Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection among healthcare workers and hospital staff of a university hospital in Colombia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine current and previous SARS-COV-2 infection, and describe risk factors associated with seropositivity, among HCWs and hospital staff between June and October of 2020. Methodology: Data from the day of enrollment for a prospective cohort study were analyzed to determine point prevalence and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCWs and hospital staff of a university hospital in Colombia. Respiratory samples were collected to perform RT-PCR tests, along with blood samples to measure SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies. Data on nosocomial and community risk factors for infection were also collected and analyzed. Findings: 420 HCWs and hospital staff members were included. The seroprevalence at baseline was 23.2%, of which 10.7% had only IgM antibodies, 0.7% had IgG, and 11.7% had IgM and IgG. The prevalence of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.9%. Being a nurse assistant was significantly associated with seropositivity when compared with all other job duties (PR 2.39, 95% CI 1.27-3.65, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Overall SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was 1.9% and seroprevalence was 23.15%. Nurse assistants, medical doctors or students, and laboratory workers had a higher possibility of being SARS-CoV-2 seropositive.

[Periodontal disease: epidemiological approaches for its analysis as a public health concern]. / Enfermedad periodontal: enfoques epidemiológicos para su análisis como problema de salud pública.

The way how health problems are defined allow conceptual and methodological developments that lead to different outcomes and specific analytical and preventive approaches to confront problems. This essay aims to show some of the main epidemiological approaches that have been used to address the oral health-disease process, in particular the periodontal disease. Regarding the latter, different approaches to their understanding are proposed, which have been influenced by the biological-curative model, whose scope is limited and focused on the identification of risk factors and on demonstrating causal relationships. However, more comprehensive alternatives are also portrayed from social epidemiology that include social determinants in the analysis of the health-disease process, which affects and influences this process in the communities.

La forma como los problemas de salud son definidos permiten desarrollos conceptuales y metodológicos diferentes, lo cual conduce a determinados resultados y a abordajes analíticos y preventivos específicos para afrontar los problemas. Este ensayo pretende mostrar algunos de los principales enfoques epidemiológicos con que ha sido abordado el proceso salud-enfermedad bucal y en particular la enfermedad periodontal. En relación a esta última se proponen diferentes enfoques para su comprensión los cuales han estado influenciados por el modelo biológico-curativo cuyo alcance es limitado y centrado en la identificación de factores de riego y en demostrar relaciones causales; sin embargo desde la epidemiología social se muestran alternativas más integrales que incluyen en el análisis los determinantes sociales de la salud que condicionan e inciden en el proceso salud enfermedad de las comunidades.

Inequidad en mortalidad infantil y servicios pediátricos en Bogotá: nuevo modelo de análisis para América Latina / Inequity in infant mortality and pediatric services in Bogotá: a new model of analysis for Latin America

RESUMEN Objetivos Describir la relación entre la disponibilidad de servicios de salud y la mortalidad infantil en Bogotá. Métodos Se tomaron los datos de tasa mortalidad infantil (TMI) y razón de camas de hospitalización pediatricas (RCAM) y centros de servicios urgencias por localidad (RSUP) para los años 2010-2016, se estimo un GINI de distribución y un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) entre las variables. Resultados Durante el periodo de años 2010 a 2016 hubo 726 946 nacidos vivos (NV) y fallecieron 7 681 niños menores de 1 año, con un aseguramiento del 94,7% de los cuales el 75% pertenecen al regimen contributivo. La tasa de mortalidad infantil disminuyó siendo 9,11 en el año 2016, pero aumentó en las localidades Tunjuelito, Antonio Nariño y Ciudad Bolivar siendo >12 por mil NV. Conclusiones Los servicios de salud tienen una distribución inetquitativa con un GINI de 0,44 para PSUP y de 0,701 para RCAM. Existe una correlación con mortalidad infantil en las localidades con menor RSUP tiene un r(-0,340) y para PCAM un r(-0,648) en el año 2016.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the correlation between the availability of health services and infant mortality in Bogotá. Materials and Methods This study involved data on infant mortality rates (IMR), ratio of pediatric hospital beds (RPHB) and emergency service centers by locality (ESC) for the years 2010-2016. A GINI coefficient and a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were estimated. Results During the period 2010-2016, there were 726 946 live births (LB) and 7 681 children under 1 year died. Insurance coverage was 94.7%, with 75% of the children affiliated in the private scheme. The infant mortality rate decreased until reaching 9.11 in 2016, but an increase was observed in the localities of Tunjuelito, Antonio Nariño and Ciudad Bolivar with >12 per 1 000 LB. Conclusions Health services have an inequitable distribution with a GINI of 0.44 for ESC and 0.701 for RPHB. There was a correlation with infant mortality in localities with the lowest ESC r (-0.340) and RPHB r (-0.648) in 2016.(AU)

Enfermedad periodontal: enfoques epidemiológicos para su análisis como problema de salud pública / Periodontal disease: epidemiological approaches for its analysis as a public health concern

RESUMEN La forma como los problemas de salud son definidos permiten desarrollos conceptuales y metodológicos diferentes, lo cual conduce a determinados resultados y a abordajes analíticos y preventivos específicos para afrontar los problemas. Este ensayo pretende mostrar algunos de los principales enfoques epidemiológicos con que ha sido abordado el proceso salud-enfermedad bucal y en particular la enfermedad periodontal. En relación a esta última se proponen diferentes enfoques para su comprensión los cuales han estado influenciados por el modelo biológico-curativo cuyo alcance es limitado y centrado en la identificación de factores de riego y en demostrar relaciones causales; sin embargo desde la epidemiología social se muestran alternativas más integrales que incluyen en el análisis los determinantes sociales de la salud que condicionan e inciden en el proceso salud enfermedad de las comunidades.(AU)

ABSTRACT The way how health problems are defined allow conceptual and methodological developments that lead to different outcomes and specific analytical and preventive approaches to confront problems. This essay aims to show some of the main epidemiological approaches that have been used to address the oral health-disease process, in particular the periodontal disease. Regarding the latter, different approaches to their understanding are proposed, which have been influenced by the biological-curative model, whose scope is limited and focused on the identification of risk factors and on demonstrating causal relationships. However, more comprehensive alternatives are also portrayed from social epidemiology that include social determinants in the analysis of the health-disease process, which affects and influences this process in the communities.(AU)

[Inequity in infant mortality and pediatric services in Bogotá: a new model of analysis for Latin America]. / Inequidad en mortalidad infantil y servicios pediátricos en Bogotá: nuevo modelo de análisis para América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the correlation between the availability of health services and infant mortality in Bogotá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved data on infant mortality rates (IMR), ratio of pediatric hospital beds (RPHB) and emergency service centers by locality (ESC) for the years 2010-2016. A GINI coefficient and a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were estimated. RESULTS: During the period 2010-2016, there were 726 946 live births (LB) and 7 681 children under 1 year died. Insurance coverage was 94.7%, with 75% of the children affiliated in the private scheme. The infant mortality rate decreased until reaching 9.11 in 2016, but an increase was observed in the localities of Tunjuelito, Antonio Nariño and Ciudad Bolivar with >12 per 1 000 LB. CONCLUSIONS: Health services have an inequitable distribution with a GINI of 0.44 for ESC and 0.701 for RPHB. There was a correlation with infant mortality in localities with the lowest ESC r (-0.340) and RPHB r (-0.648) in 2016.

OBJETIVOS: Describir la relación entre la disponibilidad de servicios de salud y la mortalidad infantil en Bogotá. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron los datos de tasa mortalidad infantil (TMI) y razón de camas de hospitalización pediatricas (RCAM) y centros de servicios urgencias por localidad (RSUP) para los años 2010-2016, se estimo un GINI de distribución y un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r) entre las variables. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo de años 2010 a 2016 hubo 726 946 nacidos vivos (NV) y fallecieron 7 681 niños menores de 1 año, con un aseguramiento del 94,7% de los cuales el 75% pertenecen al regimen contributivo. La tasa de mortalidad infantil disminuyó siendo 9,11 en el año 2016, pero aumentó en las localidades Tunjuelito, Antonio Nariño y Ciudad Bolivar siendo >12 por mil NV. CONCLUSIONES: Los servicios de salud tienen una distribución inetquitativa con un GINI de 0,44 para PSUP y de 0,701 para RCAM. Existe una correlación con mortalidad infantil en las localidades con menor RSUP tiene un r(-0,340) y para PCAM un r(-0,648) en el año 2016.

Factores de riesgo para enfermedad respiratoria en población de 5 a 14 años de una Localidad de Bogotá, 2012-2013 / Respiratory disease risk factors in the 5-14 year-old population in an area of Bogota, 2012-2013

Objetivo Establecer la prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios, asma y rinitis, posiblemente asociados a la contaminación del aire en niños entre 5 y 14 años, en la localidad de Bosa, año 2012-2013. Métodos Se tomó una muestra de 553 niños residentes en la localidad de Bosa. Resultados Cuando el niño habita con personas que fuman tiene 1,5 veces más de riesgo de toser en la noche respecto a los niños cuyos contactos no fuman. Los niños que habitan en viviendas con chimeneas a menos de 100 m de distancia tienen 1,6 veces la probabilidad de presentar el síntoma. Quienes asisten al colegio de mayor exposición y además tienen edificaciones en construcción o vías en mal estado a menos de 100 m de sus viviendas, presentan 2,5 veces la posibilidad de manifestar el evento. En cuanto a presentar sibilancias en el último año, los niños que tienen humedades en su habitación presentan 4 veces la probabilidad de manifestarlas. Hay un incremento del riesgo de sibilancias en un 80 % cuando el niño vive a menos de 100 m de edificaciones en construcción o vías sin pavimentar y además asiste al colegio de mayor exposición. Conclusiones Son tan importantes las intervenciones gubernamentales para la modificación de los factores de riesgo extramurales asociados a la enfermedad respiratoria como las mejoras que deben llevarse a cabo extramuralmente.(AU)

Objective Establishing the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma and rhinitis, possibly associated with air pollution, in 5- to 14-year-old children in Bosa (a conurbation of Bogota), between 2012 and 2013. Methods A sample was taken of 553 children living in the conurbation. Results The results indicated that when a child lives with people who smoke there was a 1.5 times risk of coughing at night (compared to living in a non-smoking home) such night-time coughing being different to that produced by respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Children living in homes having fireplaces/open cooking areas located less than 100 m apart had 1.6 times greater probability of presenting symptoms. Children attending schools having greater PM10 exposure and living near buildings being constructed or having roads in a poor state of repair less than 100 meters from their homes were 2.5 times more likely to suffer respiratory disease. Children living in damp rooms were 4 times more likely to have wheezed during the past year. The risk of wheezing became increased by 80 % when a child lived within 100 meters of buildings being constructed or near unpaved roads and attended a school having greater exposure. Conclusion Government intervention is critical for changing respiratory disease-associated extramural risk factors, such as improvements benefitting children which should be carried out in urban areas.(AU)

[Respiratory disease risk factors in the 5-14 year-old population in an area of Bogota, 2012-2013]. / Factores de riesgo para enfermedad respiratoria en población de 5 a 14 años de una Localidad de Bogotá, 2012-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Establishing the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, asthma and rhinitis, possibly associated with air pollution, in 5- to 14-year-old children in Bosa (a conurbation of Bogota), between 2012 and 2013. METHODS: A sample was taken of 553 children living in the conurbation. RESULTS: The results indicated that when a child lives with people who smoke there was a 1.5 times risk of coughing at night (compared to living in a non-smoking home) such night-time coughing being different to that produced by respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Children living in homes having fireplaces/open cooking areas located less than 100 m apart had 1.6 times greater probability of presenting symptoms. Children attending schools having greater PM10 exposure and living near buildings being constructed or having roads in a poor state of repair less than 100 meters from their homes were 2.5 times more likely to suffer respiratory disease. Children living in damp rooms were 4 times more likely to have wheezed during the past year. The risk of wheezing became increased by 80 % when a child lived within 100 meters of buildings being constructed or near unpaved roads and attended a school having greater exposure. CONCLUSION: Government intervention is critical for changing respiratory disease-associated extramural risk factors, such as improvements benefitting children which should be carried out in urban areas.

[What is evidence-based public health?]. / Qué es la salud pública basada en la evidencia?

Evidence based Public Health is the execution and evaluation of the efficiency of interventions, plans, programs, projects and politics in public health through the application of the scientific principles of reasoning, including the systematic use of information and information systems. Evidence based public health involves the use of methodologies similar to those applied in evidence-based clinical medicine, but differs in its contents. In public health two types of evidence are described. The type I evidence in which a strong relation exists between the preventable risk and disease, and type II evidence in which there exists a relative effectivity of the public health interventions. In evidence based Public Health research designs more appropriate for the social sciences are used, as the observational and quasi-experimental studies. Likewise the decisions are more of interdisciplinary teams.