Asunto(s)
Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Brasil , Prueba de Esfuerzo/normas , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades CardiovascularesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings and their association with imaging results in male Brazilian football players. METHODS: The 'B-Pro Foot ECG' is a multicentre observational study conducted in 82 Brazilian professional clubs. It analysed 6125 players aged 15-35 years (2496 white, 2004 mixed-race and 1625 black individuals) who underwent cardiovascular screening from 2002 to 2023. All ECGs were reviewed by two experienced cardiologists in the athlete's care. Those with abnormal findings underwent further investigations, including a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was subsequently performed based on TTE findings or clinical suspicion. RESULTS: In total, 180 (3%) players had abnormal ECGs and 176 (98%) showed normal TTE results. Athletes aged 26-35 years had a higher prevalence of abnormal ECGs than younger athletes (15-25 years). Black players had a higher prevalence of T-wave inversion (TWI) in the inferior leads than white players (2.6% vs 1.4%; p=0.005), as well as in V5 (2.9%) and V6 (2.1%) compared with white (1.2% and 1.0%; p<0.001) and mixed-race (1.5% and 1.2%; p<0.05) players, respectively. TTE parameters were similar across ethnicities. However, four out of 75 players with inferolateral TWI showed abnormal TTEs and CMR findings consistent with cardiomyopathies. CMR also showed cardiomyopathies or myocarditis in four players with inferolateral TWI and normal TTEs. In total, nine (0.1%) athletes were diagnosed with cardiac diseases and were followed for 40±30 months, with no cardiac events documented. CONCLUSION: This study found a 3% prevalence of abnormal ECGs in male Brazilian football players. Inferolateral TWI was associated with cardiac pathologies confirmed by CMR, even in athletes with a normal TTE.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Fútbol , Humanos , Masculino , Brasil/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Prevalencia , Imagen por Resonancia MagnéticaAsunto(s)
Productos Biológicos , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Cardiopatías , Envejecimiento , Brasil , Humanos , Consumo de Oxígeno , Aptitud Física , Clase SocialAsunto(s)
Humanos , Anciano , Productos Biológicos , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Cardiopatías , Consumo de Oxígeno , Clase Social , Brasil , Aptitud FísicaRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: Está cientificamente comprovado, sendo algo incorporado ao senso comum, que ser fisicamente ativo contribui para preservar e recuperar a boa saúde do corpo e da mente. Os efeitos favoráveis da reabilitação cardiovascular (RCV) com ênfase nos exercícios físicos têm sido consistentemente documentados, inclusive em meta-análises de estudos clínicos randomizados, que demonstram significativas reduções da morbimortalidade cardiovascular e global,1 bem como da taxa de hospitalização,1,2 com expressivo ganho de qualidade de vida,1,2 justificando a sua consensual e enfática recomendação pelas principais sociedades médicas mundiais.3-6 O sedentarismo, que apresenta elevada prevalência no Brasil e no mundo, está fortemente relacionado às doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e à mortalidade precoce.7,8 Em contrapartida, maiores volumes de atividade física são positivamente associados à melhor qualidade e à maior expectativa de vida,9-13 existindo uma forte e inversa associação dos diferentes componentes da aptidão física com a mortalidade por todas as causas e com a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares desfavoráveis. Ou seja, quanto menor o nível de aptidão física, maior tende ser a taxa de mortalidade.14-21 Portanto, o principal objetivo da RCV com ênfase nos exercícios físicos é propiciar uma melhora dos componentes da aptidão física, tanto aeróbico quanto não aeróbicos (força/ potência muscular, flexibilidade, equilíbrio), algo que exige a combinação de diferentes modalidades de treinamento. Assim, a RCV deve proporcionar os mais elevados níveis de aptidão física passíveis de obtenção, de modo a reduzir o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e promover todos os outros benefícios a serem auferidos pela prática regular de exercícios físicos, culminando com a redução da mortalidade geral.
Asunto(s)
Rehabilitación , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Aptitud Física , Rehabilitación Cardiaca , Actividad MotoraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Brazil has insufficient cardiac rehabilitation capacity, yet density and regional variation in unmet need is unknown. Moreover, South America has CR guidelines, but whether delivery conforms has not been described. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish: (1) cardiac rehabilitation volumes and density, and (2) the nature of programmes, and (3) compare these by: (a) Brazilian region and (b) to other upper middle-income countries (upper-MICs). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a survey was administered to cardiac rehabilitation programmes globally. Cardiac associations were engaged to facilitate programme identification. Density was computed using Global Burden of Disease study ischaemic heart disease incidence estimates. Results were compared to data from the 29 upper-MICs with cardiac rehabilitation (N=249 programmes). RESULTS: Cardiac rehabilitation was available in all Brazilian regions, with 30/75 programmes initiating a survey (40.0% programme response rate). There was only one cardiac rehabilitation spot for every 99 ischaemic heart disease patient. Most programmes were funded by government/hospital sources (n=16, 53.3%), but in 11 programmes (36.7%) patients depended on private health insurance. Guideline-indicated conditions were accepted in ≥70% of programmes. Programmes had a team of 3.8±1.9 staff (versus 5.9±2.8 in other upper-MICs, p<0.05), offering 4.0±1.6/10 core components (versus 6.0±1.5 in other upper-MICs, p<0.01; more tobacco cessation and return-to-work counselling needed in particular) over 44.5 sessions/patient (Q25-75=29-65) vs. 32 sessions/patient (Q25-75=15-40) in other upper-MICs (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Brazilian cardiac rehabilitation capacity must be augmented, but where available, services are consistent across regions, but differ from other upper-MICs in terms of staff size and core components delivered.
Asunto(s)
Rehabilitación Cardiaca/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Rehabilitación Cardiaca/métodos , Estudios Transversales , Países en Desarrollo , Humanos , IncidenciaRESUMEN
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is considered an often underdiagnosed acute coronary syndrome, with few cases described in literature. Its association with physical exercise among young patients without risk factors or atherosclerotic disease (CAD) is even rarer. For this reason, a study was conducted on the subject, describing the clinical conditions, conduct and evolution regarding the suspicion of spontaneous exercise-related coronary artery dissection in three young patients without risk factors or CAD. Clinical conditions varied, with predominant recurrent chest pain. Age range from 20 to 31 years. All patients underwent coronary angiography, which showed no CAD but suggested SCAD. Investigations concerning other causes of coronary obstruction were negative. The right coronary artery was affected in two cases, and the anterior descending artery was affected in one case. Only one of the three patients had recurrent events within five years from the primary event. Technological advances will enable increased dissection identification in acute coronary syndromes. Improving the knowledge about the related clinical conditions is necessary, as an attempt to provide warnings and improve the suspicion of spontaneous exercise-related coronary artery dissection among those who have symptoms of coronary insufficiency, thus reducing the frequent underdiagnosis. The best treatment and prognosis for this disease remains uncertain.
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Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/diagnóstico por imagen , Ejercicio Físico , Enfermedades Vasculares/congénito , Adulto , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Dolor en el Pecho/etiología , Angiografía Coronaria , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/complicaciones , Anomalías de los Vasos Coronarios/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Electrocardiografía , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades Vasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Vasculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Vasculares/cirugía , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Maximal oxygen uptake is a powerful prognostic indicator and a reliable measure of physical conditioning. It can be measured directly by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) or indirectly by formulas derived from conventional protocols. Objective: We compared the VO2 max obtained by formula using exercise testing with Bruce protocol (BP) with the VO2 max obtained by CPET on the treadmill. Methods: We selected 41 healthy, non-obese, physically inactive young volunteers, aged between 21 and 50 years, residents of Florianópolis, Brazil. Results: Twenty-one women (52%) with mean age of 35.62 ± 8.83 years, and 20 males, with mean age of 32.5 ± 7.18 years participated in the study. Statistically significant differences were found for VO2 max between the two methods (BP - 42.31 ± 5.21 ml/kg.min vs. CPET - 30.46 ± 5.50 ml/kg.min., p < 0.0001). The Bruce formula overestimated the result by 34.1% (BP - 45.95 ± 3.94 ml/kg.min vs. CPX - 34.27 ± 4.20 ml/kg.min, p < 0.0001) for men, and by 44.8% (BP - 38.84 ± 3.72 ml/kg.min vs. CPX - 26.83 ± 3.90, p < 0.0001) for women. A moderate correlation was observed between the methods (r = 0.65). When classifying the results according to the table of aerobic capacity of the American Heart Association, the agreement was null (kappa = 0.0034; Pearson chi2 = 0.001). Conclusion: VO2 estimated by BP is not capable of demonstrating the true aerobic capacity in these individuals, while CPET is an important tool for early detection of diminished functional capacity in sedentary young men and women
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Consumo de Oxígeno , Adolescente , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Índice de Masa Corporal , Factores Sexuales , Protocolos Clínicos , Aptitud Física , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta SedentariaAsunto(s)
Cardiología/normas , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Medicina Deportiva/normas , Atletas , Brasil , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Humanos , Sociedades Médicas , Deportes/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs can address the cardiovascular disease epidemic in South America. However, there are factors limiting CR access at the patient, provider, and system levels. The latter 2 have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to investigate cardiology administrator's awareness and knowledge of CR and perceptions regarding resources for CR. METHODS: This study was cross-sectional and observational in design. Cardiology administrators from South American and Caribbean countries were invited to participate by members of a professional association. Participants completed a questionnaire online. Descriptive analysis was performed and differences in CR knowledge, awareness, perception, and attitudes regarding CR were described overall, by institution funding source (private vs public) and presence of within-institution CR (yes vs no). RESULTS: Most of the 55 respondents from 8 countries perceived CR as important for outpatient care (mean ± SD = 4.83 ± 0.38 out of 5; higher scores indicating more positive perceptions), with benefits including reduced hospital readmissions (4.31 ± 0.48) and length of stay (4.64 ± 0.71 days), not only for cardiac patients but for those with other vascular conditions (4.34 ± 0.68 days). Those working in public institutions (50.9%) and in institutions without a CR program (25.0%) were not as aware of, and less likely to value, CR services (P < .05). Only 13.2% of programs had dedicated funding. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to findings from high-income settings, cardiology administrators and cardiologists in South America value CR as part of cardiac patient care, but funding and availability of programs restrict capacity to deliver these services.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Rehabilitación Cardiaca/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Región del Caribe , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , América del Sur , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Depression is 3 times more prevalent in the cardiac than the general population in high-income countries and is particularly high in middle-income countries. Comorbid depression is associated with twice the mortality after a cardiovascular event. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare depressive symptoms pre- and postcardiac rehabilitation (CR) among patients in high-income countries and middle-income countries in the Americas. METHODS: The study design was prospective and observational. A convenience sample of CR participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) at CR intake and again at program discharge. Clinical data were extracted from medical charts. RESULTS: There were 779 participants: 45 Brazilian (5.8% of sample), 214 Canadian (27.5%), 126 Colombian (16.2%), 309 American (39.7%), and 85 Venezuelan (10.9%). Pre-CR depressive symptoms significantly differed between countries (P < .05), with Colombian participants reporting higher scores than Canadians and Venezuelans. Total PHQ-9 scores significantly decreased during CR in Colombia (mean change =-2.33; P < .001), the United States (mean change =-1.12; P < .001), and Venezuela (mean change =-2.14; P < .001), but not in Brazil (where less psychosocial intervention was offered) or Canada (where pre-CR scores were low). Among the 102 (13.1%) participants with scores in the elevated range pre-CR, the mean change in PHQ-9 scores was -6.57 ± 1.09 and 40 (39.2%) participants no longer had elevated symptoms postprogram. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms are variable among patients with CR in South and North American countries. CR programs incorporating psychosocial components can reduce these symptoms.
Asunto(s)
Rehabilitación Cardiaca/psicología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/epidemiología , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/psicología , Colombia/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Venezuela/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has been gaining importance as a method of functional assessment in Brazil and worldwide. In its most frequent applications, CPET consists in applying a gradually increasing intensity exercise until exhaustion or until the appearance of limiting symptoms and/or signs. The following parameters are measured: ventilation; oxygen consumption (VO2); carbon dioxide production (VCO2); and the other variables of conventional exercise testing. In addition, in specific situations, pulse oximetry and flow-volume loops during and after exertion are measured. The CPET provides joint data analysis that allows complete assessment of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and metabolic systems during exertion, being considered gold standard for cardiorespiratory functional assessment.1-6 The CPET allows defining mechanisms related to low functional capacity that can cause symptoms, such as dyspnea, and correlate them with changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems. Furthermore, it can be used to provide the prognostic assessment of patients with heart or lung diseases, and in the preoperative period, in addition to aiding in a more careful exercise prescription to healthy subjects, athletes and patients with heart or lung diseases. Similarly to CPET clinical use, its research also increases, with the publication of several scientific contributions from Brazilian researchers in high-impact journals. Therefore, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the applicability of CPET to different clinical situations, in addition to serving as a practical guide for the interpretation of that test. Resumo O teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) vem ganhando importância crescente como método de avaliação funcional tanto no Brasil quanto no Mundo. Nas suas aplicações mais frequentes, o teste consiste em submeter o indivíduo a um exercício de intensidade gradativamente crescente até a exaustão ou o surgimento de sintomas e/ou sinais limitantes. Neste exame se mensura a ventilação (VE), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de gás carbônico (VCO2) e as demais variáveis de um teste de exercício convencional. Adicionalmente, podem ser verificadas, em situações específicas, a oximetria de pulso e as alças fluxo-volume antes, durante e após o esforço. A análise integrada dos dados permite a completa avaliação dos sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, muscular e metabólico no esforço, sendo considerado padrão-ouro na avaliação funcional cardiorrespiratória.1-6 O TCPE permite definir mecanismos relacionados à baixa capacidade funcional, os quais podem ser causadores de sintomas como a dispneia, correlacionando-os com alterações dos sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar e musculoesquelético. Também pode ser de grande aplicabilidade na avaliação prognóstica em cardiopatas, pneumopatas e em pré-operatório, além de auxiliar na prescrição mais criteriosa do exercício em sujeitos normais, em atletas, em cardiopatas e em pneumopatas. Assim como ocorre com o uso clínico, a pesquisa nesse campo também cresce e várias contribuições científicas de pesquisadores nacionais são publicadas em periódicos de alto fator de impacto. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste documento é fornecer uma revisão ampla da aplicabilidade do TCPE nas diferentes situações clínicas, bem como servir como guia prático na interpretação desse teste propedêutico.
Asunto(s)
Prueba de Esfuerzo/normas , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Ventilación Pulmonar/fisiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Disnea/diagnóstico , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares/fisiopatología , Pronóstico , Circulación Pulmonar , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , Espirometría , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) has been gaining importance as a method of functional assessment in Brazil and worldwide. In its most frequent applications, CPET consists in applying a gradually increasing intensity exercise until exhaustion or until the appearance of limiting symptoms and/or signs. The following parameters are measured: ventilation; oxygen consumption (VO2); carbon dioxide production (VCO2); and the other variables of conventional exercise testing. In addition, in specific situations, pulse oximetry and flow-volume loops during and after exertion are measured. The CPET provides joint data analysis that allows complete assessment of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and metabolic systems during exertion, being considered gold standard for cardiorespiratory functional assessment.1-6 The CPET allows defining mechanisms related to low functional capacity that can cause symptoms, such as dyspnea, and correlate them with changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal muscle systems. Furthermore, it can be used to provide the prognostic assessment of patients with heart or lung diseases, and in the preoperative period, in addition to aiding in a more careful exercise prescription to healthy subjects, athletes and patients with heart or lung diseases. Similarly to CPET clinical use, its research also increases, with the publication of several scientific contributions from Brazilian researchers in high-impact journals. Therefore, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive review on the applicability of CPET to different clinical situations, in addition to serving as a practical guide for the interpretation of that test.
RESUMO O teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) vem ganhando importância crescente como método de avaliação funcional tanto no Brasil quanto no Mundo. Nas suas aplicações mais frequentes, o teste consiste em submeter o indivíduo a um exercício de intensidade gradativamente crescente até a exaustão ou o surgimento de sintomas e/ou sinais limitantes. Neste exame se mensura a ventilação (VE), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de gás carbônico (VCO2) e as demais variáveis de um teste de exercício convencional. Adicionalmente, podem ser verificadas, em situações específicas, a oximetria de pulso e as alças fluxo-volume antes, durante e após o esforço. A análise integrada dos dados permite a completa avaliação dos sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, muscular e metabólico no esforço, sendo considerado padrão-ouro na avaliação funcional cardiorrespiratória.1-6 O TCPE permite definir mecanismos relacionados à baixa capacidade funcional, os quais podem ser causadores de sintomas como a dispneia, correlacionando-os com alterações dos sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar e musculoesquelético. Também pode ser de grande aplicabilidade na avaliação prognóstica em cardiopatas, pneumopatas e em pré-operatório, além de auxiliar na prescrição mais criteriosa do exercício em sujeitos normais, em atletas, em cardiopatas e em pneumopatas. Assim como ocorre com o uso clínico, a pesquisa nesse campo também cresce e várias contribuições científicas de pesquisadores nacionais são publicadas em periódicos de alto fator de impacto. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste documento é fornecer uma revisão ampla da aplicabilidade do TCPE nas diferentes situações clínicas, bem como servir como guia prático na interpretação desse teste propedêutico.