RESUMEN
Antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules is essential to mount an adaptive immune response against pathogens and cancerous cells. To this end, the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) delivers snippets of the cellular proteome, resulting from proteasomal degradation, into the ER lumen. After peptide loading and editing by the peptide-loading complex (PLC), stable peptide-MHC I complexes are released for cell surface presentation. Since the process of MHC I trafficking is poorly defined, we established an approach to control antigen presentation by introduction of a photo-caged amino acid in the catalytic ATP-binding site of TAP. By optical control, we initiate TAP-dependent antigen translocation, thus providing new insights into TAP function within the PLC and MHC I trafficking in living cells. Moreover, this versatile approach has the potential to be applied in the study of other cellular pathways controlled by P-loop ATP/GTPases.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/inmunología , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/química , Luz , Transporte de ProteínasRESUMEN
ABC transporters form one of the largest protein superfamilies in all domains of life, catalyzing the movement of diverse substrates across membranes. In this key position, ABC transporters can mediate multidrug resistance in cancer therapy and their dysfunction is linked to various diseases. Here, we describe the 2.7-Å X-ray structure of heterodimeric Thermus thermophilus multidrug resistance proteins A and B (TmrAB), which not only shares structural homology with the antigen translocation complex TAP, but is also able to restore antigen processing in human TAP-deficient cells. TmrAB exhibits a broad peptide specificity and can concentrate substrates several thousandfold, using only one single active ATP-binding site. In our structure, TmrAB adopts an asymmetric inward-facing state, and we show that the C-terminal helices, arranged in a zipper-like fashion, play a crucial role in guiding the conformational changes associated with substrate transport. In conclusion, TmrAB can be regarded as a model system for asymmetric ABC exporters in general, and for TAP in particular.
Asunto(s)
Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Thermus thermophilus , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Sitios de Unión , Catálisis , Línea Celular , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Proteica , Thermus thermophilus/metabolismoRESUMEN
As a centerpiece of antigen processing, the ATP-binding cassette transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) became a main target for viral immune evasion. The herpesviral ICP47 inhibits TAP function, thereby suppressing an adaptive immune response. Here, we report on a thermostable ICP47-TAP complex, generated by fusion of different ICP47 fragments. These fusion complexes allowed us to determine the direction and positioning in the central cavity of TAP. ICP47-TAP fusion complexes are arrested in a stable conformation, as demonstrated by MHC I surface expression, melting temperature, and the mutual exclusion of herpesviral TAP inhibitors. We unveiled a conserved region next to the active domain of ICP47 as essential for the complete stabilization of the TAP complex. Binding of the active domain of ICP47 arrests TAP in an open inward facing conformation rendering the complex inaccessible for other viral factors. Based on our findings, we propose a dual interaction mechanism for ICP47. A per se destabilizing active domain inhibits the function of TAP, whereas a conserved C-terminal region additionally stabilizes the transporter. These new insights into the ICP47 inhibition mechanism can be applied for future structural analyses of the TAP complex.
Asunto(s)
Presentación de Antígeno/fisiología , Proteínas Inmediatas-Precoces/metabolismo , Simplexvirus/metabolismo , Transportador de Casetes de Unión a ATP, Subfamilia B, Miembro 2/genética , Transportador de Casetes de Unión a ATP, Subfamilia B, Miembro 2/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Línea Celular , Células HEK293 , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Inmediatas-Precoces/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Inmediatas-Precoces/genética , Conformación Proteica , Estabilidad Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Alineación de Secuencia , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules depends on the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). For efficient antigen supply to MHC I molecules in the ER, TAP assembles a macromolecular peptide-loading complex (PLC) by recruiting tapasin. In evolution, TAP appeared together with effector cells of adaptive immunity at the transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates and diversified further within the jawed vertebrates. Here, we compared TAP function and interaction with tapasin of a range of species within two classes of jawed vertebrates. We found that avian and mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 form heterodimeric complexes across taxa. Moreover, the extra N-terminal domain TMD0 of mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 as well as avian TAP2 recruits tapasin. Strikingly, however, only TAP1 and TAP2 from the same taxon can form a functional heterodimeric translocation complex. These data demonstrate that the dimerization interface between TAP1 and TAP2 and the tapasin docking sites for PLC assembly are conserved in evolution, whereas elements of antigen translocation diverged later in evolution and are thus taxon specific.