Attenuation mechanisms and key parameters to enhance treatment performance in vegetation filters: A review.

In times when environmental concerns are on the rise and the search of ways to reduce waste generation and to create a circular economy is booming, Nature Based Solutions (NBSs) play a very important role. Vegetation Filters (VFs) are a type of Land Application System (LAS) in which wastewater is used to irrigate a forestry plantation to treat the water and produce biomass. VFs show multiple benefits that render this technology a suitable solution for wastewater treatment, especially for scattered populations or isolated buildings that lack of connection to sewer systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive state of the art of VF implementation, highlighting the do's and don'ts for a successful performance focusing on those factors that are essential to water treatment. Results show that VFs have a great treatment capacity when all involving factors are considered, and their efficiency tends to increase with time, as the VF develops and "gets older". Indeed, the presence of fine-textured soils, the selection of a proper vegetation species, the use of pre-treated wastewater and a water balance-based irrigation schedule alternating wetting and -drying cycles are all factors that help to achieve the best performance. However, it is necessary to design and follow a simple but rigorous operation and maintenance schedule to avoid system failure, which could lead to NO3-N leaching towards groundwater.

Next generation flow for minimally-invasive blood characterization of MGUS and multiple myeloma at diagnosis based on circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPC).

Here, we investigated for the first time the frequency and number of circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPC) in peripheral blood (PB) of newly diagnosed patients with localized and systemic plasma cell neoplasms (PCN) using next-generation flow cytometry (NGF) and correlated our findings with the distinct diagnostic and prognostic categories of the disease. Overall, 508 samples from 264 newly diagnosed PCN patients, were studied. CTPC were detected in PB of all active multiple myeloma (MM; 100%), and smoldering MM (SMM) patients (100%), and in more than half (59%) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) cases (p <0.0001); in contrast, CTPC were present in a small fraction of solitary plasmacytoma patients (18%). Higher numbers of CTPC in PB were associated with higher levels of BM infiltration and more adverse prognostic features, together with shorter time to progression from MGUS to MM (p <0.0001) and a shorter survival in MM patients with active disease requiring treatment (p ≤ 0.03). In summary, the presence of CTPC in PB as assessed by NGF at diagnosis, emerges as a hallmark of disseminated PCN, higher numbers of PB CTPC being strongly associated with a malignant disease behavior and a poorer outcome of both MGUS and MM.

[How to prescribe for patients with dysphagia: a review for the adaptation of the pharmaceutical guide in a socio-sanitary hospital]. / Adaptación de la guía farmacoterapéutica de un hospital sociosanitario a pacientes con disfagia.

PURPOSE: The aims of this paper are to review the pharmaceutical guide in order to include suitable dosage forms for patients with dysphagia and to establish specific recommendations for the drug administration. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was performed to develop general recommendations. Three topics were checked for every drug: a) alternative dosage forms suitable to patients with dysphagia; b) appropriateness of crushing tablets and opening capsules; and c) are these drugs suitable be mixed with food? RESULTS: An algorithm was designed in order to help clinicians to select the best pharmaceutical form and its optimal administration method. The former pharmaceutical guide was modified and handling recommendations were made for each drug. Eleven dispersable, 26 liquid and 8 powder new forms were included. CONCLUSIONS: This work has turned the pharmaceutical guide of the hospital in a useful tool for the prescription, validation and administration of medicines to patients with dysphagia.

Objetivo: Revisar la guía farmacoterapéutica del hospital para incluir formas farmacéuticas adaptadas a pacientes con disfagia y recomendaciones para la administración de medicamentos en estos pacientes. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica para elaborar las recomendaciones generales de administración de medicamentos en disfagia. Se comprobó para cada principio activo: a) si existían comercializadas otras formas farmacéuticas más recomendables; b) si había posibilidad de manipular los comprimidos o cápsulas, y c) si eran compatibles con alimentos. Resultados: Se desarrolló un algoritmo de decisión para ayudar en la selección de la forma farmacéutica y de su método de administración. Se incluyó un apartado de recomendaciones de administración para cada principio activo. La búsqueda supuso la inclusión de once formas bucodispersables, veintiséis líquidas y ocho como polvo. Conclusiones: La revisión mejorará la utilidad de la guía como instrumento para la prescripción, validación y administración de medicamentos en disfagia.

Adaptación de la guía farmacoterapéutica de un hospital sociosanitario a pacientes con disfagia / How to prescribe for patients with dysphagia: a review for the adaptation of the pharmaceutical guide in a socio-sanitary hospital

Objetivo: Revisar la guía farmacoterapéutica del hospital para incluir formas farmacéuticas adaptadas a pacientes con disfagia y recomendaciones para la administración de medicamentos en estos pacientes. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica para elaborar las recomendaciones generales de administración de medicamentos en disfagia. Se comprobó para cada principio activo: a) si existían comercializadas otras formas farmacéuticas más recomendables; b) si había posibilidad de manipular los comprimidos o cápsulas, y c) si eran compatibles con alimentos. Resultados: Se desarrolló un algoritmo de decisión para ayudar en la selección de la forma farmacéutica y de su método de administración. Se incluyó un apartado de recomendaciones de administración para cada principio activo. La búsqueda supuso la inclusión de once formas bucodispersables, veintiséis líquidas y ocho como polvo. Conclusiones: La revisión mejorará la utilidad de la guía como instrumento para la prescripción, validación y administración de medicamentos en disfagia (AU)

Pourpose: The aims of this paper are to review the pharmaceutical guide in order to include suitable dosage forms for patients with dysphagia and to establish specific recommendations for the drug administration. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to develop general recommendations. Three topics were checked for every drug: a) alternative dosage forms suitable to patients with dysphagia; b) appropriateness of crushing tablets and opening capsules; and c) are these drugs suitable be mixed with food? Results: An algorithm was designed in order to help clinicians to select the best pharmaceutical form and its optimal administration method. The former pharmaceutical guide was modified and handling recommendations were made for each drug. Eleven dispersable, 26 liquid and 8 powder new forms were included. Conclusions: This work has turned the pharmaceutical guide of the hospital in a useful tool for the prescription, validation and administration of medicines to patients with dysphagia (AU)

[Assessment of a reconciliation and information programme for heart transplant patients]. / Evaluación de un programa de conciliación e información al paciente trasplantado cardíaco.

INTRODUCTION: The objective is to assess a pharmaceutical care programme for heart transplant patients upon patient admission and discharge. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study of heart transplant patients, performed during the first quarter of 2007. Upon admission, the patient was interviewed regarding home treatments, adherence, allergies and adverse effects, and his/her prescriptions were compared with the last discharge report (drug reconciliation). At time of discharge, treatment was checked against the last hospital prescription (reconciliation) and an informative report was drawn up and personally delivered to the patient. Subsequently, a satisfaction questionnaire was carried out by telephone. Drug-related problems were recorded using Atefarm software. RESULTS: The programme was applied to 24 patients upon admission and 23 upon discharge. No drug interactions were detected. Treatment adherence was higher than 90%. 37.5% of patients informed of an adverse reaction. Medication-related problems were identified in 16 patients (45.7%) for 6.6% of medications, most of which (38%) were for infection prophylaxis; medication omission was the most frequently-detected error. Positive evaluation of the information that was received was higher than 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up upon admission and discharge resolves and prevents problems while improving patient information and satisfaction. Limitations on personnel prevent the population's requests from being met.

Evaluación de un programa de conciliación e información al paciente trasplantado cardíaco / Assessment of a reconciliation and information programme for heart transplant patients

Introducción El objetivo es evaluar un programa de atención farmacéutica al ingreso y al alta hospitalaria del paciente trasplantado cardíaco. Material y métodos Estudio observacional realizado el primer trimestre de 2007 en pacientes trasplantados cardíacos. Al ingreso, se entrevistó al paciente sobre tratamientos domiciliarios, adherencia, alergias, efectos adversos y se comparó la prescripción con el último informe de alta (conciliación). Al alta, se comparó el tratamiento con la última prescripción hospitalaria (conciliación) y se elaboró un boletín informativo, entregándolo personalmente al paciente. Posteriormente, se realizó un cuestionario telefónico sobre satisfacción. Los problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM) fueron registrados en la aplicación Atefarm®. Resultados El programa al ingreso se aplicó a 24 pacientes y al alta a 23. No se detectaron interacciones. La adherencia al tratamiento fue superior al 90%. El 37,5% de los pacientes comunicó alguna reacción adversa. Se identificaron PRM en 16 pacientes (45,7%), en un 6,6% de los medicamentos, la mayoría (38%) pertenecientes a profilaxis infecciosa, siendo la omisión del medicamento el error principalmente detectado. La valoración positiva de la información recibida superó el 90%.ConclusionesEl seguimiento farmacoterapéutico al ingreso y al alta resuelve y previene problemas y favorece la información y satisfacción del paciente. Las limitaciones de personal impiden cumplir las demandas de la población (AU)

Introduction The objective is to assess a pharmaceutical care programme for heart transplant patients upon patient admission and discharge. Material y methods Observational study of heart transplant patients, performed during the first quarter of 2007. Upon admission, the patient was interviewed regarding home treatments, adherence, allergies and adverse effects, and his/her prescriptions were compared with the last discharge report (drug reconciliation). At time of discharge, treatment was checked against the last hospital prescription (reconciliation) and an informative report was drawn up and personally delivered to the patient. Subsequently, a satisfaction questionnaire was carried out by telephone. Drug-related problems were recorded using Atefarm® software. Results The programme was applied to 24 patients upon admission and 23 upon discharge. No drug interactions were detected. Treatment adherence was higher than 90%. 37.5% of patients informed of an adverse reaction. Medication-related problems were identified in 16 patients (45.7%) for 6.6% of medications, most of which (38%) were for infection prophylaxis; medication omission was the most frequently-detected error. Positive evaluation of the information that was received was higher than 90% (AU)

Diagrama de Ishikawa y análisis de barreras aplicado a un error de medicación que induce rabdomiólisis / No disponible

No disponible

[Cefditoren pivoxil: A new oral cephalosporin for skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections]. / Cefditoren pivoxilo: una nueva cefalosporina oral para infecciones de vias respiratorias y de piel y tejidos blandos.

Cefditoren pivoxil, a new-third generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has recently been granted approval in Spain, shows important activity over a large part of the pathogens causing skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Cefditoren has also been shown to be stable against hydrolysis by many common beta-lactamases. Data from in vitro studies and clinical trials show this antibiotic as an oral formulation with an intrinsic activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae equivalent to that of other third-generation cephalosporins administered via parenteral, like cefotaxime or ceftriaxone, thereby placing its maximal benefits mainly in the treatment of ambulatory infections. This paper reviews the main characteristics of cefditoren pivoxil (spectrum of activity, chemical structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical efficacy) and attempts to find its place in current antibiotic therapeutics.

Cefditoren pivoxilo: una nueva cefalosporina oral para infecciones de vías respiratorias y de piel y tejidos blandos / Cefditoren pivoxil: A new oral cephalosporin for skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections

Recientemente se ha aprobado en España cefditoren pivoxilo, una nueva cefalosporina oral de tercera generación con importante actividadsobre gran parte de los patógenos causantes de infecciones de vías respiratorias, de piel y tejidos blandos, entre ellos bacterias grampositivasy gramnegativas, y que además es estable frente a la hidrólisis por muchas de las betalactamasas habituales. Teniendo en cuenta los datosin vitro y la eficacia mostrada en los ensayos clínicos, parece ser una alternativa equivalente a la cefotaxima o la ceftriaxona, pero de administraciónoral, por su actividad intrínseca equiparable frente a Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis y Streptococcus pneumoniae,y cuyo lugar principal se sitúa fundamentalmente en el ámbito extrahospitalario. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión delas principales características de cefditoren pivoxilo (espectro de actividad, estructura, mecanismo de acción, farmacocinética, reacciones adversasy eficacia clínica) con objeto de orientar su lugar en la terapéutica antimicrobiana

Cefditoren pivoxil, a new-third generation cephalosporin antibiotic that has recently been granted approval in Spain, shows important activityover a large part of the pathogens causing skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections, including Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria. Cefditoren has also been shown to be stable against hydrolysis by many common beta-lactamases. Data from in vitro studiesand clinical trials show this antibiotic as an oral formulation with an intrinsic activity against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalisand Streptococcus pneumoniae equivalent to that of other third-generation cephalosporins administered via parenteral, like cefotaxime orceftriaxone, thereby placing its maximal benefits mainly in the treatment of ambulatory infections. This paper reviews the main characteristicsof cefditoren pivoxil (spectrum of activity, chemical structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical efficacy)and attempts to find its place in current antibiotic therapeutics

Increased conventional chemotherapy does not improve survival in multiple myeloma: long-term results of two PETHEMA trials including 914 patients.

BACKGROUND: Melphalan and prednisone (MP) has been the standard treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) for the last 30 years. Combination chemotherapy at conventional doses has not shown a significant prolongation of survival when compared to MP. There are few data comparing conventional chemotherapy at standard doses with conventional treatment at higher doses. We present the long-term outcome of 914 patients from two randomized trials comparing three different dose intensity regimens. METHODS: From 1 January, 1985 to 31 December, 1989, 487 patients were randomized between MP (melphalan 9 mg/m(2) p.o. and prednisone 60 mg/m(2) days 1-4) and alternating VCMP (vincristine 1 mg i.v. on day 1, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2) i.v. on day 1, melphalan 6 mg/m(2) p.o. on days 1-4, and prednisone 60 mg/m(2) on days 1-4) and VBAP (vincristine 1 mg i.v. on day 1, BCNU and doxorubicin 30 mg/m(2) i.v. each on day 1, and prednisone 60 mg/m(2) on days 1-4). From 1 January, 1990 to 31 May, 1994, 427 patients were randomized between VCMP/VBAP at the above detailed doses (VCMP/VBAP 'SD') and the same regimen increasing the doses of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin from 500 to 1200 mg/m(2) and from 30 to 50 mg/m(2), respectively (VCMP/VBAP 'HD'). RESULTS: Increasing dose intensity produced a significantly higher partial response rate (31% vs 45% vs 51% for MP, VCMP/VBAP 'SD', and VCMP/VBAP 'HD', respectively; P < 0.01). However, a significantly early death rate was observed in the HD arm (7.7, 7.5 and 12.1% for MP, VCMP/VBAP 'SD', and VCMP/VBAP 'HD', respectively; P = 0.05). Median duration of response (20 vs 18 vs 19 months for MP, VCMP/VBAP 'SD', and VCMP/VBAP 'HD', respectively; P = NS) and median survival (25 vs 31 vs 29 months for MP, VCMP/VBAP 'SD', and VCMP/VBAP 'HD', respectively; P = NS) were similar in the three groups. MP produced a higher degree of thrombocytopenia than combination chemotherapy at standard (P = 0.002) or high dose (P = 0.01), this leading to a significantly higher dose reduction in the MP arm (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003 for VCMP/VBAP 'SD' and VCMP/VBAP 'HD', respectively). CONCLUSION: In these trials the response rate significantly correlated with the regimen intensity. However, no significant differences in response duration and survival were found. This highlights the limited role of conventional chemotherapy in MM and the need for further trials, aimed at determining the impact of new treatment approaches such as high-dose therapy/autotransplantation.

Detection of single and associated lesions of the Bcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, c-myc, p53 and p16 genes in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: value of molecular analysis for a better assignment of the histologic subtype.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Molecular genetic abnormalities have been frequently described in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). These lesions have been associated with specific entities, allowing a better categorization of NHL. However, these abnormalities are not as specific as initially described and their association is still unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS: By Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction, we have simultaneously analyzed the proto-oncogenes Bcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, c-myc and MLL and the tumor suppressor genes p53 and p16, in 100 unselected B-cell NHL patients at diagnosis, to establish its incidence throughout the different NHL subtypes, defined both by Working Formulation and REAL classifications, and to assess the frequency of co-existence of two or more genetic lesions within each individual patient. RESULTS: Fifty two cases displayed some genetic abnormality. Bcl-1, altered in 12 cases, was highly specific to mantle cell lymphomas (57% of them), but 6 cases had a different histologic subtype. Bcl-2 was rearranged in 26 cases: 70% in follicular lymphomas (FL) and 20% in diffuse large cell lymphomas; these abnormalities were also present in other subtypes, i.e. marginal lymphomas (30%). Bcl-6 abnormalities were mostly found in diffuse large cell lymphomas (29%) but also found in other subgroups, like FL (14%). C-myc rearrangements were specific to Burkitt's lymphoma. MLL gene was always germline. Deletions and/or rearrangements of p53 and p16 genes were rare (4% and 8% of all cases, respectively). Finally, association of genetic lesions was a relatively common finding (13% of cases), especially in cases with adverse prognostic morphologies according to the REAL. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Molecular abnormalities are frequent in NHL at diagnosis, not only as unique lesions but also associated. A relative high specificity of some alterations was seen, thereby contributing to a better assessment of the histological subtype.

[Pelvic Castleman's disease: apropos of a case]. / Enfermedad de Castleman de localización pélvica: a propósito de un caso.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a enigmatic lymphoid disease of unknown etiology which rarely manifest itself as an isolated pelvic mass. We report a case of pelvic Castleman's disease masquerading as a uterine myoma. The patient presented symptoms related to compression of adjacent structures, splenomegaly and abdominal lymphadenopathy, the laboratory data revealed positive Epstein-Barr virus serology, elevated beta 2-microglobulin level and presence of antinuclear antibodies. The intraabdominal involvement, histological patterns and clinical forms of this condition are reviewed. Likewise etiopathogenic, radiologic and therapeutic aspects related with this entity are discussed. We suggest that pelvic Castleman's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of females presenting a pelvic mass containing calcifications.