Temporomandibular disorder prevalence and its association with oral parafunctions, neck pain, and neck function in healthcare students: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the temporomandibular disorder (TMD) prevalence in female students and to assess its association with oral parafunctions, neck pain, and function. METHODS: One hundred forty-four participants were included. The severity of TMD was assessed with Fonseca's Anamnestic Index (FAI). The oral parafunctions were self-reported with the Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC). Neck pain and neck function were recorded with the Core Outcome Measure Index (COMI). The Spearman correlation analysis was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Seventy participants (48.6%) had mild TMD. All participants had a positive OBC score, which indicated an oral parafunction. A moderate correlation between TMD and oral parafunctions (p < 0.001) was detected. DISCUSSION: TMD is common in female healthcare students, and its presence is associated with oral parafunctions, neck pain, and function. It is recommended to evaluate oral health habits and neck pain and function in females with TMD.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the patient-specific functional scale in patients with low back pain.

BACKGROUND: The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is among the most used measures to evaluate physical function. The PSFS has not been translated into Turkish for patients with low back pain to date. The purpose of the present study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the PSFS into Turkish (PSFS-T) and to assess its reliability and validity in patients with low back pain. METHODS: A total of 105 participants completed the PSFS-T, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. Sixty-nine participants completed the PSFS-T questionnaire twice in 7 days. The internal consistency of the PSFS-T was assessed using Cronbach's alpha while the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate test-retest reliability. The convergent validity of PSFS-T was determined with ODI, RMDQ, and VAS questionnaires by using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS: The PSFS-T demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.79) and good test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.75) with no floor or ceiling issues. The PSFS-T showed a moderate correlation with ODI (Rp =0 .49, p<0.001) and RMDQ (Rp =0 .46, p<0.001). A poor correlation was found between PSFS-T and VAS (Rp = 0.36, p< 0.001). Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) for the PSFS-T scores were 0.69 and 1.91 respectively. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of PSFS is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of low back patients. It may be considered a preferable scale for clinical assessment of Turkish-speaking patients with low back pain.

The Coping Strategies Questionnaire: Translation, cultural adaptation, reliability and validity in Turkish-speaking patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

BACKGROUND: The use of pain coping questionnaires is advantageous when selecting cognitive and behavioral targets for chronic pain management. The objective of this study was to investigate adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) in Turkish population with chronic musculoskeletal pain. METHODS: The Turkish version of the questionnaire (CSQ-T) was checked in terms of reliability and validity with a convenience sample of 123 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Reliability (test-retest) analyses were conducted by means of a retest 48 hours later with a sub-group of 40 patients. Construct validity of the CSQ was checked through convergent validity with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha of the subscales ranged from 0.814 to 0.934 and the test-retest reliability ranged from 0.800 to 0.944. Neither floor nor ceiling effects (15%) were found in the subscales (13.8%) and the total score (4.1%) of the CSQ-T. Factor analysis indicated that the scale had two factors. The total CSQ-T score was correlated with both the HADS (r: -0.636/-0.549) and the SF-36 (r: 0.701/0.768). CONCLUSION: The CSQ-T is a reliable and valid measure for assessing patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Turkish version of the Nonarthritic Hip Score.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS) into Turkish and determine the validity and reliability of the translated version in physically active patients with hip pain. METHODS: Sixty young to middle-aged and physically active patients (34 women and 26 men; mean age=35 years; age range: 18-40 years) with hip pain were included in the study. The original version of the NAHS was first translated into Turkish and back-translated into English by two bilingual translators each. The back-translated version was compared with the initial English version by a committee of the four translators. The Turkish version was then tested with 15 patients with hip pain and 15 healthy individuals. The participants were asked whether they had difficulties in understanding the questions. Subsequently, the questionnaire was accepted for use in the study population. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. The construct validity was determined via the Pearson correlation coefficient between the NAHS and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and Short Form-12 (SF-12). Floor and ceiling effects were analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to test construct validity. RESULTS: An ICC of 0.994 and Cronbach's alpha value of 0.908 were obtained; thus, the Turkish version of the NAHS was reliable. Neither floor nor ceiling effects (15%) were found in the sub-parameters (8.3-1.7%) and the total score (1.7%) of the NAHS. The EFA test showed that this questionnaire had four factors. Model fit indices in CFA were χ2/df=2.23, Tucker-Lewis index=0.90, comparative fit index=0.91, goodness of fit index=0.63, root mean square error of approximation=0.14 (90% CI: 0.12-0.16). The NAHS total score showed an excellent correlation with WOMAC (r=-0.909), mHHS (r=0.850), and SF-12 (r=0.811) scores. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the NAHS is a valid and reliable questionnaire for young and physically active patients with hip pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, Diagnostic study.

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Core Outcome Measures Index for the neck pain.

PURPOSE: The Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) is a short and multidimensional scale covering all domains recommended to be included in outcome measures for patients with neck pain. The purpose of the present study was to translate and cross culturally adapt the COMI into Turkish and to test its reliability and validity in patients with neck pain. METHODS: One hundred and six patients with a complaint of chronic neck pain (> 3 months) were enrolled in the present study. Participants completed a questionnaire booklet containing the COMI-neck, Neck Disability Index (NDI), Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS), Short Form-36 (SF-36), and pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The validation of the COMI included the assessment of its construct validity and reliability. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire was found to be 0.774 indicating a high internal consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test-retest reliability were found to be in the range of 0.817-0.986, which indicates a sufficient level of test-retest reliability. Pearson's correlation coefficient values of the COMI with SF-36, NDI, NPDS, and NRS ranged between 0.417 and 0.700, indicating a good correlation. CONCLUSION: Considering the analyses, it was concluded that the Turkish version of the COMI is a valid and reliable scale for chronic neck pain patients. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: The Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation (PREE) is a joint-specific, self-administered outcome measure used to determine the level of pain and disability in patients with various elbow pathologies. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the PREE into Turkish (PREE-T) and to test its reliability and validity. METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with elbow disorders were included in the present study. The original version of the PREE was translated and culturally adapted into Turkish by following standard procedure. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were determined using intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Construct validity of PREE-T was determined with Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires by using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Floor and ceiling effects were also analyzed. RESULTS: A high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.959) and an excellent test-retest reliability (the intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.970) indicated that the PREE-T was reliable. Neither floor nor ceiling effects were observed in sub-parameters (0-1.7%) and the total score (0%) of PREE-T. Correlation coefficients between the PREE-T total score and DASH disability/symptom and work sub-parameters were 0.636 and 0.461, respectively. PREE-T pain and function sub-parameters correlated with related sub-parameters of the SF-36 bodily pain (r = - 0.721) and physical functioning (r = - 0.263). CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the PREE is a valid and reliable outcome measure for assessing patients with elbow disorders. It is recommended to be used in research and clinical settings. Key Points • The Turkish version of the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation was successfully translated into Turkish and validated in a population with various elbow pathologies according to established guidelines • The Turkish version of the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation has high internal consistency and test-retest values • The Turkish version of the Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation is valid and reliable.

Effects of Kinesio Taping on the Relief of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) on delayed onset muscle soreness. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: Clinical laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-four nonathletic volunteers were assigned randomly to KT (n = 27) and placebo KT (n = 27) groups. INTERVENTIONS: The intense exercise protocol consisted of 100 consecutive drop jumps from a 0.60-m-high platform. Kinesio tape was applied with the fan technique on the quadriceps muscles in the KT group. The placebo KT group received the Kinesio tape with no technique and tension. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Muscle soreness, maximal isometric quadriceps muscle strength, vertical jump height, and blood analyses (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein) were measured preexercise, immediately postexercise, 48 hours postexercise, and 72 hours postexercise. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of time in all outcome measures (P < .05) except serum C-reactive protein level (P > .05). The intensity of muscle soreness was significantly lower in the KT group relative to the placebo KT group at 72 hours postexercise (P = .01). The serum creatine kinase level was significantly higher in the KT group compared with the placebo KT group at 72 hours postexercise (P = .01). There were no statistically significant differences between groups for the other outcome measures (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that KT intervention following the intense exercise protocol reduced muscle soreness. However, it had no effect on maximal quadriceps isometric strength and vertical jump height or serum lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, KT application after intense exercise also increased serum creatine kinase levels.

Translation, cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Penn Shoulder Score.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to translate the Penn Shoulder Score into Turkish and to establish its cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity in patients with shoulder dysfunctions. METHODS: The Penn Shoulder Score was translated and culturally adapted from English into Turkish. Subsequently, the Penn Shoulder Score, the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index were completed by 97 patients with shoulder dysfunctions. To determine the test-retest reliability, 30 patients completed the Penn Shoulder Score again on day 3. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach alpha were calculated to assess reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of convergent validity with Pearson Correlation Coefficient using the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. RESULTS: Internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.81. The Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.78, 0.90), demonstrating good test-retest reliability. Pearson correlation coefficients of the Penn Shoulder Score in relation with the Constant Score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Score, and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index were 0.65, 0.78, and -0.77, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the Penn Shoulder Score is a reliable and valid measure for assessing patients with shoulder dysfunctions. Implications for Rehabilitation The Turkish version of the Penn shoulder score is valid and reliable outcome measure for assessing patients with shoulder dysfunctions. The Turkish version of the Penn shoulder score could be easily performed by patients and it is easy to score by clinicians. It is recommended to use in clinical settings and in research.

Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version.

One way to measure the effectiveness of a specific treatment is to utilize measurements designed specifically for the disorder. Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) is a subjective self-report scale indicating the latest condition of the patients with shoulder instability. The objective is to study the cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of WOSI in Turkish population with shoulder disability. First, WOSI was translated and culturally adapted from English into Turkish. Afterward, in order to determine the level of reliability, internal consistency and test-retest analyses were conducted. Reliability (test-retest) analyses were conducted by means of retest 72 h later with a sub-group of 30 patients. Construct validity of the WOSI was checked through convergent validity with Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scale, Rowe Score Questionnaire, Oxford Shoulder Instability Questionnaire, and Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index by 60 patients with shoulder instability. The Turkish version of the questionnaire displayed high internal consistency (0.77-0.91) with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.91. As for the test-retest reliability, the ICC value was found to be high (95% CI 0.97). Floor and ceiling effects (15%) were observed neither in sub-parameters (0-4.9%) nor in total score (0%). WOSI total score was found to have a negative good correlation with the Rowe Score (r = -0.57) and a very good-excellent correlation with other questionnaires (r = 0.67-0.89). The Turkish version of WOSI is a valid and reliable scale for use in studies to evaluate the final condition of the patients with shoulder disabilities.

Relationship between scapular muscle and core endurance in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Scapular muscle endurance and core endurance reportedly influence shoulder injury risk. The exact relationship between scapular muscle endurance and core endurance, and how they impact one another in the healthy subjects remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between scapular muscle endurance and core endurance in healthy subjects. METHODS: Fifty healthy volunteers (23 males, 27 females; mean age 20.42 ± 1.04 years) were participated in this study. Endurance of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles was assessed using the scapular muscle endurance test. Sorensen test (endurance of trunk extensor muscles), trunk flexor endurance test, and side bridge test (endurance of lateral core muscles) were conducted to assess the core endurance. Pearson's product moment correlations examined relationships between scapular muscle endurance and each of the core endurance tests scores. RESULTS: Scapular muscle endurance test scores showed a positive correlation with the side bridge test scores (r = 0.414; p = 0.003). No significant correlation was found between scapular muscle endurance test scores and the other core endurance tests scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be a link between the scapular muscle endurance and lateral core muscles in healthy subjects; however, more research is needed to provide a definitive answer on the nature of this relationship. Further studies involving patients with shoulder pathology are warranted.

Reliability, Validity, and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Turkish Version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN: Validation of a self-report questionnaire. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Turkish version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Low back pain is one of the most frequent disorders leading to activity limitation. This pain affects most of people in their lives. The most important point to evaluate patient's functional abilities and to decide a successful therapy procedure is to manage the assessment questionnaires precisely. METHODS: One hundred ten patients with chronic low back pain were included in present study. To assess reliability, test-retest and internal consistency analyses were applied. The results of test-retest analysis were assessed by using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient method (95% confidence interval). For internal consistency, Cronbach alpha value was calculated. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed in terms of construct validity. For construct validity, factor analysis and convergent validity were tested. For convergent validity, total points of the Bournemouth Questionnaire were assessed with the total points of Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire by using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha value was found 0.914, showing that this questionnaire has high internal consistency. The results of test-retest analysis were varying between 0.851 and 0.927, which shows that test-retest results are highly correlated. Factor analysis test indicated that this questionnaire had one factor. Pearson correlation coefficient of the Bournemouth Questionnaire with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire was calculated 0.703 and it was found with Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale is 0.659. These results showed that the Bournemouth Questionnaire is very good correlated with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire is valid and reliable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is among the most common musculoskeletal system disorders. Outcome measures are needed for the measurement of function, to establish a treatment program, and for monitoring the improvement in low back pain. There exist several questionnaires enquiring about function in low back pain. One of these is Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire, whose reliability and validity were previously established. Other than the original version of the questionnaire, only its Persian version exists. The present study aims to investigate the cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire. METHODS: The study included 103 patients with low back pain. For reliability assessment of the questionnaire, test-retest and internal consistency analyses were performed. The results of test-retest analysis were assessed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient method. For internal consistency, Cronbach Alpha value was used. Validity analyses of the questionnaire were performed by construct validity. For construct validity, convergent validity was tested. Convergent validity of the questionnaire was calculated via its correlation with suitable subscales of the Short Form-36 and the total score of the Oswestry Disability Index by using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient values for test-retest reliability were found to be in the range of 0.765-0.924, which indicate a sufficient level of test-retest reliability. Cronbach's Alpha value was found to be 0.804 indicating a high internal consistency. Pearson's correlation coefficient between Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire to Short Form-36 and Oswestry Disability Index values were ranged between 0.424 and -0.810, indicating a good correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Considering all these data, it was concluded that the Turkish version of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire is valid and reliable.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale on patients with knee injuries.

INTRODUCTION: The Lower Extremity Functional Scale is a widely used questionnaire to evaluate the functional impairment in lower extremities. To date, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale has not been translated into Turkish. The aim of this study is to translate and culturally adapt the Lower Extremity Functional Scale into a Turkish version, and evaluate the psychometric properties of this version in patients with knee injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The translation of the English version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale into a Turkish version was performed using standard guidelines. Validity and reliability of Turkish version were tested in 134 patients with knee injuries. Association level between other outcomes measures (Kujala Patellofemoral Score, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale and a Visual Analog Scale) and Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was analyzed to assess validation. Participants completed the questionnaire at baseline and after 2 days to test reliability. RESULTS: The Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale was showed a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.93). ICCs were 0.96 and no floor or ceiling effects. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale had a high level of association with the Kujala Patellofemoral Score (r = 0.82), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (r = 0.80) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores (r = 0.69) (all, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale is a valid and reliable questionnaire that can be used to evaluate functional status in Turkish speaking patients with different knee disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.