RESUMEN
Integrating a molecular catalyst with a light harvester into a photocatalyst is an effective strategy for solar light conversion. However, it is challenging to establish a crystallized framework with well-organized connections that favour charge separation and transfer. Herein, we report the heterogenization of a Salen metal complex molecular catalyst into a rigid covalent organic framework (COF) through covalent linkage with the light-harvesting unit of pyrene for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The chemically conjugated bonds between the two units contribute to fast photogenerated electron transfer and thereby promote the proton reduction reaction. The Salen cobalt-based COF showed the best hydrogen evolution activity (1378â µmol g-1 h-1 ), which is superior to the previously reported nonnoble metal based COF photocatalysts. This work provides a strategy to construct atom-efficient photocatalysts by the heterogenization of molecular catalysts into covalent organic frameworks.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reproducibility of Gleason scores for prostate cancer. METHODS: Based on the revised Gleason Scoring System of the International Society of Urological Pathology ( ISUP) , we analyzed the reproducibility and difference of Gleason scores in 49 cases of prostate cancer using the methods of combination and grouping. RESULTS: The total reproducibility of Gleason scores among 15 pathologists was good (κ = 0.642), 62.2% by the combination method, the highest in Gleason 5 + 5 (81.2%) and 5 +4 (73.3%), then in Gleason 4 + 4 (67.5%), 3 + 3 (64.0%), 4 +3 (61.3%), and 3 + 4 (44.0%), and the lowest in Gleason 4 + 5 (38.9%) and 3 + 5 (33.3%). The total reproducibility of Gleason scores by the grouping method was 71.4%, the highest in Gleason 9-10 (84.9%) , then in Gleason 7 (76.7%) and 6 (64.0%), and the lowest in Gleason 8 (60.7%). CONCLUSION: The reproducibility of Gleason scores remains to be further improved in prostate cancer, mainly concerning the understanding of Gleason 3 and 4 carcinoma.