by metastasis and chemoresistance. Novel therapeutic strategies are imperative to enhance current treatments. The dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is implicated in CRC progression. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Wortmannin, combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), to target the PI3K/Akt pathway in CRC. METHODS: Anti-migratory and antiproliferative effects were assessed through wound healing and MTT assays. Apoptosis and cell cycle alterations were evaluated using Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay. Wortmannin's impact on the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium was examined via ROS, SOD, CAT, MDA, and T-SH levels. Downstream target genes of the PI3K/AKT pathway were analyzed at mRNA and protein levels using RTPCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Wortmannin demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, modulating survivin, cyclinD1, PI3K, and p-Akt. The PI3K inhibitor attenuated migratory activity, inducing E-cadherin expression. Combined Wortmannin with 5-FU induced apoptosis, increasing cells in sub-G1 via elevated ROS levels. CONCLUSION: This study underscores Wortmannin's potential in inhibiting CRC cell growth and migration through PI3K/Akt pathway modulation. It also highlights its candidacy for further investigation as a promising therapeutic option in colorectal cancer treatment.

G-Protein Signaling Modulator 2 as a Potential Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer: Integrative Analysis Using Genetic Profiling and Pan-Cancer Studies.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) imposes a significant healthcare burden globally, prompting the quest for innovative biomarkers to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the G-protein signaling modulator (GPSM) family across several cancers and presents a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of the GPSM2 gene across several gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Leveraging bioinformatics methodologies, we investigated GPSM2 expression patterns, protein interactions, functional enrichments, prognostic implications, genetic alterations, and immune infiltration associations. Furthermore, the expression of the GPSM2 gene was analyzed using real-time analysis. Our findings reveal a consistent upregulation of GPSM2 expression in all GI cancer datasets analyzed, suggesting its potential as a universal biomarker in GI cancers. Functional enrichment analysis underscores the involvement of GPSM2 in vital pathways, indicating its role in tumor progression. The prognostic assessment indicates that elevated GPSM2 expression correlates with adverse overall and disease-free survival outcomes across multiple GI cancer types. Genetic alteration analysis highlights the prevalence of mutations, particularly missense mutations, in GPSM2. Furthermore, significant correlations between GPSM2 expression and immune cell infiltration are observed, suggesting its involvement in tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Collectively, our study underscores the multifaceted role of GPSM2 in GI cancers, particularly in CRC, emphasizing its potential as a promising biomarker for prognosis and therapeutic targeting. Further functional investigations are warranted to elucidate its clinical utility and therapeutic implications in CRC management.

The Application of Nanotechnological Therapeutic Platforms against Gynecological Cancers.

Gynecological cancers (GCs), ovarian, cervical, and endometrial/uterine cancers, are often associated with poor outcomes. Despite the development of several therapeutic modalities against GCs, the effectiveness of the current therapeutic approaches is limited due to their side effects, low therapeutic index, short halflife, and resistance to therapy. To overcome these limitations, nano delivery-based approaches have been introduced with the potential of targeted delivery, reduced toxicity, controlled release, and improved bioavailability of various cargos. This review summarizes the application of different nanoplatforms, such as lipid-based, metal-based, and polymeric nanoparticles, to improve the chemo/radio treatments of GC. In the following work, the use of nanoformulated agents to fight GCs has been mentioned in various clinical trials. Although nanosystems have their own challenges, the knowledge highlighted in this article could provide deep insight into translations of NPs approaches to overcome GCs.

Therapeutic potency of A1 adenosine receptor antagonists in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, current status and perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Cardiomyocytes form, transport, and metabolize the omnipresent metabolite adenosine. Depending upon the adenosine concentrations and the pharmacological properties of receptor subtypes, adenosine exerts (patho)physiological responses in the cardiovascular system. The objective of this review is to present different protective mechanisms of A1-adenosine receptor inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS: Literature references were collected and sorted using relevant keywords and key phrases as search terms in scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar. A1 adenosine receptor regulates free fatty acid metabolism, lipolysis, heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiovascular toxicity. The evidence clearly supporting the therapeutic potency of pharmacological A1 adenosine receptors agonists and antagonists in modulating cardiovascular risk factor parameters and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSION: This review summarizes the protective role of pharmacological A1-adenosine receptor regulators in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases for a better management of cardiovascular diseases.

The Potential Therapeutic Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one the most prevalent types of cancer. Despite current chemotherapy's success, patients with GI cancer continue to have a dismal outcome. The onset and progression of cancer are caused by alterations and the abnormal expression of several families of genes, like tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, and chemotherapy-resistant genes. The final purpose of tumor therapy is to inhibit cellular development by modifying mutations and editing the irregular expression of genes It has been reported that CDH1, TP53, KRAS, ARID1A, PTEN, and HLA-B are the commonly mutated genes in GI cancer. Gene editing has become one potential approach for cases with advanced or recurrent CRC, who are nonresponsive to conventional treatments and a variety of driver mutations along with progression cause GI progression. CRISPR/Cas9 technique is a reliable tool to edit the genome and understand the functions of mutations driving GI cancer development. CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied to genome therapy for GI cancers, particularly with reference to molecular-targeted medicines and suppressors. Moreover, it can be used as a therapeutic approach by knocking in/out multiple genes. The use of CRISPR/ Cas9 gene editing method for GI cancer therapy has therefore resulted in some improvements. There are several research works on the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer treatment that are summarized in the following separate sections. Here, the use of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in GI and the use of CRISPR/Cas9 is discussed in terms of Targeting Chemotherapy Resistance-related Genes like; KRAS, TP53, PTEN, and ARID1A.

Microbiome as a biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.

Studying the effects of the microbiome on the development of different types of cancer has recently received increasing research attention. In this context, the microbial content of organs of the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed to play a potential role in the development of pancreatic cancer (PC). Proposed mechanisms for the pathogenesis of PC include persistent inflammation caused by microbiota leading to an impairment of antitumor immune surveillance and altered cellular processes in the tumor microenvironment. The limited available diagnostic markers that can currently be used for screening suggest the importance of microbial composition as a non-invasive biomarker that can be used in clinical settings. Samples including saliva, stool, and blood can be analyzed by 16 s rRNA sequencing to determine the relative abundance of specific bacteria. Studies have shown the potentially beneficial effects of prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, and bacteriophage therapy in altering microbial diversity, and subsequently improving treatment outcomes. In this review, we summarize the potential impact of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of PC, and the role these microorganisms might play as biomarkers in the diagnosis and determining the prognosis of patients. We also discuss novel treatment methods being used to minimize or prevent the progression of dysbiosis by modulating the microbial composition. Emerging evidence is supportive of applying these findings to improve current therapeutic strategies employed in the treatment of PC.

Photodynamic Therapy as a Desirable Approach in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer, with Special Focus on Photodynamic Nanotherapeutics in Immunotherapy.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide; however, there is not a convincing treatment for this disease. Limitations of conventional CRC therapies force scientists to develop novel treatment concepts for both primary care alongside adjuvant therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been introduced as a promising therapeutic procedure for CRC mediated through theranostic principle in which special dyes, photosensitizers (PSs), are excited by near-infrared (NIR) and visible light. Recent studies showed that PDT has synergistic effects in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy in the treatment of CRC patients. Of note, nanoformulation of PS or immunotherapeutic agents could augment the PDT effectiveness. In this review, we summarize PDT application in CRC management with a special focus on the nanoparticles-based delivery system from the perspective of targeting deeper CRC and increased PDT efficiency, which could provide a desirable approach for clinical translation.

Recent Progress in the Application of Exosome Analysis in Ovarian Cancer Management.

Exosomes are very small (nano-sized) vesicles participating in tumor development by involvement in intercellular communication mediated by transferring biocomponents. Exosomes appear to play vital roles in various cancer development, such as ovarian cancer, a common malignancy in women. Several hallmarks of ovarian cancer are reported to be affected by the exosome-- mediated cellular cross-talk, including modulating peritoneal dissemination and chemoresistance. Since the expression of some biomolecules, such as miRNAs and mRNA, is changed in ovarian cancer, these exo-biomolecules can be applied as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers. Also, the selective loading of specific chemotherapeutic agents into exosomes highlights these biocarries as potential delivery devices. Exosomes could be artificially provided and engineered to better target the site of interest in ovarian cancer. In the present review, we summarize the notable achievement of exosome application in ovarian cancer management to gain applicable transitional insight against this cancer.

Genetic Determinants of Response to Statins in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Despite extensive efforts to identify patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who could most benefit from the treatment approach, patients vary in their benefit from therapy and propensity for adverse drug events. Genetic variability in individual responses to drugs (pharmacogenetics) is considered an essential determinant in responding to a drug. Thus, understanding these pharmacogenomic relationships has led to a substantial focus on mechanisms of disease and drug response. In turn, understanding the genomic and molecular bases of variables that might be involved in drug response is the main step in personalized medicine. There is a growing body of data evaluating drug-gene interactions in recent years, some of which have led to FDA recommendations and detection of markers to predict drug responses (e.g., genetic variant in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes for prediction of drug response in warfarin treatment). Also, statins are widely prescribed drugs for the prevention of CVD. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin are the most common statins used to manage dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the pharmacogenetics of statins, which are being used to treat cardiovascular diseases.

The prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic impact of Long noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer (GC), ranking as the third deadliest cancer globally, faces challenges of late diagnosis and limited treatment efficacy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerge as valuable treasured targets for cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy, given their high specificity, convenient non-invasive detection in body fluids, and crucial roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Research indicates the significant involvement of lncRNAs in various aspects of GC pathogenesis, including initiation, metastasis, and recurrence, underscoring their potential as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets for GC. Despite existing challenges in the clinical application of lncRNAs in GC, the evolving landscape of lncRNA molecular biology holds promise for advancing the survival and treatment outcomes of gastric cancer patients. This review provides insights into recent studies on lncRNAs in gastric cancer, elucidating their molecular mechanisms and exploring the potential clinical applications in GC.

Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-ß) and Programmed Death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one the most lethal malignancies worldwide affecting around half a million individuals each year. The treatment of PC is relatively difficult due to the difficulty in making an early diagnosis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) is a multifunctional factor acting as both a tumor promoter in early cancer stages and a tumor suppressor in advanced disease. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a ligand of programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immune checkpoint receptor, allowing tumor cells to avoid elimination by immune cells. Recently, targeting the TGF-ß signaling and PD-L1 pathways has emerged as a strategy for cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge regarding these pathways and their contribution to tumor development with a focus on PC. Moreover, we have reviewed the role of TGF-ß and PD-L1 blockade in the treatment of various cancer types, including PC, and discussed the clinical trials evaluating TGF-ß and PD-L1 antagonists in PC patients.

Bioinformatics analysis and machine learning approach applied to the identification of novel key genes involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a range of chronic liver diseases that result from the accumulation of excess triglycerides in the liver, and which, in its early phases, is categorized NAFLD, or hepato-steatosis with pure fatty liver. The mortality rate of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is more than NAFLD; therefore, diagnosing the disease in its early stages may decrease liver damage and increase the survival rate. In the current study, we screened the gene expression data of NAFLD patients and control samples from the public dataset GEO to detect DEGs. Then, the correlation betweenbetween the top selected DEGs and clinical data was evaluated. In the present study, two GEO datasets (GSE48452, GSE126848) were downloaded. The dysregulated expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by machine learning methods (Penalize regression models). Then, the shared DEGs between the two training datasets were validated using validation datasets. ROC-curve analysis was used to identify diagnostic markers. R software analyzed the interactions between DEGs, clinical data, and fatty liver. Ten novel genes, including ABCF1, SART3, APC5, NONO, KAT7, ZPR1, RABGAP1, SLC7A8, SPAG9, and KAT6A were found to have a differential expression between NAFLD and healthy individuals. Based on validation results and ROC analysis, NR4A2 and IGFBP1b were identified as diagnostic markers. These key genes may be predictive markers for the development of fatty liver. It is recommended that these key genes are assessed further as possible predictive markers during the development of fatty liver.

Insight into RNA-based Therapies for Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common malignancies in women and is associated with poor outcomes. The treatment for OC is often associated with resistance to therapies and hence this has stimulated the search for alternative therapeutic approaches, including RNA-based therapeutics. However, this approach has some challenges that include RNA degradation. To solve this critical issue, some novel delivery systems have been proposed. In current years, there has been growing interest in the improvement of RNAbased therapeutics as a promising approach to target ovarian cancer and improve patient outcomes. This paper provides a practical insight into the use of RNA-based therapeutics in ovarian cancers, highlighting their potential benefits, challenges, and current research progress. RNA-based therapeutics offer a novel and targeted approach to treat ovarian cancer by exploiting the unique characteristics of RNA molecules. By targeting key oncogenes or genes responsible for drug resistance, siRNAs can effectively inhibit tumor growth and sensitize cancer cells to conventional therapies. Furthermore, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have emerged as a revolutionary tool in cancer immunotherapy. MRNA vaccines can be designed to encode tumor-specific antigens, stimulating the immune system to distinguish and eliminate ovarian cancer cells. A nano-based delivery platform improves the release of loaded RNAs to the target location and reduces the off-target effects. Additionally, off-target effects and immune responses triggered by RNA molecules necessitate careful design and optimization of these therapeutics. Several preclinical and clinical researches have shown promising results in the field of RNA-based therapeutics for ovarian cancer. In a preclinical study, siRNA-mediated silencing of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene, involved in DNA repair, sensitized ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors, leading to enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In clinical trials, mRNA-based vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens have demonstrated safety and efficacy in stimulating immune responses in ovarian cancer patients. In aggregate, RNA-based therapeutics represent a promising avenue for the therapy of ovarian cancers. The ability to specifically target oncogenes or stimulate immune responses against tumor cells holds great potential for improving patient outcomes. However, further research is needed to address challenges related to delivery, permanence, and off-target effects. Clinical trials assessing the care and effectiveness of RNAbased therapeutics in larger patient cohorts are warranted. With continued advancements in the field, RNAbased therapeutics have the potential to develop the management of ovarian cancer and provide new hope for patients.

Natriuretic Peptides in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are an important health problem globally. Natriuretic peptides are hormones that have a crucial role in human physiology. There are a variety of treatments for GI cancer, but conventional therapies have side effects and low efficacy. Studies have demonstrated that natriuretic peptides are therapeutic in different cancer types. Natriuretic peptides are best known for their involvement in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The anti-tumor effect exerted by natriuretic peptides is via their inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis and by their effects on apoptosis. The anti-proliferative role of natriuretic peptides has been shown in human breast cancer, prostate, colon, pancreatic, lung, ovarian, and other tumors. The roles of natriuretic peptides in these cancers are diverse and not well understood. Therefore, we have reviewed the recent literature on natriuretic peptides in GI cancers as a common malignancy in adults to assess the pathways that NPs are involved in the progression of GI cancers and its effect on the prevention or treatment of GI cancers.

Bioactive Peptides: Potential Impact on the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers.

We have reviewed the potential use of bioactive peptides in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Conventional therapies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are associated with numerous side effects that may lead to longterm complications. Bioactive peptides are short-chain amino acids that can be extracted from natural sources or synthesized, and they have various potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. Bioactive peptides can be acquired from animal or plant sources, and can be classified based on their function, such as ACE-inhibiting, antimicrobial, and electrolyte- regulating peptides. Recent studies have demonstrated the promising role of bioactive peptides in tumor suppression, especially when combined with conventional therapies. In this study, we have reviewed the beneficial properties of bioactive peptides and their role in suppressing tumor activity. The mechanisms of bioactive peptides in tumor suppression are discussed. We have further reviewed the findings of preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the application of bioactive peptides in the treatment of GI cancers. This review highlights the potential use of bioactive peptides as a promising treatment method for GI malignancies to increase the quality of life of GI cancer patients.