Mortality due to SARS COV-2 And its Associated Factors in East Shewa Zone Treatment Centers, Ethiopia, 2022: A retrospective cross-sectional study

BackgroundCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that is caused by the SARS-CoV-2virus. The objective of this study was to determine SARS COV-2 Mortality and its associated factors in East Shewa Zone Treatment centers, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2022. The study of these types of viral infection will add new insight into the most common causes of mortality in SARS-CoV-2infection and the most common co-morbidities associated with the disease in the East Shewa Zone. MethodsThe study was conducted on patients who were admitted to Adama Hospital medical college and Modjo Primary Hospital for SARS-COV 2 treatment. Data used for the study were collected from March 2020-April 2022 GC. The study population was SARS-COV 2 patients who come to Adama Hospital and Medical College and Modjo Primary Hospital for treatment. All eligible SARS-CoV-2 patients data were collected from Both Adama and Modjo treatment center SARS-CoV-2 accession registration book and medical record card. ResultA total of 409 patient data were collected from which 199 were from Adama Hospital and Medical College and 210 samples were collected from Modjo Primary Hospital Treatment center. The study design was a retrospective Cross-sectional study. The most affected age group in terms of mortality was the age group between 60-69 years old which suffers a 45.28% death rate. The major sign symptoms identified include cough (80.4%), Shortness of breath (66.7%) followed by fever (43.2%). SARS-CoV-2 Comorbidity was detected in 152 (37.2%) patients. Pneumonia was identified as the major comorbid disease to be recorded with 89(21.8%) cases. Other major comorbidities include Hypertension (16.9%) and Diabetes Mellites (13.9%). The least identified comorbidities were anemia (0.2%), Rectal cancer (0.2%), breast cancer (0.5%), and Chronic liver disease. ConclusionNearly one in four (22.7%) SARS-COV 2 patients admitted for treatment to Adama Hospital and Medical College and Modjo Primary Hospital did not make their way out of treatment Hospitals alive. Pneumonia was identified as the major comorbid disease to be recorded with 89(21.8%) cases

Individual and community-level factors associated with animal source food consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia: Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model.

BACKGROUND: Diversified diet in childhood has irreplaceable role for optimal growth. However, multi-level factors related to low animal source food consumption among children were poorly understood in Ethiopia, where such evidences are needed for decision making. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the magnitude and individual- and community-level predictors of animal source food (ASF) consumption among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. METHODS: We utilized a cross-sectional pooled data from 2016/19 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys. A stratified two-stage cluster design was employed to select households with survey weights were applied to account for complex sample design. We fitted mixed-effects logit regression models on 4,423 children nested within 645 clusters. The fixed effect models were fitted and expressed as adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence intervals and measures of variation were explained by intra-class correlation coefficients, median odds ratio and proportional change in variance. The deviance information criterion and Akaike information Criterion were used as model fitness criteria. RESULT: in Ethiopia, only 22.7% (20.5%-23.9%) of children aged 6-23 months consumed ASF. Younger children aged 6-8 months (AOR = 3.1; 95%CI: 2.4-4.1), home delivered children (AOR = 1.8; 1.4-2.3), from low socioeconomic class (AOR = 2.43; 1.7-3.5); low educational level of mothers (AOR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.48-2.45) and children from multiple risk pregnancy were significant predictors of low animal source consumption at individual level. While children from high community poverty level (AOR = 1.53; 1.2-1.95); rural residence (AOR = 2.2; 95%CI: 1.7-2.8) and pastoralist areas (AOR = 5.4; 3.4-8.5) significantly predict animal source food consumption at community level. About 38% of the variation of ASF consumption is explained by the combined predictors at the individual and community-level while 17.8% of the variation is attributed to differences between clusters. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates that the current ASF consumption among children is poor and a multiple interacting individual- and community level factors determine ASF consumption. In designing and implementing nutritional interventions addressing diversified diet consumption shall give a due consideration and account for these potential predictors of ASF consumption.

Smallholder farmers' livelihood vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards: agroecology-based comparative analysis in Northcentral Ethiopia (Woleka Sub-basin).

BACKGROUND: Due to its climate-sensitive agricultural system and low adaptive capacity of the subsistence farmers, Ethiopia is cited among the countries experiencing frequent drought and highly vulnerable to climate change associated impacts. Micro level vulnerability assessment, in the context of a changing climate, has a paramount significance in designing policies addressing climate change induced effects. Assessing vulnerability to climate change is important for defining the risks posed by the change and it provides a starting point for the determination of effective means of promoting remedial actions to minimize impacts by supporting coping strategies and facilitating adaptation options targeted at specific context. METHODS: We employed cross-sectional survey research design has to examine the extent of livelihood vulnerability of 384 randomly selected smallholder farmers from three agroecologies which was supplemented by interviews. Livelihood vulnerability index, using integrated indicator approaches and principal component analysis, has been used. Chi-square test, F-test and t-test were used to examine association and mean differences among three agroecologies and between cropping types in terms of different attributes. FINDINGS: Overall, smallholder farmers living in kolla agroecology were found to be the most vulnerable to climate change induced hazards followed by dega. In terms of type of cropping season, belg dominated areas were relatively more vulnerable than those residing in meher dominated areas. Different biophysical and socio-economic attributes contributed their own role both for exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity differences among smallholder farmers farming in different agroecologies and different types of cropping seasons. CONCLUSION: We recommend that interventions undertaken to lessen the impact of climate change should be targeted to the factors which contribute to high extent of sensitivity and for those which could enhance the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers. Specifically, we suggest that resilience-building adaptation interventions like expansion of small-scale irrigation, accessing of microfinance service, early warning and timely information, extension support, non-farm sources of income, training and skill development, expansion of infrastructure have to be promoted thereby increase the adaptive capacity of subsistence rainfed-dependent farmers to withstand the vagaries of the climate variability risk. Moreover, disparities in the same agroecology have to be addressed properly in livelihood vulnerability discourse.

Anti-tuberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity among TB/HIV co-infected patients at Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia: nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to determine the incidence and predictors of anti-tuberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity among TB/HIV co-infected patients at Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A nested case-control study was conducted by reviewing charts of all TB/HIV co-infected patients who commenced anti-TB treatment from January 2008 to December 2011 at Jimma University Hospital. Patients who had developed hepatotoxicity after at least 5 days of standard doses of anti-TB drug therapy were labeled as "cases" and those without hepatotoxicity were "controls". Each case with anti-TB drug induced hepatotoxicity was compared with 3 controls selected randomly from the cohort. From a cohort of 296 TB/HIV co-infected patients 8 were excluded from the study as the causality between anti-TB drugs and hepatotoxicity was not confirmed, 33 had developed hepatotoxicity. On bivariate logistic regression analysis, body mass index (BMI) <18.5 Kg/m(2) [P = 0.01; OR (95%CI): 3.6 (1.4-9.5)], disseminated pulmonary TB [P = 0.00; OR (95%CI): 5.6 (2.2-14.6)], CD4 count ≤50 [P = 0.016; OR (95%CI): 3.6(1.27-10.23)] and WHO stage 4 [P = 0.004, OR (95%CI): 3.8 (1.68-8.77)] were significantly associated with anti-TB drug induced hepatotoxicity. Predictor variables with p-value <0.05 by bivariate analysis were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis and identified disseminated pulmonary TB [P = 0.001; AOR (95%CI) = 5.6 (2.1-15.0)] and BMI <18.5 [P = 0.014; AOR (95%CI)= 3.6 (1.3-10.1)] as independent predictors of anti-TB drug induced hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of anti-TB drug induced hepatotoxicity was 11.5%. The results suggest that in the presence of disseminated pulmonary TB and/or BMI <18.5 Kg/m(2), TB/HIV co-infected patients should be closely followed for the occurrence of hepatotoxicity during the intensive phase of TB treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality.