[Mechanism of immunological injury in type 1 diabetes]. / Mecanismos de lesión inmunitaria en la diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a lack of insulin production by beta pancreatic cells. Immunological mechanisms play a key role in DM1 physiopathology, even in asymptomatic patients where different autoantibodies directed against several components of beta cells have been found. The human leucocitary antigen, islet cells autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxilase autoantibodies and the rapid intravenous glucose tolerance test can be used to identify individuals with high risk for developing DM1. Ganglioside GM2-1 and the tyrosine phosphatase enzyme (IA2/ICA512) antigens determination are also employed to assess DM1 individual risk. This risk is significantly higher when three or four autoantibodies are found. Nowadays, the islet cell autoantibodies are employed as markers for DM1. This work analyzes the immunological aspects related to DM1, and highlights recent developments in this field.

[Risk factors associated with intrauterine growth delay]. / Factores de riesgo asociados a retraso en el crecimiento intrauterino.

INTRODUCTION: The term intrauterine growth delay (IGD) is used to refer a fetus with weight at birth lower than the 10th percentile for their gestational age. OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence and to identify risk factors associated with intrauterine growth delay in patients with normal fetal growth curves. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was made at General Hospital in Queretaro, Queretaro. There were included 70 obstetric patients with newborn with intrauterine growth delay (cases) and it was compared with 70 control patients with newborn without intrauterine growth delay. RESULTS: There were studied 70 cases of a total of 192 registered during the period of this study. There was a prevalence of 2.5. Of all the newborn with intrauterine growth delay, 40 (47.2%) were female and 30 (42.8%) were male, relating with age, mothers below 20 and above 30 were not show significant differences The risk factors associated were mainly inadequate pregnant women weight (OR 4.84, CI 95%=1.56 to 16.1) and less than five medical appointments for medical control during prenatal period (OR 6.0, CI 95%=2048 to 14.81) , hypertensive disease during pregnancy (OR 5.09, CI 95%=1.4 to 20.21) and cervicovaginal infections (OR 5.09. CI 95%=1.52 to 21.56). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to pay more attention to pregnant teenagers and also to general pregnant women to receive an adequate prenatal control in order to detect patients with risk of IGD and of this way to diminish morbidity and mortality in the newborn.

Coriaoangioma gigante de la placenta: reporte de dos casos / Giant placental chorioangioma: report of two cases

Antecedentes: El corioangioma placentario es el tumor no trofoblástico más frecuente de la placenta, su incidencia real es desconocida, frecuentemente pasan desapercibidos, los tumores grandes causan complicaciones materno fetales importantes. Objetivos: Reportar dos casos de corioangioma gigante de placenta, el método diagnóstico y la evolución del embarazo. Resultados: En ambos casos el resultado fue fatal para el feto, con un producto inmaduro de 670 gramos y un óbito de 1300 gramos, obtenidos por operación cesárea urgente por sangrado transvaginal. El reporte histopatológico corroboró el diagnóstico de sospecha. Conclusión: El pronóstico de un embarazo con corioangioma gigante de placenta, depende fundamentalmente del tamaño y de la oportunidad con que se hace el diagnóstico. Se resalta la utilidad del examen ultrasonográfico para su detección oportuna.

Background: Placental choriangioma is the most frequent non trophoblastic tumor of the placenta. Its real incidence is unknown, and is frequently unnoticed. However, giant tumors cause important maternal-fetal complications. Objectives: To report two cases of giant placental chorioangioma, the diagnostic method and the evolution of pregnancy. Results: In both cases the outcome was fatal for the fetus: an immature newborn weighing 670 grams and a still born weighing 1300 grams, obtained through emergency C-section due to vaginal bleeding. The histopathological report confirmed the suspected diagnosis. Conclusion:Jhe prognosis of a pregnancy with giant placental choriangioma depends mainly on the size of the fetus and how opportunely the diagnosis is made. The ultrasonography is recommended for its opportune detection.

[Metabolic syndrome in adults from 20 to 40 years old in a rural Mexican community]. / Síndrome metabólico en adultos de 20 a 40 años en una comunidad rural mexicana.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome is the main health problem in Mexico. Its two principal complications (ischemic cardiopathy and type-2 diabetes) are the two main causes of death in Mexico since 2000. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in adults from 20 to 40 years old in a Mexican rural community (Senegal de Palomas, San Juan del Río, Querétaro) using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) definition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive study with a random sample was carried out. We present a univariate analysis with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: 73 cases were studied. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 45.2% slightly higher in men (48.4%) than in women (42.8%). The prevalence of hypertension was 27.3%. The prevalence of obesity was 26.1% using the definition of the WHO and this prevalence rises up to 49.4% using the definition of the Mexican Official Norm. 90.5% of women and 93.5% of men had low HDLc. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults from 20 to 40 years old in this Mexican rural community is much higher than the national mean for the same age cohort. The results show the necessity to increase the research of our rural communities in order to identify the possible causes to this problem and to create therapeutic programs for patients with metabolic syndrome.

Prevalencia de la picadura de alacrán en la ciudad de Querétaro / Prevalence of scorpion sting at Queretaro city

La picadura de alacrán es un motivo importante de ingreso a los servicios de urgencias. Con el fin de conocer su prevalencia y características clínicas se informa la experiencia obtenida en 126 pacientes en la ciudad de Querétaro. Qro. Del presente estudio se obtuvo una tasa de prevalencia de 27.9 por cada 100,000 habitantes, no existiendo predominio en cuanto a uno u otro sexo; la casa habitación fue el lugar que registró la mayor proporción de piquete del artrópodo, 55 por ciento de los pacientes sufrieron la picadura en las extremidades superiores, los sintomas principales fueron dolor local, parestesias, edema laríngeo, sialorrea y eritema. En más de 50 por ciento de los casos se clasificó la sintomatología como moderada. Es importante resaltar la ausencia de defunciones durante le tiempo en que se realizó la investigación. La información contenida en el presente estudio permite observar que la picadura de alacrán reviste características de importancia que permiten considerarla como un problema de salud pública