Comparison of oral flora before and after triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in patient with gastric disease.

The oral cavity is recognized as a major route for infection by Helicobacter pylori, which colonizes the gastric mucosa. Therapeutic options for elimination in patients with digestive disease have been established, though whether antibiotics are effective for H. pylori harbored in the oral cavity as well as oral commensal bacteria remain unknown. A 29-year-old woman visited a gastrointestinal clinic with a chief complaint of stomach ache. Gastroscopy and urine test findings for H. pylori IgG led to a definitive diagnosis of goose bumps gastritis induced by bacteria in the stomach, and triple therapy for H. pylori eradication was administered. Oral samples were obtained 10 times at a dental hospital clinic from 1 week before until 6 months after starting triple therapy. Nested PCR amplifying the ureA gene and PCR assays using species-specific primer sets were performed to detect H. pylori and major oral commensal bacterial species, respectively, in those samples. Bacterial DNA encoding the ureA gene of H. pylori in oral specimens was detected prior to starting therapy, which was then reduced during and not detected after finishing treatment. Although the populations of major oral pathogenic bacteria, such as periodontopathic and oral streptococcal species, were drastically reduced during triple therapy, most had recovered within approximately 1 week after ending treatment. These results suggest that a conventional triple therapy approach for eradication of H. pylori in cases of digestive disease is effective for elimination of the bacterium from the oral cavity. On the other hand, after finishing such therapy, the oral flora composition is not drastically changed.

Longitudinal comparison of Streptococcus mutans-induced aggravation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.

Background: We previously reported that intravenous administration of Streptococcus mutans strain TW871 caused typical non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-like findings in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model at 16 weeks after initiating the experiment. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to analyse mice administered S. mutans TW871 fed a HFD for various periods of time. Methods: First, 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed an HFD for 4 weeks, then TW871 (1 × 107 CFU) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were intravenously administered. Mice were euthanized 12, 16, 20, and 48 weeks after starting the experiment, and conventional clinical and histopathological evaluations were performed. Results: Typical NASH-like findings were not identified in the mice at 12 weeks, while they were observed in the TW871 group at 16 weeks, and the severity of NASH symptoms were increased at 20 weeks. Furthermore, signs of severe NASH were also observed at 48 weeks. In contrast, in the PBS-administered group, the NASH findings were identified only at 48 weeks and no typical NASH features were observed at 12, 16, or 20 weeks. Conclusion: These results suggest that intravenous administration of a specific S. mutans strain aggravates NASH in a time-dependent manner in the mice in contrast to mice without S. mutans exposure.

Campylobacter rectus in the Oral Cavity Correlates with Proteinuria in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Patients.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis-related pathogens, such as Campylobacter or Treponema species, have recently been shown to be associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Some strains of Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, harbour the cnm gene that encodes a collagen-binding protein (Cnm). This has also been demonstrated to be associated with urinary protein levels in IgAN patients. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the association of IgAN with C. rectus, Treponema denticola and cnm-positive S. mutans in the oral cavity of humans. METHODS: The presence of C. rectus, T. denticola and cnm-positive S. mutans strains in saliva samples of 117 IgAN patients and 56 healthy controls was evaluated by PCR, and the subjects' clinical parameters were analysed. RESULTS: C. rectus was significantly more prevalent in the IgAN group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The C. rectus-positive group was significantly associated with proteinuria in the IgAN group (p < 0.05). In addition, the C. rectus-positive and cnm-positive S. mutans group was shown to be more closely associated with urinary protein levels than the other groups (p < 0.0083). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that harbouring C. rectus in the oral cavity could be associated with proteinuria in IgAN patients.

The in vivo Inhibition of Oral Biofilm Accumulation and Streptococcus mutans by Ceramic Water.

Combustion-synthesized titanium carbide ceramics uniformly disperse silver, producing silver ions and hydroxyl radicals in water. This generates antimicrobial activity against various bacteria. One such bacterium is Streptococcus mutans, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium known as a major pathogen of dental caries. In this study, we analyzed the inhibition of oral biofilms and S. mutans by ceramic water in in vitro and human studies. S. mutans strains showed significantly lower antimicrobial and sucrose-dependent adhesion activity in the presence of ceramic powder compared with untreated culture medium. Confocal microscopy revealed that S. mutans biofilm structures with ceramic powder were thin and coarse. Twenty-seven volunteers (13 males, 14 females; 18-37 years old, mean 25.2 years) were enrolled for subsequent studies. After each meal, one group was asked to rinse with ceramic water while the other rinsed with untreated water for 1 week. After 1 week, the rinsing contents were switched between the groups and the same protocol was followed for an additional week. After rinsing with ceramic water, the average plaque score was 43.0 ± 3.7, which was significantly lower than the baseline value (74.1 ± 5.7, p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed when rinsing with untreated water. In addition, the total number of S. mutans in saliva was significantly reduced after rinsing with ceramic water compared with untreated water (p < 0.05). These results suggest that ceramic water possesses antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and inhibits biofilm formation. Rinsing with ceramic water can also inhibit dental plaque formation and S. mutans colonization in humans.

Contributions of Streptococcus mutans Cnm and PA antigens to aggravation of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.

Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, can cause infective endocarditis after invading the bloodstream. Recently, intravenous administration of specific S. mutans strains was shown to aggravate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a mouse model fed a high-fat diet. Here, we investigated the mechanism of this aggravation in a NASH mouse model by focusing on the S. mutans cell surface collagen-binding protein (Cnm) and the 190-kDa protein antigen (PA). Mice that were intravenously administered a S. mutans strain with a defect in Cnm (TW871CND) or PA (TW871PD) did not show clinical or histopathological signs of NASH aggravation, in contrast to those administered the parent strain TW871. The immunochemical analyses demonstrated higher levels of interferon-γ and metallothionein expression in the TW871 group than in the TW871CND and TW871PD groups. Analysis of bacterial affinity to cultured hepatic cells in the presence of unsaturated fatty acids revealed that the incorporation rate of TW871 was significantly higher than those of TW871CND and TW871PD. Together, our results suggest that Cnm and PA are important cell surface proteins for the NASH aggravation caused by S. mutans adhesion and affinity for hepatic cells.

Presence of Streptococcus mutans strains harbouring the cnm gene correlates with dental caries status and IgA nephropathy conditions.

Streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen of human dental caries. Strains harbouring the cnm gene, which encodes Cnm, a collagen-binding protein, contribute to the development of several systemic diseases. In this study, we analysed S. mutans strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN) patients to determine potential relationships between cnm and caries status as well as IgAN conditions. Saliva specimens were collected from 109 IgAN patients and the cnm status of isolated S. mutans strains was determined using PCR. In addition, the dental caries status (decayed, missing or filled teeth [DMFT] index) in patients who agreed to dental consultation (n = 49) was evaluated. The DMFT index and urinary protein levels in the cnm-positive group were significantly higher than those in the cnm-negative group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the urinary protein levels in the high DMFT (≥15) group were significantly higher than those in the low DMFT (<15) group (p < 0.05). Our results show that isolation of cnm-positive S. mutans strains from the oral cavity may be associated with urinary protein levels in IgAN patients, especially those with a high dental caries status.