Preschoolers' in-group bias promotes altruistic sharing and reduces second-party punishment: The role of theory of mind.

This study examines how in-group bias affects altruistic sharing and second-party punishment in preschoolers and the role of theory of mind (ToM) in in-group bias. Preschoolers aged 4 to 7 years (N = 309; 160 girls) were asked to share resources with an in-group member and an out-group member (Dictator Game) and to reject or accept an unequal allocation proposed by an in-group member and an out-group member (Ultimatum Game). The results showed that preschoolers shared more resources with, and tolerated more unfair behaviors from, in-group members. ToM influenced the in-group bias in both altruistic sharing and second-party punishment. Notably, children's degree of in-group favoritism in altruistic sharing was positively related to the second-party punishment children imposed on out-group members. However, this pattern was found only among children who had acquired first-order ToM. This study reveals the developmental patterns of preschoolers' in-group bias in altruistic sharing and second-party punishment and the effects of ToM on in-group bias.

Enhancing the electrochemical properties of TiNb2O7 anodes with SP-CNT binary conductive agents for both liquid and solid state lithium ion batteries.

A high performance oxide composite electrode is obtained with a two-step solid state calcined titanium niobium oxide TiNb2O7 (TNO) anode and super P-carbon nanotube (SP-CNT) binary conductive agents. The solid state synthesized TNO-0.2C (the proportion of CNTs in the binary conductive agent is 20% wt) anode exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 278.6 mA h g-1 at 0.5C, a competitive rate capability with reported works that employed wet chemical methods at moderate rates (178.1 mA h g-1 at 10C), and an excellent capacity retention of 92.2% after 200 cycles at 1.5C/1.5C. The enhancement in electrochemical properties of the TNO-0.2C anode is mainly attributed to the combination of the short range and long range conductive agents in the SP-CNT binary conductive system, which guarantees an efficient electronic conductive network. The Li|Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 composite polymer electrolyte (LATPCPEs)|TNO-0.2C solid state batteries are also assembled, which deliver a high initial reversible discharge capacity of 241.3 mA h g-1 at 1C and a good capacity retention rate of 93% after 50 cycles. This work provides an efficient way to improve the electrochemical properties of TNO anodes in lithium ion batteries, especially for solid state batteries.

[Preparation of macrocycle antibiotic chiral stationary phases by wrapping with a net in high performance liquid chromatography].

Vancomycin and teicoplanin are glycopeptide macrocyclic antibiotics with three-dimensional ring structures and multiple chiral centers. They are commonly used chiral recognition materials in enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this study, six chiral stationary phases wrapped with a net on silica gels were prepared by interfacial polymerization using vancomycin and teicoplanin as chiral selectors, piperazine as a monomer, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as crosslinker. The fabricated chiral columns were used for enantioseparations. Compared to the crosslinked and commercial columns composed of vancomycin and teicoplanin, the columns wrapped with a net exhibited complementarity for the optical resolutions.

[Chiral stationary phases of cellulose derived using 3,5-dimethyl phenylcarbamate].

Chiral columns based on cellulose tri(3,5-dimethyl phenylcarbamate) (CTDMPC) have been extensively used for enantioseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of cellulose derived using different amounts of 3,5-dimethyl phenylcarbamate and silica gels prepared by different methods on the chiral separation characteristics have been investigated. Thirteen chiral chromatographic columns were prepared, and their separation capability for sixteen racemate samples was evaluated. The efficiency of enantioselective resolution followed the order trisubstituted cellulose column > disubstituted cellulose column > cellulose column. Refine silica gel and macroporous silica gel showed better performance than did coarse silica gel. The use of macroporous silica gel resulted in low column pressure. Whether the silica gels were derived by aminopropyl could affect the enantioseparations. The thirteen chiral chromatographic columns were complementary for the separation of racemates, especially the cellulose column. This is a comparative study on the preparation of chiral stationary phases for HPLC, and the findings would enable us to design and fabricate chromatographic columns.